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12 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a 6-Week Agility Training Program on Emotional Intelligence and Attention Levels in Adolescent Tennis Players

by Walid Selmi, Achraf Hammami, Raouf Hammami, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Ryland Morgans and Jozef Simenko

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031070 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 828

Abstract

Tennis can be a mentally challenging sport, and emotional intelligence (EI) contributes significantly to an athlete’s psychological well-being. Thus, this study investigated the effects of 6 weeks of a combined Change of Direction (CoD) and reactive agility (RA) intervention program on emotional intelligence [...] Read more.

Tennis can be a mentally challenging sport, and emotional intelligence (EI) contributes significantly to an athlete’s psychological well-being. Thus, this study investigated the effects of 6 weeks of a combined Change of Direction (CoD) and reactive agility (RA) intervention program on emotional intelligence (EI) in pubertal tennis players. A total of 28 youth tennis players, aged 11 to 14 years, were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EXP-G, n = 15, 13 boys [age = 13.34 ± 0.98 years, maturity offset (MO) = −0.19 ± 0.96], and 2 girls [age = 12.77 ± 0.23 years, MO = 0.78 ± 0.04]) or a control group (CON-G, n = 13, 8 boys [age = 13.37 ± 0.75 years, MO = 0.00 ± 0.71], and 5 girls [age = 13.50 ± 0.92 years, MO = 1.41 ± 1.07]). The EXP-G performed combined CoD and RA training across the 6-week intervention period. The CON-G continued with the normal five 20 min regular tennis-specific training sessions per week, including technical and tactical drills and a small-sided games format. The overall training volume was similar between groups. Pre- and post-training, Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC, [EC TOTAL: global score of emotional competence level; EC INTRA: score of intra-personal emotional competence; EC INTER: score of inter-personal emotional competence]) and d2 attention tests were assessed. The present study employed an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with pre-test covariance to assess between-group differences (EXP-G vs. CON-G) at the post-test phase, utilizing baseline values as covariates. Noteworthy outcomes were observed, indicating statistically significant and substantial between-group disparities at post-test for various measures. Specifically, these differences were evident in the attention domain (effect size, d = 1.08 [Large], p = 0.001), the EC TOTAL test (effect size, d = 0.70 [Medium], p = 0.017), the EC INTA (effect size, d = 1.35 [Large], p = 0.001), and the EC INTER (effect size, d = 0.83 [Large], p = 0.009) tests. Due to the importance of agility training for overall competitive performance in tennis, our results suggest that young players should perform such training programs as part of conditioning training if the goal is to improve emotional intelligence and mental well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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11 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistance Training Using Flywheel Device Improves the Shot Precision in Senior Elite Tennis Players: A Randomized Controlled Study

by Marco Centorbi, Giovanni Fiorilli, Giulia Di Martino, Andrea Buonsenso, Gabriele Medri, Carlo della Valle, Nicolina Vendemiati, Enzo Iuliano, Giuseppe Calcagno and Alessandra di Cagno

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(24), 13290; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132413290 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 715

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training using a flywheel device applied to upper limbs, compared to traditional isotonic training, on strength and shot precision in tennis. Twenty-seven elite senior tennis players (age: 55.78 [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training using a flywheel device applied to upper limbs, compared to traditional isotonic training, on strength and shot precision in tennis. Twenty-seven elite senior tennis players (age: 55.78 ± 2.69) were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) using flywheel devices (n = 13) and a control group (CG) performing isotonic training (n = 14). The EG program included forehand, backhand, and one-handed shoulder press movements, while the CG performed seven resistance exercises on isotonic machines. A similar workout intensity was ensured using the Borg’s CR-10 scale. The assessment included a 30s arm curl test, a medicine ball throw test, and forehand/backhand/overhead shot precision tests. A significant time effect was found in the 30s arm curl test for the EG (F_(1,25) = 13.09; p = 0.001), along with a time * group interaction (F_(1,25) = 5.21; p = 0.031). A significant group difference was observed in the forehand shot precision test, where the EG achieved better scores than the CG and significant interaction time * group (F_(1,25) = 8.35; p = 0.008). In the shot backhand precision test, a significant effect of time (F_(1,25) = 5.01; p = 0.034) and significant time * group interaction were found (F_(1,25) = 4.50; p = 0.044), but there was no significant difference between groups. Resistance training with flywheel devices has shown potential in improving tennis performance. Applying overload to specific athletic movements during both concentric and eccentric phases in the EG has shown enhanced strength and neuromuscular coordination in relation to shot precision, thereby enabling simultaneous improvements in both conditioning and the technical aspects of fundamental tennis shots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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17 pages, 315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 12 Weeks of High-, Moderate-, and Low-Volume Training on Performance Parameters in Adolescent Swimmers

by Hakan Karabıyık, Mehmet Gülü, Hakan Yapici, Furkan Iscan, Fatma Hilal Yagin, Tugay Durmuş, Oğuz Gürkan, Melek Güler, Sinan Ayan and Reem Alwhaibi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11366; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011366 - 16 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1470

Abstract

Swimming, an Olympic sport with diverse distances and energy systems, requires early specialization for elite success. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a fundamental method used by swimmers to enhance performance, offering both aerobic and anaerobic benefits. This study aimed to examine the [...] Read more.

