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Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals
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Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Aquatic Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2024 | Viewed by 10900

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yi Geng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
Interests: zoopathology; etiology; aquatic animals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The health of aquatic animals is a veterinary scientific field which is constantly evolving and increasing in complexity. In recent years, the emergence of new pathogeny caused serious harm to aquaculture, and the timely diagnosis of diseases according to pathogenesis, epidemiology, and pathology is very important. It is pivotal for an aquatic veterinary clinician to be pliant and open-minded. Fishing ground owners are becoming more and more demanding with regards to their own veterinarian, who must be updated on novel diagnostic technologies in order to provide an excellent service. The aim of this Special Issue is to publish original research papers, case studies, and review articles focusing on the latest advances in aquatic animals pathogenesis, epidemiology, and pathology. This Special Issue welcomes all experts and researchers that would like to present information in a concise, understandable, and logical format on the current state-of-the-art in aquatic animals veterinary medicine. You are invited to submit either an original research article or a review summarizing research on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and pathology of aquatic animals. Articles highlighting and documenting any aspect of this field will be considered for publication.

Prof. Dr. Yi Geng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bacterial diseases
  • viral diseases
  • pathogenesis
  • epidemiology and pathology

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1316 KiB  
Article
Development of a Melting Curve-Based Triple Eva Green Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Three Shrimp Pathogens
by Xuan Dong, Yujin Chen, Haoyu Lou, Guohao Wang, Chengyan Zhou, Liying Wang, Xuan Li, Jingfei Luo and Jie Huang
Animals 2024, 14(4), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040592 - 11 Feb 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
Infections with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) pose significant challenges to the shrimp industry. Here, a melting curve-based triple real-time PCR assay based on the fluorescent dye Eva Green was established for [...] Read more.
Infections with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) pose significant challenges to the shrimp industry. Here, a melting curve-based triple real-time PCR assay based on the fluorescent dye Eva Green was established for the simultaneous detection of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1. The assay showed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. A total of 190 clinical samples from Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces in China were evaluated by the triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay. The positive rates of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1 were 10.5%, 18.9%, and 44.2%, respectively. The samples were also evaluated by TaqMan qPCR assays for EHP, DIV1, and IHHNV, and the concordance rate was 100%. This illustrated that the newly developed triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the simultaneous detection of three shrimp pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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15 pages, 10505 KiB  
Article
The cAMP Receptor Protein (CRP) of Vibrio mimicus Regulates Its Bacterial Growth, Type II Secretion System, Flagellum Formation, Adhesion Genes, and Virulence
by Ziqi Tian, Fei Xiang, Kun Peng, Zhenyang Qin, Yang Feng, Bowen Huang, Ping Ouyang, Xiaoli Huang, Defang Chen, Weimin Lai and Yi Geng
Animals 2024, 14(3), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030437 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 815
Abstract
Vibrio mimicus is a serious pathogen in aquatic animals, resulting in significant economic losses. The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) often acts as a central regulator in highly pathogenic pathogens. V. mimicus SCCF01 is a highly pathogenic strain isolated from yellow catfish; the crp [...] Read more.
Vibrio mimicus is a serious pathogen in aquatic animals, resulting in significant economic losses. The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) often acts as a central regulator in highly pathogenic pathogens. V. mimicus SCCF01 is a highly pathogenic strain isolated from yellow catfish; the crp gene deletion strain (Δcrp) was constructed by natural transformation to determine whether this deletion affects the virulence phenotypes. Their potential molecular connections were revealed by qRT-PCR analysis. Our results showed that the absence of the crp gene resulted in bacterial and colony morphological changes alongside decreases in bacterial growth, hemolytic activity, biofilm formation, enzymatic activity, motility, and cell adhesion. A cell cytotoxicity assay and animal experiments confirmed that crp contributes to V. mimicus pathogenicity, as the LD50 of the Δcrp strain was 73.1-fold lower compared to the WT strain. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis revealed the inhibition of type II secretion system genes, flagellum genes, adhesion genes, and metalloproteinase genes in the deletion strain. This resulted in the virulence phenotype differences described above. Together, these data demonstrate that the crp gene plays a core regulatory role in V. mimicus virulence and pathogenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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15 pages, 32555 KiB  
Article
The Infection Properties of Trionyx sinensis Hemorrhagic Syndrome Virus and the Antiviral Effect of Curcumin In Vivo
by Jinbiao Jiao, Jiayun Yao, Feng Lin, Xuemei Yuan, Lei Huang, Jing Chen, Xianqi Peng, Haiqi Zhang and Shengqi Su
Animals 2023, 13(23), 3665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233665 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 756
Abstract
Trionyx sinensis hemorrhagic syndrome virus (TSHSV) is an aquatic arterivirus causing a high mortality rate for T. sinensis (Chinese soft-shelled turtle), but the detailed infection properties of TSHSV are unclear, and no effective treatment is available. In this study, cell culture and histopathology [...] Read more.
