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20 pages, 1418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Influence of Positive Affect, Risk Perception, and Personal Characteristics on the Risk-Taking Riding Behaviors of Motorcyclists

by Shafida Azwina Mohd Shafie, Wins Cott Goh and Lee Vien Leong

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021056 - 12 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1328

Abstract

This study on Malaysian motorcyclists was carried out due to the high fatality rate of motorcycle traffic accidents. A survey was conducted to assess demographic information, risky behavior engagement, positive affect, and risk perception among Malaysian motorcyclists. The results were analyzed using partial [...] Read more.

This study on Malaysian motorcyclists was carried out due to the high fatality rate of motorcycle traffic accidents. A survey was conducted to assess demographic information, risky behavior engagement, positive affect, and risk perception among Malaysian motorcyclists. The results were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling to assess the survey’s reliability and validity. Consequently, a statistical model was created based on the hypothesis model where the relationship among each latent construct was evaluated, including risk perception, positive affect, risky behavior, and mediator personal characteristics. The model revealed that positive affect had the strongest positive relationship with the construct of risky behavior (t-value of 15.517), while the personal characteristics of the rider had a significant direct effect on risky behavior, with a t-value of 2.175. In addition, an indirect effect of personal characteristics on risky behavior through positive affect was also found to be significant (t-value = 3.885). These results concur with most studies conducted on motorist driving behavior showing that motorcyclist risky behavior engagement can potentially be reduced from the perspective of encouragement and empowerment instead of enforcement and deterrence. This study is important in identifying practical measures that can integrate road safety into a broader strategy for sustainable transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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15 pages, 4488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Truck Tractor Tire Damage in the Context of the Study of Road Accident Causes

by Kazimierz Drozd, Sławomir Tarkowski, Jacek Caban, Aleksander Nieoczym, Jan Vrábel and Zbigniew Krzysiak

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12333; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312333 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

There are many accidents in road traffic involving both heavy goods vehicles and passenger vehicles, and the interpretation of the causes of some accidents can be very difficult. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the road accident causes involving a [...] Read more.

There are many accidents in road traffic involving both heavy goods vehicles and passenger vehicles, and the interpretation of the causes of some accidents can be very difficult. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the road accident causes involving a truck and two passenger cars. The hypothesis was verified that the incident took place after the damage to the front wheel of the truck, which resulted in an uncontrolled change of the direction of its travel and leaving the lane in the opposite direction of the passenger cars. The damaged tire was inspected, and traces were described in the form of cracks on the side surface, irregular abrasion on the central part of the side surface and near the bead, as well as deformations resulting from damage to the cord. The thesis was made that the tire cracked as a result of its material structure defects. In order to verify it, bench tests were carried out on the deformation of the tire sidewall at various load conditions, which simulated driving with too little air pressure in the tire. Detailed studies of the fracture of the tire sidewall and the wires that make up its steel cord were carried out. Macroscopic examination of the cord wires on eight samples revealed the presence of corrosion changes that should not occur under normal operating conditions. The results of the research work indicate that tire rupture was caused by delamination of the material coatings and corrosion of the steel cord wires. These defects could have arisen due to the earlier cracking of the rubber layer and the ingress of moisture or as a result of the use of corroded steel cord wires in tire production. In the analyzed case, the driver could not regain control of the vehicle and avoid a collision with oncoming vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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20 pages, 6090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How do University Student Cyclists Ride? The Case of University of Bologna

by Roberto Battistini, Alessandro Nalin, Andrea Simone, Claudio Lantieri and Valeria Vignali

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11569; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211569 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2259

Abstract

In a general urban planning context, in which sustainable active mobility progressively takes up increasing attention, studies of cyclists’ attitudes and behaviors represent a relevant step to help any enhancing measures for urban cycling. Among different categories, university student cyclists represent a still [...] Read more.

In a general urban planning context, in which sustainable active mobility progressively takes up increasing attention, studies of cyclists’ attitudes and behaviors represent a relevant step to help any enhancing measures for urban cycling. Among different categories, university student cyclists represent a still unidentified class, despite the relevant impacts in terms of mass and variability of attitudes in urban areas. The novelty of this paper is to propose an innovative overview on the specific category of university student cyclists. The integrated methodology, based on direct observation through GPS detection, GIS processing, and qualitative survey, permits the evaluation of some interesting issues related to students’ propensity to cycling and their mobility patterns. The approach finds relevance in speed, frequency of movements, routing, and related infrastructure preferences. The methodology has been applied to a sample of more than 300 students of the University of Bologna who were allowed an original university-designed bicycle from February 2021 to June 2021. The analysis was applied in the Bologna urban area and allowed the evaluation of students’ preferences of using existing cycle paths, when available, the limited relevance of speed factors, the main distribution of commuter journeys concentrated in the main avenues directed to city center, and other behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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18 pages, 6237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study the Effect of eHMI Projection Distance and Contrast on People Acceptance in Blind-Spot Detection Scenario

by Ali Hassan Shah, Xiaodong Sun and Yandan Lin

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6730; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136730 - 02 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