Swimming, an Olympic sport with diverse distances and energy systems, requires early specialization for elite success. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a fundamental method used by swimmers to enhance performance, offering both aerobic and anaerobic benefits. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week HIIT program with varying volumes on adolescent swimmers’ performance parameters. A total of 50 participants were divided into three groups High Intensity Low Volume (HILV), Moderate Intensity Moderate Volume (MIMV), Low Intensity High Volume (LIHV), and their training sessions consisted of 10 sets with 60 s rest intervals between repetitions and 3 min rest intervals between sets. The intensity was determined based on a pre-test 100 m times. The results indicate significant improvements in anthropometric measurements, including weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percentage, within each group, with no significant differences between groups. Swimming performance for various distances (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m) showed significant temporal improvements in all groups, with stroke parameters such as stroke rate and length also exhibiting significant improvements (p < 0.05). Resting heart rate and swimming performance at 100 m and 200 m differed significantly between groups, highlighting the impact of training volume on specific outcomes. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive impact of interval training on the swimming time (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m), stroke rate (SR), strokes per length (SPL), stroke length (SL), Borg scale (BS) for various distances, emphasizing the need for tailored training programs to maximize their development and potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

16 pages, 802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Barbell Force, Velocity, and Power during the Landmine Punch Throw Test Assessed by the GymAware Linear Transducer System

by Łukasz Oleksy, Maciej Kuchciak, Grzegorz Bril, Anna Mika, Marta Przydział, Iwona Pazdan-Śliż, Renata Kielnar, Henryk Racheniuk, Olga Adamska and Michał Deszczyński

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10875; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910875 - 30 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Background: Velocity-based training (VBT) requires measurement of the velocity at which the barbell is moved in the concentric phase with regard to different resistance exercises, which provides accurate, indirect estimations of 1 RM. However, for assessing punch performance, no study has been carried [...] Read more.

Background: Velocity-based training (VBT) requires measurement of the velocity at which the barbell is moved in the concentric phase with regard to different resistance exercises, which provides accurate, indirect estimations of 1 RM. However, for assessing punch performance, no study has been carried out to date. The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability of the GymAware linear transducer for the measurement of barbell velocity during the landmine push throw (LPT) test using four loads. Methods: Twenty-five healthy, physically active male students, aged 24.13 ± 2.82 years, volunteered to take part in this study. The reliability of the LPT test was measured at two separate visits, with a 2-day interval between them. One series of the test protocol included four parts of the LPT test with progressively increasing loads (20, 25, 30, and 35 kg) and 5 min intervals for rests between loads. Results: For all four loads, excellent intra-rater and test–retest reliability was noted for the mean force variable (ICC = 0.97–0.99). Additionally, very strong and significant correlations were established between measurements (r = 0.96–0.99). Poor reliability was observed for barbell height and total work (ICC below 0.5). A trend of decreasing reliability was detected with increasing barbell load. Furthermore, measurements without the barbell throw were more reliable than those with it. Conclusions: These results support the use of the GymAware linear transducer to track barbell velocity during the LPT test. This device may have valuable practical applications for strength and conditioning coaches. Therefore, we suggest that the LPT assessed with the GymAware linear transducer may be a useful method for evaluating upper limb strength and power during boxing punches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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11 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness during a Season in Elite Female Soccer, Basketball, and Handball Players

by Evangelia Papaevangelou, Zacharoula Papadopoulou, Yiannis Michailidis, Athanasios Mandroukas, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Nikolaos V. Margaritelis and Thomas Metaxas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9593; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179593 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1628

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine and detect the changes in cardiorespiratory fitness of female soccer, basketball, and handball players during an annual training cycle. In the study, 19 soccer players (23.2 ± 4.3 years), 26 basketball players (21.1 ± 5.4 [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to examine and detect the changes in cardiorespiratory fitness of female soccer, basketball, and handball players during an annual training cycle. In the study, 19 soccer players (23.2 ± 4.3 years), 26 basketball players (21.1 ± 5.4 years), and 26 handball players (21.1 ± 4.2 years) participated. All participants underwent anthropometric measurements and a laboratory maximal oxygen uptake test (VO_2max) at the beginning of the preparation training period, in the middle of the competitive season, and at the end of it. VO_2max showed significant changes in all three team sports from the initial measurement to the final, with a significant value increase in the middle of the competitive season and a small drop at the end (soccer 52.1 ± 5.6 vs. 59.6 ± 6.3 vs. 53.5 ± 5.4, basketball 44.6 ± 5.8 vs. 50.3 ± 8.5 vs. 45.9 ± 6.4, and handball 47.9 ± 4.8 vs. 49.1 ± 5.3 vs. 46.7 ± 4.9 mL/kg/min) (p < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory fitness of female soccer, basketball, and handball players was significantly improved in the middle of the competitive season, probably due to the development of physical capacity. The decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness at the end of the competitive season, which was observed in all three team sport athletes, possibly occurred due to the differentiation in the training program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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19 pages, 3413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Training on Sand or Parquet: Impact of Pre-Season Training on Jumping, Sprinting, and Change of Direction Performance in Professional Basketball Players

by Jo-Lâm Vuong, Johanna Heil, Nina Breuer, Matthaios Theodoropoulos, Nicola Volk, Antonia Edel and Alexander Ferrauti

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8518; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148518 - 23 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1571

Abstract

This study examined the effects of combined change of direction (CoD) and plyometric training on sand in basketball players’ jump, sprint, and CoD performances. In total, twenty-five male professional basketball players (age, 24.1 ± 4.2 years; height, 192.5 ± 8.0 cm; body mass, [...] Read more.

