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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 15869

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Gianluca Gambarini

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Guest Editor

Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
Interests: endodontic materials; clinical endodontics; restorative dentistry; root canal treatment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Applied Sciences is aiming to cover all of the latest state-of-the-art procedures, technologies and products in the field of endodontics. We thereby invite authors to submit their works to this Special Issue “New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics”, which will describe recent research and developments in the field. The main objective of this Special Issue is to present new technologies, products, and techniques aiming at increasing the interest and knowledge in clinical endodontics, and improving quality of treatments. Both in vitro and clinical research will be highly appreciated, including case reports/series concerning innovative procedures and the use of new products related to diagnosis, root canal treatments, surgical and non-surgical retreatments, and post-endodontic restorations. Reviews can also be submitted provided the topic is clinically relevant in the field of endodontics. We also welcome expertise that is creative and interdisciplinary in a way that combines principles of new technologies and clinical procedures. Interdisciplinary original research underlying any specific solutions that address the issues mentioned above will be considered suitable for this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Gianluca Gambarini
Guest Editor

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Keywords

anatomy
root canal instrumentation and irrigation
root canal obturation
post-endodontic restorations
surgical endodontics

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 4768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural and Elemental Characterization of Root Canal Sealers Using FTIR, SEM, and EDS Analysis

by Ali A. Assiry, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Galvin Sim Siang Lin, Rumesa Batul, Niher Tabassum Snigdha, Alexander Maniangat Luke, Krishna Prasad Shetty, Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina and Tahir Yusuf Noorani

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4517; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074517 - 02 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

Background: Root canal sealers and repair materials should have the desirable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and an antibacterial effect if possible. There is little information available on the biocompatibility of new sealers on the market. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can offer trustworthy data to examine chemical structures; another technique for revealing the elements in the constituents that may contribute to the cytotoxicity of these sealers is scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the goal of elemental mapping utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Methodology: All the root canal sealers were mixed as per the manufacturers’ instructions and allowed to set in molds for 24 h. Then, the samples were placed into an incubator (Memmert GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany for 72 h, in a moist environment to allow complete chemical setting of the sealers. The organic and inorganic components of the sample were identified using FTIR with the wavelength length in the infra-red region measuring 400–450 nm. The finely crushed samples were coated with gold metal; following that, the sealer samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 5000×, 10,000×, and 20,000× magnification, followed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The surfaces of BioRoot and DiaRoot sealers revealed a relatively uniform distribution of irregular micro-sized particles aggregated in clusters, with the particle size ranging from 1 to 65 µm and 0.4 to 55 µm, respectively. OneFill, iRoot, and CeraSeal demonstrated irregularly shaped particles with particle sizes of 0.5 to 105 µm, 0.5 to 195 µm, and 0.3 to 68 µm, respectively. The EDX microanalysis revealed that oxygen, calcium, and carbon were found in all the tested sealer materials. Silicone and zirconium were absent in DiaRoot, but DiaRoot contained fluoride and ytterbium. Moreover, aluminum was noted in DiaRoot, One Fill, and CeraSeal, and chloride was only observed in BioRoot. FTIR analysis revealed strong absorption bands at 666 cm⁻¹ and 709 cm⁻¹ in BioRoot. Bands at 739 cm⁻¹, 804 cm⁻¹, 863 cm⁻¹, 898 cm⁻¹, and 1455 cm⁻¹ were observed in DiaRoot. Bands at 736 cm⁻¹ and 873 cm⁻¹ in OneFill suggested the presence of C-H bending. Similarly, bands were observed at 937 cm⁻¹, 885 cm⁻¹, 743 cm⁻¹, and 1455 cm⁻¹ in iRoot, representing C-H stretching. Conclusions: All root canal sealers had diverse surface morphologies that contained irregular, micro-sized particles that were uniformly distributed, and they lacked heavy metals. All the experimental sealers comprised mainly calcium, oxygen, and carbon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics)