External human-machine interaction (eHMI) road projections are a new feature for automotive lighting to improve vehicle communication with other road users. These modalities are used to draw users’ attention and awareness to specific situations. However, such advanced capabilities are still being debated to [...] Read more.

External human-machine interaction (eHMI) road projections are a new feature for automotive lighting to improve vehicle communication with other road users. These modalities are used to draw users’ attention and awareness to specific situations. However, such advanced capabilities are still being debated to be used on the road in the context of whether or not such road projections can provide a clear and understandable message to road users in a specific scenario or lead to anticipation and change in the driving behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate human factors aspects, such as the feeling of safety, useability, understanding, acceptability, and driver behavior. This study investigates the change in distance and luminance contrast and its effect on human driving behavior and acceptability in blind spot detection scenarios on the highway. A lab experiment with 12 participants is performed to analyze: understanding, satisfaction, usability, visibility, safety, workload, and driving behavior towards eHMI projection while varying projecting distance and luminance contrast. Video recordings and a designed questionnaire were used during the whole process. Results show that ego vehicle drivers prefer a projection distance between 5 to 10 m. However, a distance of 5 m is preferred by overtaking vehicle drivers in terms of visibility and safety. Luminance contrasts have no significant effect on the symbol’s visibility in 5 m and 10 m projection distances. In contrast, participants in overtaking vehicles feel difficult to understand the situation for 15 m condition, which increases their overall workload significantly (p < 0.019). No significant effect is recorded in terms of change in driving behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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17 pages, 2226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Language of Driving for Autonomous Vehicles

by Krister Kalda, Simone-Luca Pizzagalli, Ralf-Martin Soe, Raivo Sell and Mauro Bellone

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5406; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115406 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

Environmental awareness and technological advancements for self-driving cars are close to making autonomous vehicles (AV) a reality in everyday scenarios and a part of smart cities’ transportation systems. The perception of safety and trust towards AVs of passengers and other agents in the [...] Read more.

Environmental awareness and technological advancements for self-driving cars are close to making autonomous vehicles (AV) a reality in everyday scenarios and a part of smart cities’ transportation systems. The perception of safety and trust towards AVs of passengers and other agents in the urban scenario, being pedestrians, cyclists, scooter drivers or car drivers, is of primary importance and the theme of investigation of many research groups. Driver-to-driver communication channels as much as car-to-driver human–machine interfaces (HMI) are well established and part of normal training and experience. The situation is different when users must cope with driverless and autonomous vehicles, both as passengers and as agents sharing the same urban domain. This research focuses on the new challenges of connected driverless vehicles, investigating an emerging topic, namely the language of driving (LoD) between these machines and humans participating in traffic scenarios. This work presents the results of a field study conducted at Tallinn University Technology campus with the ISEAUTO autonomous driving shuttle, including interviews with 176 subjects communicating using LoD. Furthermore, this study combines expert focus group interviews to build a joint base of needs and requirements for AVs in public spaces. Based on previous studies and questionnaire results, we established the hypotheses that we can enhance physical survey results using experimental scenarios with VR/AR tools to allow the fast prototyping of different external and internal HMIs, facilitating the assessment of communication efficacy, evaluation of usability, and impact on the users. The aim is to point out how we can enhance AV design and LoD communications using XR tools. The scenarios were chosen to be inclusive and support the needs of different demographics while at the same time determining the limitations of surveys and real-world experimental scenarios in LoD testing and design for future pilots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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12 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research into the Safe Distance for Opening a Car Door in Order to Avoid Approaching Motorcycles from the Rear

by Cheng-Yong Huang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020606 - 09 Jan 2022

Viewed by 1563

Abstract

Car drivers may misjudge the speed and distance of oncoming vehicles when getting out of their vehicles, leading to door crash accidents. The author invented a patented side-view mirror with distance markers to prevent such door crash accidents. Through the means of behavioural [...] Read more.