This study examined the effects of combined change of direction (CoD) and plyometric training on sand in basketball players’ jump, sprint, and CoD performances. In total, twenty-five male professional basketball players (age, 24.1 ± 4.2 years; height, 192.5 ± 8.0 cm; body mass, 92.6 ± 11.6 kg) participated in a pre-season intervention study over seven weeks, where two teams completed an identical speed training protocol, either on sand or on a hard surface, while a third team served as the control. All participants followed their regular pre-season training, while the intervention groups additionally performed the training protocol twice weekly. A repeated-measures ANOVA (rANOVA) showed significant interaction effects on the countermovement jump (F = 14.90, p < 0.001), pivot–step–jump test (F = 8.09, p = 0.002), 10 m sprint time (ST) (F = 4.18, p = 0.050), and 20 m ST (F = 8.49, p = 0.002). Moreover, an rANOVA showed significant interaction effects for the CoD performance regarding total time (F = 5.70, p = 0.010) and average velocity prior to the CoD (F = 8.40, p = 0.002) and after the CoD (F = 3.89, p = 0.036). As such, the findings suggest that sand-based training elicits kinematic adaptations, increased muscle activation, and a shift towards concentric force development that all contribute to enhanced athletic capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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9 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Speed and Agility in Youth Male Basketball Players

by Denis Čaušević, Nedim Čović, Ensar Abazović, Babina Rani, Gabriel Marian Manolache, Cătălin Vasile Ciocan, Gabriel Zaharia and Dan Iulian Alexe

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7796; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137796 - 1 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2117

Abstract

Player performance in an intense sport such as basketball is known to be related to attributes such as speed, agility, and power. This study presents a comparative analysis of associations between anthropometric assessment and physical performance in different age groups of elite youth [...] Read more.

Player performance in an intense sport such as basketball is known to be related to attributes such as speed, agility, and power. This study presents a comparative analysis of associations between anthropometric assessment and physical performance in different age groups of elite youth basketball players, while simultaneously identifying the predictors for speed and agility in these players. U14 (n = 44), U15 (n = 45), and U16 (n = 51) players were tested for anthropometry, lower-body power, speed, and agility. U16 players were found to be taller, heavier, more muscular than U14 and U15 players. In addition, the U16 group showed better performance in all performance tests. Age had a significant positive correlation with countermovement (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) performance in U14 players, and a significant negative correlation with 15m and 20m sprint times in the U15 group. CMJ and DJ emerged as the most significant predictors for sprint and agility variables, respectively. Body fat percentage was found to be a significant predictor for the speed and agility tests in all age groups, but a negative lower-body power predictor. Therefore, besides all sport-specific and fitness tests, it is essential to place emphasis on the percentage of body fat when designing players’ individualized training programs, and during team selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

16 pages, 2376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Structured Training Plan on Different-Length Microcycles in Soccer—Internal and External Load Analysis between Training Weeks and Games

by Lazaros Vardakis, Yiannis Michailidis, Panagiotis Topalidis, Charalambos Zelenitsas, Athanasios Mandroukas, Ioannis Gissis, Kosmas Christoulas, George Mavrommatis and Thomas Metaxas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 6935; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13126935 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1869

Abstract

The aim of this study was to apply a training plan to four different-length microcycles (MIC) in soccer and analyze (a) the load within the training weeks and (b) the short-term effect on the matches that were played at the end of each [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to apply a training plan to four different-length microcycles (MIC) in soccer and analyze (a) the load within the training weeks and (b) the short-term effect on the matches that were played at the end of each microcycle. An intervention training program applied to microcycles of five, six, seven and nine days during two seasons of the Cypriot Fist Division. The GPS technology and subjective (wellness, RPE) assessments were used to monitor the load throughout trainings and games. In weekly external load, there were differences between the four microcycles, with a lower load in MIC5 for all the parameters and higher on MIC9 in the most of them (p < 0.05). In RPE, MIC9 (229 ± 60 arbitrary units (au)) differed significantly from MIC5 (229 ± 60 au, p < 0.001), MIC6 (281 ± 67 au; p < 0.001) and MIC7 (297 ± 48 au, p = 0.009). MIC5 also differed from MIC6 (p = 0.001) and MIC7 (p < 0.001). In the game external load, the only differences found in GDEC2 (game decelerations) were between MIC7 (68 ± 10 number (n)), MIC5 (61 ± 11 n, p = 0.035) and MIC6 (60 ± 10 n, p = 0.002); in GSPEF (game speed efforts), between MIC5 (40 ± 17 n), MIC7 (48 ± 14 n, p = 0.004) and MIC9 (48 ± 16 n, p < 0.001) and between MIC6 (41 ± 14 n), MIC7 (p = 0.009), and MIC9 (p = 0.009); in GMPW5 (game metabolic power efforts), between MIC7 (1307 ± 271 n), MIC5 (1201 ± 340 n, p = 0.035) and MIC6 (1178 ± 261 n, p = 0.001). No differences were found for wellness and perceived exertion. It is important for performance coaches to adapt the training load to the length of the microcycle, applying a lower load to short training weeks and manage the load fluctuation on long training weeks in terms of volume, intensity and recovery. In our study, the results confirmed that this strategy could result in similar performance in the games, regardless of microcycle length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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15 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Plyometric Training on the Speed, Agility, and Explosive Strength Performance in Elite Athletes

by Hsuan Huang, Wei-Yang Huang and Cheng-En Wu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3605; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063605 - 11 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7683

