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Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality
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Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 19355

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kriton Grigorakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Agios 9 Kosmas Hellinikon, 16777 Athens, Greece
Interests: aquaculture; food science; agricultural philosophy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing food production sector. In 2019, 50% of globally consumed seafood was produced via aquaculture, while this percentage is expected to exceed 60% within the next decade (by 2030). Today, fish-farming, being a major aquaculture activity, faces significant challenges with the diversification of farmed species being one of the central points. Issues of sustainability, production knowledge and technologies, and end-product quality and safety have to be successfully challenged within a continuously changing environment.

In view of this, manuscripts addressing research issues including fish genetics, physiology and behavior in captivity conditions, reproduction, feeding and rearing in general, pathology and therapy, interactions with environment, and product quality and safety are encouraged. The aim of this issue is to contribute knowledge in reference to fish species which are new in aquaculture, namely those where farming is at experimental stage, those whose production faces significant bottlenecks, or those where no full life circle has been achieved in captivity.

Dr. Kriton Grigorakis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aquaculture
  • fish-farming
  • species
  • diversify
  • rearing
  • reproduction
  • fish feeding
  • pathology
  • seafood

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 1479 KiB  
Article
Microsatellite Characterization of Malaysian Mahseer (Tor spp.) for Improvement of Broodstock Management and Utilization
by Poh Chiang Chew, Annie Christianus, Jaapar M. Zudaidy, Md Yasin Ina-Salwany, Chou Min Chong and Soon Guan Tan
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2633; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092633 - 8 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2802
Abstract
In this study, a mixture of Tor tambra and T. tambroides with unknown genetic background were collected from 11 localities in Malaysia for broodstock development and sperm cryo-banking. This study aims to assess the microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) variation, genetic diversity, genetic [...] Read more.
In this study, a mixture of Tor tambra and T. tambroides with unknown genetic background were collected from 11 localities in Malaysia for broodstock development and sperm cryo-banking. This study aims to assess the microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) variation, genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, level of gene flow, population structure, genetic relatedness and their demographic aspects among these Tor populations, in addition to establishing their SSR profile by employing 22 SSR markers via fragment analysis. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 181 samples (91 cryopreserved milt samples and 90 scale samples of live broodfish). Results showed the Tor spp. collection retained their genetic variation but exhibited excessive homozygosity among individuals within population. Moderate genetic differentiation was shown among the populations, with highly significant (p < 0.001) fixation indices (FST, FIS and FIT). A low gene flow over all loci (Nm 1.548) indicates little genetic variation transfer between populations. The genetic structures of all the populations were successfully resolved into four main clusters by an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram generated based on Nei’s genetic distances. The population structures based on principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and the Bayesian model also suggested four distinct clusters following geographical regions and eight closely related populations. This study provided a useful baseline reference for better genetic management and utilization of the Tor spp. stocks in their breeding and conservation programmes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality)
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13 pages, 474 KiB  
Article
Cultivated and Wild Juvenile Thick-Lipped Grey Mullet, Chelon labrosus: A Comparison from a Nutritional Point of View
by Jorge García-Márquez, Alba Galafat, Francisco Javier Alarcón, Félix L. Figueroa, Eduardo Martínez-Manzanares, Salvador Arijo and Roberto Teófilo Abdala-Díaz
Animals 2021, 11(7), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072112 - 15 Jul 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3322
Abstract
The thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) is a nominee fish species for aquaculture diversification in Spain because it is an omnivore and euryhaline species, but limited knowledge about the nutritional attributes of this species is available. This study aimed to characterize [...] Read more.
The thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) is a nominee fish species for aquaculture diversification in Spain because it is an omnivore and euryhaline species, but limited knowledge about the nutritional attributes of this species is available. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of wild and cultured fish. The muscle proximate composition, and fatty acid and amino acid profiles were assessed. The cultivated specimens showed a higher lipid content and lower protein and ash contents compared with the wild specimens. The predominant tissue fatty acids in both the wild and cultivated fish were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n-9) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). A higher content of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and DHA were detected in the muscle of wild mullets, while the fish supplied with commercial pellets showed higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids, and lower quantities of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Regarding PUFAs, n-3 fatty acids were predominant in wild mullets, while n-6 and n-9 were more abundant in farmed fish. In terms of amino acid composition, except for histidine in wild specimens, the amino acid amounts were higher than the FAO/WHO standard. In conclusion, C. labrosus may contribute to improving the dietary intake of highly polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, with a benefit to human health, owing to that fact that a 100-g fillet portion of cultivated and wild C. labrosus can provide 770 mg and 1160 mg of EPA and DHA, respectively, which exceeds the 250 mg dietary daily intake recommended by the FAO/WHO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality)
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17 pages, 6048 KiB  
Article
Skeletal Development and Deformities in Tench (Tinca tinca): From Basic knowledge to Regular Monitoring Procedure
by Ignacio Fernández, Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís, Cristina Tomás-Almenar, Ana M. Larrán, Pedro Cárdaba, Luis Miguel Laguna, María Sanz Galán and José Antonio Mateo
Animals 2021, 11(3), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030621 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2185
Abstract
Skeletal deformities reduce fish viability, growth, wellbeing, and feed efficiency but also degrade the consumer’s perception of aquaculture products. Herein, the skeletal development and the incidence of skeletal deformities in tench (Tinca tinca) reared in semi-extensive conditions has been described in [...] Read more.