Trionyx sinensis hemorrhagic syndrome virus (TSHSV) is an aquatic arterivirus causing a high mortality rate for T. sinensis (Chinese soft-shelled turtle), but the detailed infection properties of TSHSV are unclear, and no effective treatment is available. In this study, cell culture and histopathology were performed to elucidate the infection properties of TSHSV. Furthermore, the anti-TSHSV and immune-enhancing effects of curcumin were evaluated using survival statistics, qPCR, and tissue immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that TSHSV could proliferate in the spleen cell line of T. sinensis, leading to cytopathic effects. TSHSV damaged the livers, kidneys, and lungs, characterized by cell disintegration and hyperemia. Curcumin at 250 mg/kg improved the survival of T. sinensis, and significantly reduced the viral load in the spleens, kidneys, and lungs. Moreover, curcumin inhibited the mRNA expression of immune-related genes, RSAD2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results imply that TSHSV is pathogenic to the spleen cell line, liver, spleen, kidney, and lung of T. sinensis. Curcumin effectively inhibits TSHSV and modulates the immune function of T. sinensis, so it holds promise as a means to prevent TSHSV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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16 pages, 2092 KiB  
Article
Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Vibrio gigantis Retrieved from European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Farmed in Türkiye
by Sevdan Yilmaz, Süheyla Karataş, Terje Marken Steinum, Mert Gürkan, Dilek Kahraman Yilmaz and Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif
Animals 2023, 13(22), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223580 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
In this study, V. gigantis strain C24 was isolated from cases of winter mortalities of hatchery-reared European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) broodstock in Türkiye. The first mortalities were reported in September 2016 and occurred annually in early autumn/late winter until the end [...] Read more.
In this study, V. gigantis strain C24 was isolated from cases of winter mortalities of hatchery-reared European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) broodstock in Türkiye. The first mortalities were reported in September 2016 and occurred annually in early autumn/late winter until the end of February 2019, when 15% of accumulated mortality was recorded. Diseased moribund fish exhibited general septicemic signs, including dermal ulcerations with hemorrhagic margins, distended abdomens, and hemorrhages below the pectorals, pelvic fins, and at the operculum. Postmortem findings showed congestion in several internal organs, hemorrhagic ascitic fluid, and congested prolapsed anal openings. The representative bacterial isolate V. gigantis strain C24 was characterized as Gram-negative, motile, nitrite-producing, and as vibrio static agent O/129-sensitive. The full-length 16S rRNA sequence (Accession No. ON778781) and gyrB gene sequence (Accession No. ON792326) of the C24 strain showed high similarity to V. gigantis strains. Moreover, the whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values (ANI > 97.7%) against four V. gigantis strains above the species demarcation limit unambiguously identified the C24 isolate as a member of this species. A preliminary virulence-gene analysis showed that the V. gigantis isolate C24 encoded at least three exotoxins, including two aerolysins and a thermolabile hemolysin. The experimental infection showed that the C24 isolate exhibited low to moderate virulence in experimentally infected European seabass juveniles. Interestingly, antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the C24 isolate was susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and several other antibiotics but resistant to tilmicosin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and ampicillin. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that V. gigantis could be considered an emerging bacterial pathogen in Türkiye, and it may threaten the international European seabass production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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15 pages, 2535 KiB  
Article
The Assembly Process of Free-Living and Particle-Attached Bacterial Communities in Shrimp-Rearing Waters: The Overwhelming Influence of Nutrient Factors Relative to Microalgal Inoculation
by Yikai Shi, Xuruo Wang, Huifeng Cai, Jiangdong Ke, Jinyong Zhu, Kaihong Lu, Zhongming Zheng and Wen Yang
Animals 2023, 13(22), 3484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223484 - 11 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 768
Abstract
The ecological functions of bacterial communities vary between particle-attached (PA) lifestyles and free-living (FL) lifestyles, and separately exploring their community assembly helps to elucidate the microecological mechanisms of shrimp rearing. Microalgal inoculation and nutrient enrichment during shrimp rearing are two important driving factors [...] Read more.