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the speed, agility, and explosive strength performance of elite basketball players over an 8-week plyometric training program. Fifteen elite male college basketball players in Taiwan (average age 22.16 ± 0.85 years old) were publicly recruited. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the speed, agility, and explosive strength performance of elite basketball players over an 8-week plyometric training program. Fifteen elite male college basketball players in Taiwan (average age 22.16 ± 0.85 years old) were publicly recruited. All participants received 24 plyometric training courses three times per week for 8 weeks, and the courses were implemented pre- and post-test. The speed and agility test items were divided into a 20 m sprint and a T-shaped run. In the explosive strength test, a force plate was used to measure countermovement jump to understand the pre- and post-test differences in all the test indicators, including the rate of force development, time of the rate of force development, ground reaction forces for the moment of jumping, duration of passage, and jump height. It was found that, after the participants underwent the plyometric training program, the body mass index and body fat percentage were significantly reduced, the skeletal muscle mass was significantly increased, and the post-test scores for speed and agility improved significantly. All the participants exhibited a steeper gradient for the rate of force development (r = −0.816~−0.963) and a shorter time for the rate of force development (0.107~0.232 s). The ground reaction forces reached 1509.61~2387.11 Newtons. The duration of passage reached 0.643 s, and the jump height reached 0.624 m. The conclusion was that the plyometric training program can increase muscle volume in the lower limbs and legs, increase the rate of force development, and shorten the jumping time, thereby enhancing explosive strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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14 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Short Half-Time Re-Warm-Up Program on Matches Running Performance and Fitness Test Performance of Male Elite Youth Soccer Players

by Michail Christaras, Yiannis Michailidis, Athanasios Mandroukas, Lazaros Vardakis, Kosmas Christoulas and Thomas Metaxas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2602; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042602 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a half-time short re-warm-up (RW) strategy on the performance of young soccer players in tests of physical abilities and running performance during matches. Twenty-three players (under 17) participated in the study. Body [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a half-time short re-warm-up (RW) strategy on the performance of young soccer players in tests of physical abilities and running performance during matches. Twenty-three players (under 17) participated in the study. Body temperature, 10 m sprint, 30 m sprint, the Illinois agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), and squat jump (SJ) were measured, immediately post-warm-up. Then in one condition, the tests were repeated after a passive rest, and in the other condition, after a 12 min passive rest and 3 min RW. Furthermore, the RW was applied at half-time of two of the four matches where the running performance was measured in the first quarter of the two halves. The results showed that the two conditions differed significantly in the 10 m sprint and CMJ performances (p < 0.001 and p = 0.049, respectively). After the passive rest, a significant decrease in body temperature and performance in SJ was observed (p < 0.001 for both). No other differences were observed. In conclusion, the short RW program can limit the decrement in performance in power tests such as sprints and jumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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13 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Program on Leg Stiffness, Reactive Strength, and Landing Biomechanics in Amateur Female Rugby Players

by Ondřej Sikora, Michal Lehnert, Ivana Hanzlíková and Jonathan Hughes

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1979; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031979 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

This randomized control study aimed to assess 12 weeks of a novel neuromuscular training program (KneeRugbyWomen) on jump-related biomechanical variables in amateur female rugby players. Twenty-four participants were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (EG; n = 12, age: 20.05 ± 4.43 [...] Read more.

This randomized control study aimed to assess 12 weeks of a novel neuromuscular training program (KneeRugbyWomen) on jump-related biomechanical variables in amateur female rugby players. Twenty-four participants were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (EG; n = 12, age: 20.05 ± 4.43 yrs., height: 166.54 ± 4.46 cm, weight: 64.65 ± 6.44 kg) or a control group (CG; n = 12, age: 20.04 ± 4.88 yrs., height: 166.83 ± 7.30 cm, weight: 69.83 ± 12.84 kg). Participants were tested before and after a 12-week intervention for jump-related biomechanical variables (leg stiffness, Reactive Strength Index (RSI), and landing mechanics using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS)). A significant increase in RSI was found in EG (p = 0.012, r = 0.70, large effect). At post-testing, players in EG had significantly greater RSI scores compared to CG at post-intervention (p = 0.007, r = 0.55, large effect). LESS scores of CG were significantly greater compared to EG at pre-intervention (p = 0.008, r = 0.55, large effect) and post-intervention (p = 0.003, r = 0.60, large effect). Results of this study demonstrate a positive effect of the KneeRugbyWomen training program on RSI, which has been previously associated with increased ACL injury risk in female players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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9 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Effects of Anaerobic Fatigue Induced by Sport-Specific Exercise on Postural Control in Highly-Trained Adolescent Road Cyclists

by Bartosz Zając, Anna Mika, Paulina Katarzyna Gaj and Tadeusz Ambroży

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031697 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1681

