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Recent Advance and Applications in Chip Calorimetry

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical and Molecular Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2022) | Viewed by 6247

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Dr. Johannes Lerchner

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Guest Editor

Institute of Physical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Interests: chip calorimetry; scientific instrumentation; bio-calorimetry

Prof. Dr. Christoph Schick

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
Interests: glass transition; polymer crystallization and melting; polymer nanocomposites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chip calorimeters are modern, highly miniaturized representatives of an old and very fundamental method used in physical chemistry and related sciences. They are characterized by the integration of the essential functional elements of a calorimeter, such as sensors for the measurement of temperatures and temperature differences, calibration heaters, sample containers, and heat sinks in a solid-state device, generally a silicon chip. The micro-techniques used for the preparation of the heat power transducers in chip calorimeters have led to high signal resolution and extremely small signal time constants.

In the past twenty years of chip calorimeter development, two basic application directions have emerged. The first is the reduction of the sample mass and addenda heat capacity by several orders of magnitude, allowing extremely high heating and cooling rates, as well as temperature modulation at higher frequencies. As a consequence, opportunities have arisen for the study of phase transitions in the smallest samples, such as nanocrystals and thin films. The availability of commercial equipment is a testimony to the fact that this method is now well established in materials science. Isothermally operated chip calorimeters are of particular interest for biological applications. Here, the focus is particularly on the use of small sample volumes and high sample throughput. Since variations in the metabolic activity of living materials are generally accompanied by changes in metabolic heat production, drug effects in cell cultures, tissue samples, as well as in intact mini-organs and small living organisms can be rapidly detected using chip calorimeters. Extremely miniaturized temperature measurement techniques allow the localization of metabolic processes within single living cells based on their different heat output contributions.

Chip calorimetry is still a rapidly developing field of research. This Special Issue on this area is intended to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art, as well as the possibilities and limitations, and to encourage broader applications. Contributions presenting new results are very welcome, especially from the fields of ultrafast scanning calorimetry and bio-medical diagnostics in the broadest sense, including single-cell thermometry.

Dr. Johannes Lerchner
Prof. Dr. Christoph Schick
Guest Editors

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Keywords

ultra-fast scanning calorimetry
phase transition
nano-samples
thin-films
metabolic heat production
metabolic drug responses
single-cell thermometry

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Research

12 pages, 1470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximum Possible Cooling Rate in Ultrafast Chip Nanocalorimetry: Fundamental Limitations Due to Thermal Resistance at the Membrane/Gas Interface

by Alexander A. Minakov and Christoph Schick

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178224 - 4 Sep 2021

Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Ultrafast chip nanocalorimetry opens up remarkable possibilities in materials science by allowing samples to be cooled and heated at extremely high rates. Due to heat transfer limitations, controlled ultrafast cooling and heating can only be achieved for tiny samples in calorimeters with a micron-thick membrane. Even if ultrafast heating can be controlled under quasi-adiabatic conditions, ultrafast controlled cooling can be performed if the calorimetric cell is located in a heat-conducting gas. It was found that the maximum possible cooling rate increases as

1 / r_{0}

with decreasing radius

r_{0}

of the hot zone of the membrane. The possibility of increasing the maximum cooling rate with decreasing

r_{0}

was successfully implemented in many experiments. In this regard, it is interesting to answer the question: what is the maximum possible cooling rate in such experiments if

r_{0}

tends to zero? Indeed, on submicron scales, the mean free path of gas molecules

l_{m f p}

becomes comparable to

r_{0}

, and the temperature jump that exists at the membrane/gas interface becomes significant. Considering the limitation associated with thermal resistance at the membrane/gas interface and considering the transfer of heat through the membrane, we show that the controlled cooling rate can reach billions of K/s, up to 10¹⁰ K/s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance and Applications in Chip Calorimetry)

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16 pages, 5110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Nucleation and Glass Formation by Chip Calorimetry

by Meng Gao, Chengrong Cao and John H. Perepezko

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7652; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167652 - 20 Aug 2021

Viewed by 1588

Abstract

The advent of chip calorimetry has enabled an unprecedented extension of the capability of differential scanning calorimetry to explore new domains of materials behavior. In this paper, we highlight some of our recent work: the application of heating and cooling rates above 10⁴ K/s allows for the clear determination of the glass transition temperature, T_g, in systems where T_g and the onset temperature for crystallization, T_x, overlap; the evaluation of the delay time for crystal nucleation; the discovery of new polyamorphous materials; and the in-situ formation of glass in liquid crystals. From these application examples, it is evident that chip calorimetry has the potential to reveal new reaction and transformation behavior and to develop a new understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance and Applications in Chip Calorimetry)

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15 pages, 3090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extending Cooling Rate Performance of Fast Scanning Chip Calorimetry by Liquid Droplet Cooling

by Evgeny Zhuravlev, Jing Jiang, Dongshan Zhou, René Androsch and Christoph Schick

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3813; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093813 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1861

Abstract

The liquid droplet cooling technique for fast scanning chip calorimetry (FSC) is introduced, increasing the cooling rate for large samples on a given sensor. Reaching higher cooling rates and using a gas as the cooling medium, the common standard for ultra-fast temperature control in cooling requires reducing the lateral dimensions of the sample and sensor. The maximum cooling rate is limited by the heat capacity of the sample and the heat exchange between the gas and the sample. The enhanced cooling performance of the new liquid droplet cooling technique is demonstrated for both metals and polymers, on examples of solidification of large samples of indium, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly (butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN). It was found that the maximum cooling rate can be increased up to 5 MK/s in room temperature environment, that is, by two orders of magnitude, compared to standard gas cooling. Furthermore, modifying the droplet size and using coolants at different temperatures provide options to adjust the cooling rate in the temperature ranges of interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance and Applications in Chip Calorimetry)

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