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10 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static and Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments in a Double-Curved Stainless Steel Artificial Canal

by Hoang-Lan-Anh Le, Thuan-Loc Tran, Thu-Thuy Nguyen, Tran-Lan-Khue Pham and Van-Khoa Pham

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2687; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042687 - 19 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1359

Abstract

The present study aims to measure the number of cycles leading to fracture (NCF) of instruments in static and dynamic cyclic fatigue situations under body temperature in stainless steel double-curved canals. The framework was constructed to establish the movement of instruments occurring at a stable body temperature. A step motor, a holding system for an endodontic handpiece, created the movement in and out of the artificial canal of the file mounted on the handpiece. A total of 30 instruments of ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next (Dentsply Sirona, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were divided into three groups of 10 per group. For group 1 (10 PTU F2), files were rotated in static cycles. For groups 2 (10 PTU F2) and 3 (10 PTN X2), files were rotated in dynamic cycles. Files were rotated using proprietary programs, and the times the files were rotated before fracture were recorded. Data were analyzed using survival probabilities and regression with life data. The ProTaper Next in the dynamic cycles had the largest NCF, and the ProTaper Universal in the static condition had the least. New modes of rotation, material, and design have affected the cyclic fatigue resistance of the instrument. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics)

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9 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of 17% EDTA and Sapindus mukorossi on the Surface Property of Protaper Gold Rotary Endodontic Instruments

by Riaz Ahmed, Ziaullah Choudhry, Fazal Ur-Rehman Qazi, Sofia Malik, Shahbaz Ahmed, Sohail Saadat, Ahmed A. AlMokhatieb, Abdulaziz Abdulwahed, Mazen F. Alkahtany, Muhammad Adeel Ahmed, Khulud A. Al-Aali, Fahim Vohra and Tariq Abduljabbar

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7208; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147208 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethanolic extract of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) in combination with canal shaping on surface properties of ProTaper Gold rotary endodontic file. Sixteen F1 ProTaper Gold rotary files underwent the standard protocol for root canal treatment using two irrigants (S. mukorossi and 17% EDTA) in single-rooted decoronated teeth. Eight unused files were used as a control. All files were examined under an atomic force microscope (AFM) to evaluate surface roughness (Ra) and root mean square (RMS). Data were analyzed using the t-test. RMS and Ra values of the control file were 1.37 and 0.607, respectively. The mean RMS (3.70 ± 1.41) and mean Ra (2.89 ± 1.41) in EDTA group were significantly higher than the control file (p < 0.05). The mean RMS in the S. mukorossi group (1.77 ± 0.66) did not show any significant difference with the control (p > 0.05). The Ra of S. mukorossi group (1.09 ± 0.05) was significantly higher than the control file (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mean RMS and Ra were found to be significantly higher in the EDTA group compared to the S. mukorossi group (p < 0.05). The mean Ra and RMS values of the ProTaper Gold files used to prepare canals using 17% EDTA and S. mukorossi irrigation were significantly higher than the control files. The EDTA-treated ProTaper Gold rotary files demonstrated higher surface Ra and RMS than the S. mukorossi files. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics)

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9 pages, 1854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Radial Lands on the Reduction of Torque/Force Generation of a Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instrument

by Taro Nakatsukasa, Arata Ebihara, Moe Sandar Kyaw, Satoshi Omori, Hayate Unno, Shunsuke Kimura, Keiichiro Maki and Takashi Okiji

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2620; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052620 - 03 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2769

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of a one-sided radial-landed cross-sectional design of a heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary instrument (JIZAI, MANI, Japan; JZ) on torque/force generation and canal-shaping ability, using an experimental non-landed instrument (non-landed JZ) for comparison. Both instruments had tip sizes of 25 and 0.04 or 0.06 taper and were similar in metallurgy and geometry, except for the presence/absence of a radial land. Twenty J-shaped simulated resin canals were instrumented in a two-instrument single-length sequence using an automated root canal instrumentation device with a torque/force analyzing unit. Pre- and post-instrumentation images of the resin canals were analyzed for canal-centering ability at 0–3 mm from the apex. The mean centering ratio was not significantly different between JZ and non-landed JZ (p > 0.05). In the 2nd instrumentation, JZ showed a significantly smaller torque compared with the non-landed JZ (p < 0.05). Regardless of instrumentation sequence, JZ showed a significantly smaller maximum upward force, representing screw-in force (p < 0.05), and a larger maximum downward force (p < 0.05) than the non-landed JZ. JZ generated smaller screw-in forces and had similar canal-centering ability compared with the non-landed JZ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics)