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and how anaerobic fatigue induced by sport-specific exercise affects the postural control of highly-trained adolescent road cyclists. Twenty-three male athletes, aged 15–18 years, were included in the study. Postural control was assessed using the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and how anaerobic fatigue induced by sport-specific exercise affects the postural control of highly-trained adolescent road cyclists. Twenty-three male athletes, aged 15–18 years, were included in the study. Postural control was assessed using the pedobarographic platform (bipedal upright stance, sequentially, with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) for 60 s each, with a 30 s interval), before and 3 min after a 30 s all-out effort performed on the ergometer. The results showed significant increases in the 95%-confidence ellipse area (p-value 0.000 and 0.001 for EO and EC, respectively), as well as centre-of-pressure (CoP) range displacement in the anteroposterior (p-value 0.000 for both EO and EC) and mediolateral (p-value 0.011 and 0.001 for EO and EC, respectively) planes. In addition, a significant decrease in CoP mean sway frequency was observed (p-value 0.000 and 0.001 for EO and EC, respectively), but no changes were noted in CoP mean velocity (p-value 0.316 and 0.670 for EO and EC, respectively). In our study, it has been indicated that anaerobic fatigue induced by sport-specific exercise deteriorates postural control in adolescent cyclists. Moreover, cycling training may affect the quality of postural corrective reactions occurring in response to anaerobic fatigue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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8 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Two or Four Weeks Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio Is More Useful to Prevent Injuries in Soccer?

by Andreas Fousekis, Konstantinos Fousekis, Georgios Fousekis, Nikolaos Vaitsis, Ioannis Terzidis, Kosmas Christoulas, Yiannis Michailidis, Athanasios Mandroukas and Thomas Metaxas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010495 - 30 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1792

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine if the acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is related to the incidence of non-contact injuries. The purpose is to compare the external load of injured and non-injured soccer players with the same characteristics, such as position and [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to determine if the acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is related to the incidence of non-contact injuries. The purpose is to compare the external load of injured and non-injured soccer players with the same characteristics, such as position and age. The present analysis considers both the four and the two weeks preceding an injury. Physical characteristics were recorded and analyzed through global positioning systems (GPS) evaluation over one season of 24 competitive microcycles, 144 training sessions, and 32 matches in a total of 35 professional soccer players from the Greek Super League 1 and Super League 2. The loads calculated were total distance (TD), 15–20 km/h, 20–25 km/h, 25–30 km/h, accelerations (ACC) > 2.5 m/s², and decelerations (DEC) > 2.5 m/s²). Nine injured athletes exceeded the critical threshold of an ACWR > 1.3 several times compared with non-injured athletes that did not reach this level. The present study showed that ACWR is related to a subsequent occurrence of injury but that the threshold of an ACWR can vary. This seems to be mainly influenced by assessing the load of the last two weeks compared with that of the four weeks before the injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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15 pages, 1739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a 10-Week Sensomotor Exercise Program on Balance and Agility in Adolescent Football Players: A Randomised Control Trial

by Damian Sikora and Pawel Linek

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010089 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week sensomotor exercise programme on body balance and agility in a group of adolescent athletes. Initially, 120 adolescent football players were included in the study. In the final analysis, 90 [...] Read more.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week sensomotor exercise programme on body balance and agility in a group of adolescent athletes. Initially, 120 adolescent football players were included in the study. In the final analysis, 90 athletes aged 10–17 years participated. The study was designed as a single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Healthy athletes who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two comparative groups: experimental and control groups. Sensomotor exercises were conducted twice weekly for 10 weeks in the experimental group. The adolescent footballers were subjected to the following tests: a COP (Centre of Pressure) test on a stabilometric platform, a Y balance test (Y-BT), and an agility test. The experimental group showed improvement with respect to the following variables: COP-based path length, with eyes open, for 30 s duration—improved by 5.3 cm (mean: 20.0; 95% CI 15.3–24.8); area, with eyes open, for 30 s duration—improved by 1 cm² (mean 2.1; 95% CI 0.6–3.5); area, with eyes closed, for 30 s duration—improved by 0.4 cm² (mean 2.2; 95% CI 1.6–2.8). The Y-BT was significantly improved in terms of the final score for the following variables: left leg anterior by 2.1% (mean 73.1; 95% CI 70.7–75.2); right leg posterolateral by 3.8% (mean 112.3; 95% CI 109.3–115.3); right and left leg posteromedial by 5.6% (mean 111.7; 95% CI 108.6–114.9) and 5.7% (mean 112.3; 95% CI 109.7–115.1), respectively; medium posterolateral by 3.2% (mean 111.8; 95% CI 109.0–114.7); medium posteromedial by 6.0% (mean 112.0; 95% CI 109.2–115.0); and Y total score by 3.5% (mean 98.8; 95% CI 96.6–100.9). The agility test in the experimental group was improved by 1.6 s (mean 13.2; 95% CI 12.6–14.0). A 10-week programme of additional sensomotor exercises improved selected parameters determining balance and agility in the young football players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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11 pages, 1068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Race Performance Characteristics for the 50 m and 100 m Freestyle among Regional-Level Male Swimmers

by Łukasz Wądrzyk, Robert Staszkiewicz and Marek Strzała

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12577; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412577 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

Race analysis performed by faster and slower swimmers enables the definition of effective strategies for carrying out the competition. Until now, measurements of this type were mainly conducted among top-level athletes. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in swimming [...] Read more.