Car drivers may misjudge the speed and distance of oncoming vehicles when getting out of their vehicles, leading to door crash accidents. The author invented a patented side-view mirror with distance markers to prevent such door crash accidents. Through the means of behavioural observation experiments, the main objective of this research was to observe the minimum safe distance from the rear of an approaching vehicle when opening the door of the car. The experimental results determined that the use of the Dutch Reach method yielded the shortest safe distance. Compared to the other three judgment solutions, the use of the patented side-view mirror with a distance marker to judge the minimum average safety distance had the longest distance and was the safest, meaning that it is able to help female drivers to judge the distance of approaching motorcycles from the rear and to maintain a sufficient safe distance when opening the door. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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19 pages, 14407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Models of a Benchmark Footbridge

by Fiammetta Venuti, Marco Domaneschi, Marc Lizana and Branko Glisic

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9024; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199024 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1857

Abstract

Modern footbridges are often lively structures, characterized by natural frequencies that fall in the range of pedestrian activities, such as walking, running, and jumping. Therefore, serviceability assessment under human-induced excitation is crucial both at the design stage and during the footbridge lifetime. This [...] Read more.

Modern footbridges are often lively structures, characterized by natural frequencies that fall in the range of pedestrian activities, such as walking, running, and jumping. Therefore, serviceability assessment under human-induced excitation is crucial both at the design stage and during the footbridge lifetime. This paper presents and validates two different FE models of an existing footbridge with very complex geometry: the Streicker Footbridge at the Princeton University Campus. It represents a benchmark in the field as a testbed for vibration serviceability assessments under pedestrian excitation. The real structure is equipped with strain and temperature sensors that are currently used to collect measurements in both static and dynamic modes for research and educational purposes in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Based on detailed drawings of the Streicker Footbridge, a three-dimensional beam-based model was developed to represent the complex behavior of the full-scale benchmark bridge. Subsequently, a more refined discretization of the bridge deck adopting shell elements was inserted. The bridge Finite Element models were validated against available SHM data concerning static and dynamic tests. The relevant ANSYS APDL script files along with an example of pedestrian jumping application are available upon request for further research developments on the relationship between pedestrians and the benchmark footbridge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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14 pages, 4683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Augmented Warning System for Pedestrians: User Interface Design and Algorithm Development

by Yourui Tong, Bochen Jia and Shan Bao

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7197; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167197 - 04 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2365

Abstract

Warning pedestrians of oncoming vehicles is critical to improving pedestrian safety. Due to the limitations of a pedestrian’s carrying capacity, it is crucial to find an effective solution to provide warnings to pedestrians in real-time. Limited numbers of studies focused on warning pedestrians [...] Read more.

Warning pedestrians of oncoming vehicles is critical to improving pedestrian safety. Due to the limitations of a pedestrian’s carrying capacity, it is crucial to find an effective solution to provide warnings to pedestrians in real-time. Limited numbers of studies focused on warning pedestrians of oncoming vehicles. Few studies focused on developing visual warning systems for pedestrians through wearable devices. In this study, various real-time projection algorithms were developed to provide accurate warning information in a timely way. A pilot study was completed to test the algorithm and the user interface design. The projection algorithms can update the warning information and correctly fit it into an easy-to-understand interface. By using this system, timely warning information can be sent to those pedestrians who have lower situational awareness or obstructed view to protect them from potential collisions. It can work well when the sightline is blocked by obstructions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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20 pages, 10322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Takeover Safety Analysis with Driver Monitoring Systems and Driver–Vehicle Interfaces in Highly Automated Vehicles

by Dongyeon Yu, Chanho Park, Hoseung Choi, Donggyu Kim and Sung-Ho Hwang

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6685; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156685 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4112

Abstract

According to SAE J3016, autonomous driving can be divided into six levels, and partially automated driving is possible from level three up. A partially or highly automated vehicle can encounter situations involving total system failure. Here, we studied a strategy for safe takeover [...] Read more.

According to SAE J3016, autonomous driving can be divided into six levels, and partially automated driving is possible from level three up. A partially or highly automated vehicle can encounter situations involving total system failure. Here, we studied a strategy for safe takeover in such situations. A human-in-the-loop simulator, driver–vehicle interface, and driver monitoring system were developed, and takeover experiments were performed using various driving scenarios and realistic autonomous driving situations. The experiments allowed us to draw the following conclusions. The visual–auditory–haptic complex alarm effectively delivered warnings and had a clear correlation with the user’s subjective preferences. There were scenario types in which the system had to immediately enter minimum risk maneuvers or emergency maneuvers without requesting takeover. Lastly, the risk of accidents can be reduced by the driver monitoring system that prevents the driver from being completely immersed in non-driving-related tasks. We proposed a safe takeover strategy from these results, which provides meaningful guidance for the development of autonomous vehicles. Considering the subjective questionnaire evaluations of users, it is expected to improve the acceptance of autonomous vehicles and increase the adoption of autonomous vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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17 pages, 44593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of Vulnerable Road Users Overtaking Maneuver along the Urban Road

by Manh Dung Vu, Hirofumi Aoki, Tatsuya Suzuki, Sueharu Nagiri, Quy Hung Nguyen Van, Shouji Itou and Akira Hattori

