Microgrids II

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 August 2020) | Viewed by 12881

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
CITCEA-UPC, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: grid integration of renewable energy generation; wind power; solar power; energy storage systems; HVDC transmission; microgrids; smart grids; big data for electrical systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CITCEA-UPC, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electrical engineering; energy efficiency; power grid; renewable energy; smart grid; digital energy; artificial intelligence; electric cars charging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CITCEA-UPC, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: grid integration of renewable energy source; PV power plants, microgrids; multi-microgrids; active distribution networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electrical power system is evolving at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. At the distribution level, small generating and storage units—the so-called distributed energy sources (DER)—are being installed close to consumption sites. The expansion of DER is empowering renewable energy source integration and, as a consequence, new actors are appearing in the electrical system. Among these new actors, a game-changing one is the prosumer, fruit of the behavior transformation of the consumer, who has not only the ability to consume power but also to produce it.

Microgrids can be understood as those DER installations that have the capability to operate grid-connected and grid-isolated. During the last few decades, there has been a significant deployment of microgrids (e.g., in countries like the United States, Switzerland, and Denmark) and a consequent increase in renewable energy generation. This is contributing to the decarbonization of the electrical power system. However, due to the variability and intermittency of renewable sources, it is also leading to larger uncertainty in power systems, which implies a more complex operation and control.

The previous Special Issue on “Microgrids” has been a great success leading to interesting publications with important contributions in this field. Because of this success, the editors would like to re-open the Special Issue, broadening its scope to recent technological developments under research.

Hence, we invite you to contribute to this Special Issue, which includes (but is not limited to) the following topics: power electronics for microgrids, design, operation and control of microgrids, optimal sizing and operation of microgrids, coordinated protection in microgrids, micro and local power markets, interconnection of microgrids, prediction models for microgrid operation and planning, big data and data analytics from microgrid assets, microgrid applications for developing countries.

Dr. Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba
Prof. Dr. Andreas Sumper
Dr. Eduard Bullich-Massagué
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • microgrids
  • distributed energy resources
  • micro and local power markets
  • power electronics
  • optimization
  • control
  • energy storage systems
  • big data
  • machine learning