Race analysis performed by faster and slower swimmers enables the definition of effective strategies for carrying out the competition. Until now, measurements of this type were mainly conducted among top-level athletes. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in swimming technique in sprint races between faster (FS) and slower (SS) regional-level swimmers. The performance of 33 swimmers (mean FINA points = 449) competing in 50 m and 100 m freestyle races was analysed. To determine the velocity (v), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI), races were recorded with the use of cameras. Using the Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U test, the results were compared for two groups: FS (mean FINA points = 557) and SS (mean FINA points = 379). In the 100 m competition, differences between groups were noticed in v (1.70 and 1.51 m/s), SL (2.06 and 1.85 m), and SI (3.52 and 2.80 m²/s), while in the 50 m competition, they were noticed in v (1.95 and 1.73 m/s), SR (59.46 and 55.01 cycle/min), and SI (3.44 and 3.04 m²/s, respectively for the FS and SS groups). Adapting the technique to a shorter distance should be performed by increasing the frequency of movements. At the same time, the decrease in SL should be controlled. The indicator enabling the assessment of technical effectiveness, regardless of the distance, is the SI. The 50 and 100 m freestyle races require specific technical skills to be mastered. Therefore, the development of technique in swimmers should include its various variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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10 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of 12-Week Core Strengthening and Weight Training on Muscle Strength, Endurance and Flexibility in School-Aged Athletes

by Rajesh Kumar and Erika Zemková

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12550; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412550 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3625

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of 12-week core strengthening and weight training on muscle strength, endurance and flexibility in school-aged athletes. Ninety male athletes at the age of 12 were randomly divided into three equal groups (30 in each). Group 1 underwent core [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effect of 12-week core strengthening and weight training on muscle strength, endurance and flexibility in school-aged athletes. Ninety male athletes at the age of 12 were randomly divided into three equal groups (30 in each). Group 1 underwent core strengthening training, group 2 underwent weight training, and group 3 was the control. The training was for 12 weeks, with three sessions per week (one hour per session). Prior to and after the training, abdominal strength, endurance, and flexibility were evaluated using the sit-ups test, the Cooper 12 min run test and the sit and reach test. The analysis of variance was used to analyze pre- and post-intervention data. The results showed that both the core strength training group and the weight training group significantly (p = 0.00) improved in abdominal strength, represented by the number of sit-ups (from 18.70 ± 3.20 to 22.21 ± 3.50 and from 17.60 ± 3.29 to 21.60 ± 3.63, respectively); endurance, represented by distance covered in 12 min (from 1817 ± 185.78 m to 2008.97 ± 214.79 m and from 1806 ± 237.25 m to 2002.59 ± 83.32 m, respectively); and flexibility, represented by the sit and reach distance (from 23.48 ± 2.75 cm to 25.96 ± 2.38 cm and from 23.66 ± 2.92 cm to 25.86 ± 2.55 cm, respectively) when compared to the control group (from 17.20 ± 3.20 to 16.39 ± 2.69; from 1813 ± 224.69 m to 1778.15 ± 05.28 m; from 23.46 ± 3.06 cm to 21.76 ± 2.56 cm). More specifically, abdominal strength and endurance improved slightly more in the weight training group than in the core strength training group, whilst flexibility increased slightly more in the core strength training group than in the weight training group. These findings indicate that both core strengthening training and weight training are effective in improving physical fitness in school-aged athletes; however, the improvement is to differing extents regarding their endurance, flexibility, and abdominal strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

10 pages, 945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static Balance in Female Artistic Gymnasts and Non-Training Girls

by Jaroslaw Omorczyk, Robert Staszkiewicz, Krzysztof Wrzesniewski and Ewa Puszczalowska-Lizis

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12454; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312454 - 5 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1257

Abstract

Sports activities can constitute a factor in improving postural control. The aim of this study is to compare static balance in the tandem stance between female artistic gymnasts and non-training girls. This was performed with and without visual control, as well as in [...] Read more.

Sports activities can constitute a factor in improving postural control. The aim of this study is to compare static balance in the tandem stance between female artistic gymnasts and non-training girls. This was performed with and without visual control, as well as in a position with open eyes, on a 1.25 m high platform. Two groups of thirty girls participated in the study. The first group consisted of gymnasts (mean age 9.50 ± 1.20 years, body height 133.50 ± 11.40 cm, and body mass 28.90 ± 6.90 kg), while the second group comprised non-training girls (mean age 9.80 ± 1.20 years, body height 142.60 ± 10.90 cm, and body mass 37.40 ± 9.70 kg). Balance measurements were taken using the CQ Stab 2P two-plate stability platform. In the measurements conducted with the subjects’ eyes closed, the gymnasts obtained a lower value for displacement regarding the maximal centre of pressure (COP) in the anterior–posterior direction and a higher frequency of COP displacement (p < 0.05). In the trial performed on a platform, a greater COP displacement frequency was found among the non-training girls (p < 0.001). Differences in the values of the variables characterising the static balance of gymnasts and non-training girls were revealed only in conditions of increasing difficulty concerning the motor task (increasing the height of the position and/or without eye control). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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14 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Jump Performance in Elite Volleyball Players

by Sebastian Masel and Marcin Maciejczyk

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9054; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189054 - 8 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a widely described phenomenon, but the majority of studies tend to evaluate the response of various parameters of a conditioning activity (CA) on the same explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PAPE response [...] Read more.