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15 pages, 7081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of the Effects of Torsional Loading on Three Types of Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments

by Andreea-Simona Boscornea-Pușcu, Laura Orel, Oana-Alexandra Velea-Barta, Razvan Mihai Horhat, Meda-Lavinia Negruțiu, Luminița Maria Nica, Virgil-Florin Duma, Dan Ioan Stoia, Carmen Opriș and Cosmin Sinescu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167224 - 05 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

In modern endodontics, nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments are used on a large scale for root canal shaping. Nevertheless, the separation of an instrument is a serious concern during shaping. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the torsional fracture characteristics of three types of NiTi endodontic instruments, each with different cross-section designs and movements performed during root canal shaping: Endostar E3 (Endostar, Poldent Co. Ltd., Warsaw, Poland); Reciproc R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany); and Protaper Next X2 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Fifteen instruments are used in this study, divided in three groups (n = 5): Group Endostar, Group Reciproc and Group Protaper. For testing, each instrument is used to shape five simulated root canals, following which its torsional stress to failure is measured. The fracture lengths of all three groups are roughly between 2 and 3 mm from the tip. Higher values of the moment of torsion in fracture, and smaller values of the maximum twisting angle are observed for Group Endostar, as well as closer to circular cross-sections. However, the values of the shear tension are similar for all three groups, because the disadvantage given by the fracture section shape for Groups Reciproc and Protaper is compensated either by size or by intrinsic properties of the instrument material. For the shear tension the Endostar values are insignificantly increased (Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.207), and in the case of the maximum twist angle the Protaper values are insignificantly increased (Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.287). Because of the instruments shape and conicity, the analysis had to be carried out separately with regard to the length of the fractured tip. Rules-of-thumb are extracted from the study for current practice: if a blockage of the first 2 to 3 mm part of the tip can be anticipated (by the excessive curving of the instrument), the handpiece must be adjusted to torque values that do not exceed 1.5 to 2.5 N · cm for Endostar and 1 to 2 N · cm for Reciproc and Protaper instruments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics)

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Review

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18 pages, 420 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dentinal Microcracks after Root Canal Instrumentation Using Instruments Manufactured with Different NiTi Alloys and the SAF System: A Systematic Review

by Kashmira Sawant, Ajinkya M. Pawar, Kulvinder Singh Banga, Ricardo Machado, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Anand Marya, Pietro Messina and Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114984 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 4070

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this systematic analysis was to assess the prevalence of dentinal microcracks at various levels (3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex) after using instruments made with conventional, R-Phase, and M-Wire NiTi alloys and the SAF system. Materials and Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in the databases Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. To arrange search methods, “MeSH” terms and/or keywords typically associated with the subject were paired with the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR.” Additional searches were conducted on the websites of four separate endodontic journals. After reading the titles and excluding duplicates, 1000 of the 1343 documents originally found were eliminated. Upon reviewing the abstracts, 310 of the remaining 343 experiments were also eliminated. Based on qualifying requirements, only 13 of the remaining 33 articles were included in the qualitative review. Results: All systems triggered dentinal microcracks; however, when chemo-mechanical preparation was performed using Self-Adjusting File (SAF) and systems manufactured with R-phase technology—K3XF and Twisted File Adaptive (TFA)—less of these defects were found when compared to those manufactured with traditional NiTi—ProTaper Universal and Mtwo—and with M-Wire—ProTaper Next, Reciproc, and WaveOne. Conclusions: A lower prevalence of dentinal microcracks was observed after using SAF and endodontic systems manufactured with R-phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Endodontic Materials and Clinical Endodontics)

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