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4937 KiB  
Article
Grid-Friendly Active Demand Strategy on Air Conditioning Class Load
by Jian-hong Zhu, Juping Gu and Min Wu
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6464; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186464 - 16 Sep 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
The growing number of accessed energy-efficient frequency conversion air conditioners is likely to generate a large number of harmonics on the power grid. The following shortage in the reactive power of peak load may trigger voltage collapse. Hence, this conflicts with people’s expectations [...] Read more.
The growing number of accessed energy-efficient frequency conversion air conditioners is likely to generate a large number of harmonics on the power grid. The following shortage in the reactive power of peak load may trigger voltage collapse. Hence, this conflicts with people’s expectations for a cozy environment. Concerning the problems mentioned above, an active management scheme is put forward to balance the electricity use and the normal operation of air conditioning systems. To be specific, first, schemes to suppress the low voltage ride through (LVRT) and harmonic are designed. Second, to deaden the adverse effects caused by nonlinear group load running on the grid and prevent the unexpected accidents engendered from grid malfunction, the dynamic sensing information obtained by an online monitor is analyzed, which can be seen as an actively supervised mechanism. The combined application of active and passive filtering technology is studied as well. Third, the new energy storage is accessed reliably to cope with peak-cutting or grid breaking emergencies, and the fuzzy control algorithm is researched. Finally, system feasibility is verified by functional modules co-operation simulation, and active management target is achieved under scientific and reasonable state-of-charge (SOC) management strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids II)
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17 pages, 3616 KiB  
Article
Frequency and State-of-Charge Restoration Method in a Secondary Control of an Islanded Microgrid without Communication
by Jin-Oh Lee and Yun-Su Kim
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051558 - 25 Feb 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1823
Abstract
This paper presents a control method for inverter-interfaced distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESSs) in an islanded microgrid. The proposed method is focused on secondary control, particularly frequency restoration and maintaining the ESSs’ state of charge (SOC). To recover frequency deviation [...] Read more.
This paper presents a control method for inverter-interfaced distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESSs) in an islanded microgrid. The proposed method is focused on secondary control, particularly frequency restoration and maintaining the ESSs’ state of charge (SOC). To recover frequency deviation due to load change, an ESS is used as a droop-controlled grid-forming source. However, the grid-forming ESS cannot manage its own SOC, since it cannot control its own output power; hence, grid-feeding DGs are used to maintain the SOC within a desired range. Management of the SOC, as well as frequency restoration, is conducted by using local controllers without any communication devices, since dependency on communication may deteriorate system reliability in the case of failure. The proposed method for maintaining SOC can be realized by adjusting the system frequency, which is the only value that can be measured locally with almost the same value at every node in a steady state. Frequency restoration can be achieved by a simple ON/OFF scheme of the integral controller with a hysteresis loop to solve problems caused by differences between frequency measurements or set points among DGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids II)
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14 pages, 2120 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Energy Management System for a DC Microgrid
by Luis O. Polanco Vásquez, Víctor M. Ramírez and Kary Thanapalan
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(3), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031071 - 05 Feb 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2433
Abstract
This paper investigates the analysis of the energy management system for a DC microgrid. The microgrid consists of a photovoltaic panel and a batteries system that is connected to the microgrid through a bidirectional power converter. The optimization problem is solved by the [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the analysis of the energy management system for a DC microgrid. The microgrid consists of a photovoltaic panel and a batteries system that is connected to the microgrid through a bidirectional power converter. The optimization problem is solved by the hybrid internal point method with the genetic algorithms method and particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, by considering forecasting demand and generation for all the elements of the microgrid. The analysis includes a comparison of energy optimization of the microgrid for solar radiation data from two areas of the world and a comparison the efficiency and effectiveness of optimization methods. The efficiency of the algorithm for energy optimization is verified and analyzed through experimental data. The results obtained show that the optimization algorithm can intelligently handle the energy flows to store the largest amount in the batteries and thus have the least amount of charge and discharge cycles for the battery and prolong the useful life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids II)
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20 pages, 6172 KiB  
Article
Coordinated Dispatch of Multi-Energy Microgrids and Distribution Network with a Flexible Structure
by Sijie Chen, Yongbiao Yang, Qingshan Xu and Jun Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(24), 5553; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245553 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2564
Abstract
With the increasing scale of multi-energy microgrids (MGs) and complicated operation modes, the coordinated operation of microgrids and the distribution network (DN) has posed great challenges. In this paper, a bi-level optimal coordinated dispatch framework of the DN and multi-energy MGs based on [...] Read more.
With the increasing scale of multi-energy microgrids (MGs) and complicated operation modes, the coordinated operation of microgrids and the distribution network (DN) has posed great challenges. In this paper, a bi-level optimal coordinated dispatch framework of the DN and multi-energy MGs based on CCHP (combined cooling, heating, and power) is proposed. The first level studies the optimal operation of the DN with power interaction on tie lines between MGs considering the coupling relationship and constraints of the equipment and network. The network reconfiguration with limited control actions is considered to increase the flexibility of the topology and further improve the working state. For the second level, MGs receive orders from the DN and determine the optimal strategies of multi-energy devices to achieve optimized operation under the condition of satisfying the different types of load and requirement for the DN. To solve the optimal dispatch problem of both the DN and the multi-energy MGs considering the DN reconfiguration, a method combining particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) with mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) is proposed. Cases studied in an IEEE33-node DN with renewable power sources and grid-connected MGs validate that the proposed method is very effective in reducing the power loss and voltage offset of the DN while ensuring the benefits of the MGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids II)
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18 pages, 3453 KiB  
Article
Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Hybrid Energy Storage System for PV Power Fluctuation Mitigation
by Darith Leng and Sompob Polmai
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5099; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235099 - 25 Nov 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3345
Abstract
The application of renewable energy is stimulating since the environmental pollution and the increase in demand for global energy consumption have become the main concerns of humanity. However, the intermittent nature of renewable sources could seriously affect the frequency stability of the system [...] Read more.
The application of renewable energy is stimulating since the environmental pollution and the increase in demand for global energy consumption have become the main concerns of humanity. However, the intermittent nature of renewable sources could seriously affect the frequency stability of the system which needs to be solved. In this paper, the Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) based on battery/supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is proposed to handle the stochastic power output of Photovoltaic (PV). First, the power allocation methods for HESS and its comparison are illustrated. Second, the comparison of the frequency deviation suppression strategies is presented. Moreover, as the adjustable parameters of VSG (J, D) is a key superior to the conventional synchronous generator; hence, a part of this paper will be introduced a new evolutionary algorithm called Backtracking Search Optimize Algorithm (BSA) to tune the parameters of the VSG in real time. To investigate the control performance, the standalone microgrid is modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several case studies are conducted, and the results prove the improvement of the system frequency by attenuating the maximum overshoot of frequency deviation from 50.18 Hz to 50.03 Hz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids II)
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