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a widely described phenomenon, but the majority of studies tend to evaluate the response of various parameters of a conditioning activity (CA) on the same explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PAPE response of the same CA—trap bar deadlift with an accommodating resistance—on jump height in two different jumping tests: squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ). Study participants included twelve elite volleyball players (age 23 ± 2 years; body height, 194.7 ± 5.9 cm; body mass, 89.8 ± 7.9 kg; body fat, 14.7 ± 3.7%) experienced in resistance training (relative 1RM of a trap bar deadlift with accommodating resistance 1.92 ± 0.12 kg/body mass). Each participant performed tests under four conditions: two conditions for both SJ and CMJ—experimental with CA and control without CA. Jumps were performed at the baseline and 90 s after CA. The protocol did not increase jump power significantly in either SJ or CMJ. However, individual analysis showed that more participants responded positively to the CA in SJ (73%) than CMJ (50%), implying that PAPE response may depend on the similarity of the muscle-type contraction between CA and an explosive exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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9 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Unilateral Leg Extension Strength and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Young Men

by Fahri Safa Cinarli, Oğuzhan Adanur, Ozcan Esen, Magdalena Barasinska, Ladislav Cepicka, Tomasz Gabrys and Raci Karayigit

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 8985; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12188985 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1947

Abstract

It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance and that dynamic balance tests are an important feedback tool for predicting lower limb injuries. However, the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and performance in the [...] Read more.

It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance and that dynamic balance tests are an important feedback tool for predicting lower limb injuries. However, the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and performance in the Y Balance Test is not fully known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral leg extension strength and dynamic balance in healthy young men. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. A total of 33 healthy men (mean age ± standard deviation = 21.21 ± 1.24 years) volunteered for this study. The participants’ dynamic balance was determined with the Y Balance Test and unilateral one repetition maximum strength was determined by the leg extension machine. The same side was preferred for strength and dynamic balance measurements. Normalized reach, composite score, and absolute and relative strength values were analyzed for correlations. Linear regression analysis was used to determine whether strength values predicted the results of the Y Balance Test. There was a positive linear correlation between the strength values and normalized reach distances and composite scores (r ranges from 0.466 to 0.757; p < 0.01). The coefficients of determination showed that dynamic balance and strength (absolute and relative) performance are not independent parameters in healthy young men (r² = 21–57% explained variance). It was also found that strength values (absolute and relative) can predict balance. Our study confirmed the relationship between strength and dynamic balance. It can be said that especially the strength of the lower extremity has an acceptable effect on dynamic balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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11 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Usefulness of the Modified Swimming Anaerobic Sprint Test (SAST) Based on the Relationship with the 100- and 200-m Freestyle

by Łukasz Wądrzyk, Robert Staszkiewicz and Marek Strzała

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7566; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157566 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

The construction of specialized physiological tests for swimmers is often based on those previously used in versions on land. So far, no attempt has been made to adapt the RAST test to conditions of an aquatic environment. The aim of the study was [...] Read more.

The construction of specialized physiological tests for swimmers is often based on those previously used in versions on land. So far, no attempt has been made to adapt the RAST test to conditions of an aquatic environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the results from the 6 × 25 m front crawl test (Swimming Anaerobic Sprint Test—SAST) and 100- and 200-m freestyle performance. In a group of 22 swimmers (9 girls, 13 boys, mean age 17.2 years, body mass 67.6 kg, body height 1.76 m), the SAST was performed (10-s interval between repetition). To determine speed (v), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI), the test and races were recorded with the use of cameras. The analysis included times from the competition and fatigue indices (the decrease in SI during the SAST). Analysis of variance was performed, and a correlation matrix was created considering variables from the SAST and competition. The indices describing the 200-m event differed from those recorded for the SAST and 100 m freestyle race. The SAST results (v, SL, SI) were strongly correlated with the 100- and 200-m performances. Fatigue indices have not been shown to correlate with competition performance. The SAST may be useful in the context of predicting results for the 100- and, to a limited extent, 200-m freestyle races. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 4221 KiB

Open AccessReview

Eccentric Resistance Training: A Methodological Proposal of Eccentric Muscle Exercise Classification Based on Exercise Complexity, Training Objectives, Methods, and Intensity

by Carlos Burgos-Jara, Hugo Cerda-Kohler, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz and Bianca Miarka

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7969; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137969 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5657

Abstract

Eccentric resistance training that focuses on the lengthening phase of muscle actions has gained attention for its potential to enhance muscle strength, power, and performance (among others). This review presents a methodological proposal for classifying eccentric exercises based on complexity, objectives, methods, and [...] Read more.

Eccentric resistance training that focuses on the lengthening phase of muscle actions has gained attention for its potential to enhance muscle strength, power, and performance (among others). This review presents a methodological proposal for classifying eccentric exercises based on complexity, objectives, methods, and intensity. We discuss the rationale and physiological implications of eccentric training, considering its benefits and risks. The proposed classification system considers exercise complexity and categorizing exercises by technical requirements and joint involvement, accommodating various skill levels. Additionally, training objectives are addressed, including (i) Sports Rehabilitation and Return To Sport, (ii) Muscle Development, (iii) Injury Prevention, (iv) Special Populations, and (v) Sporting Performance, proposing exercise selection with desired outcomes. The review also highlights various eccentric training methods, such as tempo, isoinertial, plyometrics, and moderate eccentric load, each with different benefits. The classification system also integrates intensity levels, allowing for progressive overload and individualized adjustments. This methodological proposal provides a framework for organizing eccentric resistance training programs, facilitating exercise selection, program design, and progression. Furthermore, it assists trainers, coaches, and professionals in optimizing eccentric training’s benefits, promoting advancements in research and practical application. In conclusion, this methodological proposal offers a systematic approach for classifying eccentric exercises based on complexity, objectives, methods, and intensity. It enhances exercise selection, program design, and progression in eccentric resistance training according to training objectives and desired outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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15 pages, 3249 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Different Training Interventions on Soccer Players’ Sprints and Changes of Direction: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Kuan Dong, Guyeol Jeong and Buongo Chun

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010446 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2705

Abstract

Objective: To compare and rank the effects of different training interventions on the sprint and change of direction (COD) abilities of soccer players using a network meta-analysis. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched for papers published up to [...] Read more.