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146361 - 09 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2045

Abstract

This paper discusses driving styles while overtaking a vulnerable road user who moves along the shoulder in urban roads. Based on the data obtained from an experiment in pre-defined conditions (combinations of four main effects: vehicle’s initial speed, lane width of the road, [...] Read more.

This paper discusses driving styles while overtaking a vulnerable road user who moves along the shoulder in urban roads. Based on the data obtained from an experiment in pre-defined conditions (combinations of four main effects: vehicle’s initial speed, lane width of the road, vulnerable road users’ type, and location in the shoulder) with an immersive driving simulator, we analyzed four different driving styles of drivers while approaching and passing the objects. It is shown that drivers took avoidance maneuvers even if there was no clear risk of collision to vulnerable road users. The results showed that the drivers tended to have a unique perception about the lateral passing gap and overtaking strategy with two worth notice groups: overcaution drivers and reckless drivers. The road characteristic has a statistically significant effect for all types of drivers. Moreover, the effect of the vehicle’s initial speed on overtaking strategy and the effect of vulnerable road user location on minimum lateral passing gap are statistically significant. The findings provide some implications for the development of automotive safety systems that can reduce the risk of overtaking maneuvers in urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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21 pages, 4593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Behavior Modeling Based on Consistent Variable Selection in a PWARX Model

by Jude Chibuike Nwadiuto, Hiroyuki Okuda and Tatsuya Suzuki

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4938; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114938 - 27 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3280

Abstract

This paper proposes the hybrid system model identified by a PWARX (piecewise affine autoregressive exogenous) model for modeling human driving behavior. In the proposed model, the mode segmentation is carried out automatically and the optimal number of modes is decided by a novel [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the hybrid system model identified by a PWARX (piecewise affine autoregressive exogenous) model for modeling human driving behavior. In the proposed model, the mode segmentation is carried out automatically and the optimal number of modes is decided by a novel methodology based on consistent variable selection. In addition, model flexibility is added within the ARX (autoregressive exogenous) partitions in the form of statistical variable selection. The proposed method is able to capture both the decision-making and motion-control facets of the driving behavior. The resulting model is an optimal basal model which is not affected by the choice of data, where the explanatory variables are allowed to vary within each ARX region, thus, allowing a higher-level understanding of the motion-control aspect of the driving behavior, as well as explaining the driver’s decision-making. The proposed model is applied to model the car-following driving task based on real-road driving data, as well as to ROS-CARLA-based car-following simulation and compared to Gipp’s driver model. Obtained results that show better performance both on prediction performance and mimicking actual real-road driving demonstrates and validates the usefulness of the model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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17 pages, 1697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Traveler’s Intentions to Use Public Transport during the COVID-19 Pandemic While Complying with Precautionary Measures

by Muhammad Abdullah, Nazam Ali, Charitha Dias, Tiziana Campisi and Muhammad Ashraf Javid

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083630 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6118

Abstract

Public transport use has drastically declined during the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus spreads through close contact with infected people and contaminated surfaces, especially in closed-environments. Evidence suggests that following the necessary safety guidelines can limit the spread of the virus, however, non-compliance [...] Read more.

Public transport use has drastically declined during the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus spreads through close contact with infected people and contaminated surfaces, especially in closed-environments. Evidence suggests that following the necessary safety guidelines can limit the spread of the virus, however, non-compliance to precautionary measures has been reported widely. Ignoring the precautionary measures may lead to quick transmission of the virus since public transport vehicles generally resemble closed-environments. This study explores people’s intentions to use public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic while adhering to precautionary measures. For this purpose, a total of 1516 useable responses were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. Regression models were developed to model the intentions to use public transport during the pandemic, to adhere to the precautionary measures while using public transport during the pandemic, and to use public transport while suffering from COVID-19 disease. The results of this study will help in understanding the intentions of the public transport users during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will also provide insights for policymakers and public transport operators about further necessary actions to promote safe public transport use during the current and any possible future pandemics. As public transport use declined during the pandemic, policy implications for alternative mobility options such as demand-responsive-transport (DRT) are also presented. Considering the study results, a policy interventions framework is proposed to promote the safe use of various public transport modes, particularly in developing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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11 pages, 31477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drivers’ Psychomotor Reaction Times Tested with a Test Station Method

by Tomasz Szydłowski, Krzysztof Surmiński and Damian Batory

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2431; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052431 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3566

Abstract

The article presents the standard method of the evaluation of car drivers’ psychomotor reaction times. A characteristic feature of this method is the ability to conduct tests using real vehicles equipped with mobile measuring apparatus. Measurements are carried out on people whose task [...] Read more.