Skeletal deformities reduce fish viability, growth, wellbeing, and feed efficiency but also degrade the consumer’s perception of aquaculture products. Herein, the skeletal development and the incidence of skeletal deformities in tench (Tinca tinca) reared in semi-extensive conditions has been described in detail for the first time. Larval skeletons were assessed through an acid-free double-staining procedure in 157 individuals, while 274 specimens at the juvenile stage were evaluated through X-ray analysis. The first skeletal structures to be formed were those related with breathing and feeding activities (e.g., Meckel’s cartilage and opercula) and were visible in larvae of 4 mm of standard length (SL). The axial skeleton was fully ossified in larvae of 12–17 mm of SL, and the caudal fin complex in larvae with 17–26 mm of SL. At the larval stage, no upper-jaw or opercula deformities were observed, while a low incidence (1–9%) of other severe deformities in the heads of the fish (e.g., lower-jaw deformities) were reported. The incidence of vertebral deformities in tench reared in natural ponds was considerable in larvae (54%) and juveniles (52%). Vertebral deformities (fusion and compression) were the most common deformities found in tench larvae (approximately 30%) and vertebral shape deformity in juveniles (around 10%), being mainly located in the caudal region. Thus, a regular monitoring of the skeletal deformities in tench might help to identify better rearing protocols and improve product quality sold at markets. Characterizing the skeletal development not only in semi-extensive systems such as artificial and natural ponds but also under intensive rearing conditions, seems vital for a sustainable and profitable European tench aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality)
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27 pages, 2903 KiB  
Article
The Digestive Function of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer Early Juveniles Is Differentially Modulated by Dietary Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate Content and Their Ratios
by Diana Castro-Ruiz, Karl B. Andree, Mikhail M. Solovyev, Christian Fernández-Méndez, Carmen García-Dávila, Chantal Cahu, Enric Gisbert and Maria J. Darias
Animals 2021, 11(2), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020369 - 2 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2997
Abstract
Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is an Amazonian catfish highly appreciated for its high flesh quality, size, and commercial value. Its aquaculture is pursued to satisfy the demands of an increasing population in the region. However, knowledge of the nutritional needs during the early life stages [...] Read more.
Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is an Amazonian catfish highly appreciated for its high flesh quality, size, and commercial value. Its aquaculture is pursued to satisfy the demands of an increasing population in the region. However, knowledge of the nutritional needs during the early life stages is necessary for improving growth and reducing the incidence of cannibalism, factors that limit the success of its commercial farming. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of four diets containing different protein and lipid levels (30:15, 30:10, 45:15, or 45:10 in %) in the digestive physiology and performance of early juveniles. The results showed that the dietary protein:lipid as well as carbohydrate levels and ratios influenced differently the whole-body proximate composition, the digestive physiology and development, and hence growth and survival. The 45:15 diet promoted the best growth, survival, and the most rapid development of the digestive system, as shown at histological (higher number of hepatocytes, goblet cells in the anterior intestine and enterocytes in all intestinal portions, and longer folds in the posterior intestine), molecular (highest amylase, lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase, trypsinogen, and pepsinogen gene expression), and biochemical (highest lipase and pepsin activities and higher alkaline phosphatase:leucine alanine peptidase activity ratio) levels. Lipids were favored over carbohydrates as source of energy, with lipids promoting a protein-sparing effect at adequate energy:protein ratio. Carbohydrate content higher than 25% was excessive for this species, leading to unbalanced lipid metabolism and fat deposition in the liver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality)
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14 pages, 1090 KiB  
Article
Protein and Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth in Juvenile Meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae)
by Ignacio Jauralde, Jorge Velazco-Vargas, Ana Tomás-Vidal, Miguel Jover Cerdá and Silvia Martínez-Llorens
Animals 2021, 11(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010077 - 4 Jan 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2101
Abstract
The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and [...] Read more.
The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day−1 in trial A and 1.73% day−1 in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg−0.7 day−1, the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg−0.7 day−1, and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg−0.7 day−1. The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg−0.82 day−1, the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg−0.82 day−1, and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg−0.82 day−1. The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality)
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19 pages, 837 KiB  
Article
Morphometric and Meristic Characterization of Native Chame Fish (Dormitator latifrons) in Ecuador Using Multivariate Analysis
by Ana Gonzalez-Martinez, Mario Lopez, Hebert Mario Molero, Jorge Rodriguez, Martin González, Cecilio Barba and Anton García
Animals 2020, 10(10), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101805 - 4 Oct 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4362
Abstract
Ecuador, a country exhibiting large developments in fish farming, has a great variety of freshwater native fish. Among these fish is the Dormitator latifrons or chame, which has characteristics that make its farming prone to occur at a quite-developed stage. However, morphological characterization [...] Read more.
Ecuador, a country exhibiting large developments in fish farming, has a great variety of freshwater native fish. Among these fish is the Dormitator latifrons or chame, which has characteristics that make its farming prone to occur at a quite-developed stage. However, morphological characterization is required to establish a conservation program. In this study, 300 chames were captured in the Manabi province (Ecuador) to analyze their morphostructural model and to evaluate the effects of sex and the production system through multivariant techniques. The fish from the farm presented morphological measurements that were statistically (p < 0.05) higher than those of wild fish. Males were taller, longer, and wider than females, although the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). The percentage of correct adscription was 84%, with larger errors in wild fish. The morphostructural model had a high homogeneity, with 89.95% significant correlations (p < 0.05), and wild male and female fish were more homogeneous. The farm fish were larger because of the higher food availability. Moreover, the species exhibited sexual dimorphism, although there were no great differences in the morphometric measurements. This study shows the great biodiversity that naturally exists in Ecuadorian rivers. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop a chame breeding and conservation program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Species Diversification in Fish-Farming: Towards Sustainability and Quality)
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