Objective: To compare and rank the effects of different training interventions on the sprint and change of direction (COD) abilities of soccer players using a network meta-analysis. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched for papers published up to June 2022. Inclusion criteria: (1) No distinction was made between nationality, region, or gender. No distinction was made between physical activity times or habits. Healthy and disease-free soccer players (age ≥ 18 years old) were eligible. (2) Different training methods and their combinations were used. (3) Groups of either no training or single training, or combined training were included. (4) Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. (5) The outcome indicators included at least one of the following: sprint, agility, and change of direction (COD). Exclusion criteria: (1) studies in non-English were not included. (2) Individual studies, general public studies, literature review studies, qualitative studies, case studies, and studies with unclear data such as means and standard deviations were not included. (3) Studies using the same data were not included. (4) Interventions that could not be statistically analyzed because of insufficient numbers of studies were not included. RCTs that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. Paired analyses and network meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models. The included studies were assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) metric was used to rank the effectiveness of each treatment and identify the best treatment. Results: The network meta-analysis (NMA) included eleven RCTs with a total of two-hundred and seventy-seven participants and six interventions: plyometrics combined with sprint, agility, and resistance training (P+T+S+A), plyometrics combined with sprint and agility training (P+S+A), resisted sprinting combined with agility training (RS+A), plyometric training (P), resistance training (T), soccer skills, and a strategy training control group (C). P+T+S+A ranked highest in terms of improving soccer players’ 10 m sprint performance (SUCRA = 70.2%) and COD (SUCRA = 75.0%). P+S+A ranked highest in terms of improving soccer players’ 20 m sprint performance (SUCRA = 69.8%). Conclusions: Based on the network meta-analysis, for combined training, P+T+S+A was more effective at improving the sprinting and COD ability of soccer players. In the single training mode, plyometric training was the most effective. To improve sprint and COD ability, P+T+S+A should be chosen. Such improvements may be expected after P+T+S+A interventions for a duration of six or more weeks. However, gender, competitive level, and other factors will affect the assessment results. Given the limitations of the above analysis, these results should be interpreted with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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24 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Nutrient Intake in Handball Players on Exercise Performance

by Agustin Mora-Fernandez, Alejandro Lopez-Moro, Luis Javier Chirosa-Rios and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12378; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312378 - 3 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3474

Abstract

Introduction: Modern handball was introduced as an Olympic sport in 1972 and is played by more than 19 million people worldwide. Beach handball was born as an adaptation of court handball in the 1990s. Both modalities are complex and multifactorial ball games characterised [...] Read more.

Introduction: Modern handball was introduced as an Olympic sport in 1972 and is played by more than 19 million people worldwide. Beach handball was born as an adaptation of court handball in the 1990s. Both modalities are complex and multifactorial ball games characterised by a fast pace and variable game intensities, as well as the strong influence of tactical concepts, social factors and cognitive aspects. Objective: To analyse the nutritional status of both male and female players to assess whether it is in line with specific and general dietary intake demands. Methodology: A systematic search of databases was carried out using keywords with relevant Boolean operators. Results: A total of 468 studies was identified, of which 44 studies were included: 7 on hydration; 22 studies related to energy, macronutrient and fibre intake; 23 that assessed micronutrients; 4 studies on nutritional knowledge and information sources; and 2 articles on eating disorders. A further 85 articles were included in order to cross-check results. Discussion: The need for a state of euhydration and normal plasma electrolyte levels is clear. Adequate energy intake is the cornerstone of the handball athlete’s diet to support optimal body function. The ACSM sets daily recommendations of 6–10 g CHO/kg body weight for handball, and daily protein recommendations range from 1.2 to 2.0 g PRO/kg/day and 14 g dietary fibre per 1000 kcal. Conclusion: The nutritional habits of handball players do not seem to be adequate to the demands of the sport, although these demands are not clarified. The inclusion of nutrition professionals could be a key element in the performance of these athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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11 pages, 1068 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effectiveness of Different Training Methods in Soccer for Repeated Sprint Ability: A Brief Review

by Yiannis Michailidis

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11803; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211803 - 20 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2538

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of exercise programs on the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) performance of soccer players. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched for original research articles. The inclusion criteria for [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the effect of exercise programs on the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) performance of soccer players. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched for original research articles. The inclusion criteria for a study were to include different groups of intervention in soccer players and present the protocol’s characteristics and the study’s results. Twenty-one (21) studies met the criteria. For each study, the effect size (ES) and 95% confidential interval (CI) were calculated and evaluated as trivial, small, moderate or large. The results showed that in adults, the various programs showed from trivial (e.g., ES 0.185; 95% CI ± 0.089) to large beneficial effects (ES 2.92; 95% CI ± 0.29). At developmental ages, the beneficial effect was from trivial to moderate (ES 0.163; 95% CI ± 0.174, ES 0.787; 95% CI ± 0.074). Concerning the interventional programs, studies carried out by sprint and Small-Sided Games (SSG) interventions presented a large ES, while studies that carried out RSA exercises presented moderate ES. A variety of stimuli can improve the RSA performance of soccer players by causing trivial-to-large improvements. However, more effective are interventional exercises that include stimuli related to repeated sprint ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance)

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