The article presents the standard method of the evaluation of car drivers’ psychomotor reaction times. A characteristic feature of this method is the ability to conduct tests using real vehicles equipped with mobile measuring apparatus. Measurements are carried out on people whose task is to initiate specific maneuvers (such as: a braking or turning maneuver, a combined braking and turning maneuver, as well as e.g., the use of an audio signal) in response to external stimuli coming from different directions. The sources of the stimuli are light signals emitted by variable message signs placed around the vehicle. The developed control and measurement equipment allows us to realize various and complex test scenarios. It generates stimulus sequences, assesses the correctness of the driver’s response and measures its time. This method allows us to obtain sets of results from tests carried out under different conditions and variable test durations. The possibility of testing a large number of participants in a relatively short time and in repetitive conditions allows for reliable statistical inference. The paper presents examples of research results obtained on the basis of few thousand tests carried out on a large group of respondents. The registered data was statistically processed and referred to the literature. A high degree of correlation between the analyzed results and the literature reports proves that the presented method may be a source of data for the analysis of phenomena related to the time of the driver’s response, especially the influence of various factors affecting its values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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16 pages, 4018 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Two-Lane Highways Crest Curve Design. The Case Study of Italian Guidelines

by Marco Guerrieri

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8182; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228182 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2301

Abstract

The main purpose of the research is to evaluate the crest vertical curves radii R_v, not considering a conventional value of the opposing vehicle height h₂, but the average vehicle heights h_2(m) and the value of the 15th [...] Read more.

The main purpose of the research is to evaluate the crest vertical curves radii R_v, not considering a conventional value of the opposing vehicle height h₂, but the average vehicle heights h_2(m) and the value of the 15th percentile of the height distribution h₂₍₁₅₎ of the passenger car population. The study only considered car models with more than 20,000 registered vehicles in Italy. One hundred and fifteen car models belonging to different brands were taken into consideration, for a total of over 9 million vehicles. For the statistical sample analyzed, the following vehicle heights were estimated: h_2(m) = 1.48 m and h₂₍₁₅₎ = 1.39 m. The deviations between the crest radii calculated with the Italian standard (h₂ = 1.10 m), and those obtained for h_2(m) = 1.48 m and h₂₍₁₅₎ = 1.39 m are up to 12%. The differences ΔH_v between the values of the visible vehicle body height H_v = H_v(t) calculated using, respectively, h₂₍₁₅₎ = 1.39 m and h_2(m) = 1.48 m are modest. The value h_2(m) = 1.48 m could be adopted in order to reduce the highways construction costs. In fact, the research shows that the value h₂ = 1.10 m is too conservative and leads to oversizing of the crest vertical curves. Therefore, it would be necessary to make an appropriate choice of h₂ value in order to take into account the current heights of passenger cars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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Other

Jump to: Research

21 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Research and Design Considerations for Presentation of Non-Safety Related Information via In-Vehicle Displays during Automated Driving

by Stephen J. Cauffman, Mei Lau, Yulin Deng, Christopher Cunningham, David B. Kaber and Jing Feng

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10538; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010538 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1593

Abstract

As automated vehicles become more prevalent on roadways, it is necessary to study driver behaviors in interacting with such systems. With higher levels of vehicle automation, drivers may become less engaged with the roadway environment. As a result, how to effectively bring non-safety [...] Read more.

As automated vehicles become more prevalent on roadways, it is necessary to study driver behaviors in interacting with such systems. With higher levels of vehicle automation, drivers may become less engaged with the roadway environment. As a result, how to effectively bring non-safety related information (e.g., guide and service sign content) to a driver’s attention is an open research question. In this review, we summarize current literature on three domains of research, including: (1) the design and effectiveness of traditional road signage, (2) human factors considerations in vehicle automation design, and (3) current design guidelines for in-vehicle information presentation. Based on the review, including empirical studies, we identify knowledge relevant to communicating road signage information in automated vehicles. We propose a framework highlighting various factors that could determine the effectiveness of in-vehicle messaging. The framework is intended to motivate future research on development of in-vehicle interfaces for highly automated driving. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Transportation Systems)

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