The ecological functions of bacterial communities vary between particle-attached (PA) lifestyles and free-living (FL) lifestyles, and separately exploring their community assembly helps to elucidate the microecological mechanisms of shrimp rearing. Microalgal inoculation and nutrient enrichment during shrimp rearing are two important driving factors that affect rearing-water bacterial communities, but their relative contributions to the bacterial community assembly have not been evaluated. Here, we inoculated two microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata and Thalassiosira weissflogii, into shrimp-rearing waters to investigate the distinct effects of various environmental factors on PA and FL bacterial communities. Our study showed that the composition and representative bacteria of different microalgal treatments were significantly different between the PA and FL bacterial communities. Regression analyses and Mantel tests revealed that nutrients were vital factors that constrained the diversity, structure, and co-occurrence patterns of both the PA and FL bacterial communities. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis indicated that microalgae could directly or indirectly affect the PA bacterial community through nutrient interactions. Moreover, a significant interaction was detected between PA and FL bacterial communities. Our study reveals the unequal effects of microalgae and nutrients on bacterial community assembly and helps explore microbial community assembly in shrimp-rearing ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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14 pages, 3411 KiB  
Article
Edwardsiella tarda in Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): A Pathogenicity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Analysis of Brazilian Isolates
by Francisco Yan Tavares Reis, Victória Pontes Rocha, Peter Charrie Janampa-Sarmiento, Henrique Lopes Costa, Renata Catão Egger, Naísa Cristine Passos, Carlos Henrique Santos de Assis, Sarah Portes Carneiro, Ágna Ferreira Santos, Brendhal Almeida Silva, Fernanda Alves Dorella, Márcia Pimenta Leibowitz, Ronald Kennedy Luz, Felipe Pierezan, Sílvia Umeda Gallani, Guilherme Campos Tavares and Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
Animals 2023, 13(18), 2910; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182910 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1248
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a crucial pathogenic bacterium in tropical aquaculture. This bacterium was recently isolated from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a commercially important fish species in Brazil. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of the tambaqui-derived E. tarda [...] Read more.
Edwardsiella tarda is a crucial pathogenic bacterium in tropical aquaculture. This bacterium was recently isolated from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a commercially important fish species in Brazil. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of the tambaqui-derived E. tarda isolates. Fourteen bacterial isolates isolated from tambaqui were identified as E. tarda by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and dnaJ gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against seven drugs using the disc diffusion assay. The pathogenicity test conducted by intraperitoneal injection of 2.4 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) fish−1 of E. tarda (ED38-17) into tambaqui juveniles eventually revealed that neither clinical signs nor death were present. However, splenomegaly and whitish areas in the spleen and kidneys were observed. The histological investigation also revealed granulomatous splenitis, nephritis, and hepatitis occurring internally. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR fingerprinting separated the 14 isolates into three genetic groups. The antibiogram revealed that all E. tarda isolates were wild-type (WT) to florfenicol (FLO), norfloxacin (NOR), neomycin (NEO), erythromycin (ERY), and oxytetracycline (OXY); however, some were non-wild-type to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.1%) and amoxicillin (21.4%). Therefore, through experimental infection, E. tarda ED38-17 could induce pathogenic effects in C. macropomum. Additionally, three distinct genetic types were found, and the E. tarda isolates were WT to FLO, NOR, NEO, ERY, and OXY. These findings raise awareness of a bacteria causing unseen lesions, a pathogen that will potentially impact tambaqui aquaculture in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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Review

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32 pages, 576 KiB  
Review
Streptococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Significance and Phytotherapy
by Hien Van Doan, Mehdi Soltani, Alexandra Leitão, Shafigh Shafiei, Sepideh Asadi, Alan J. Lymbery and Einar Ringø
Animals 2022, 12(18), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182443 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4623
Abstract
Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development. Despite a wide spread of the disease in aquaculture, few studies have been directed at assessing the in [...] Read more.
Streptococcosis, particularly that caused by S. iniae and S. agalactiae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the global sustainability of aquaculture development. Despite a wide spread of the disease in aquaculture, few studies have been directed at assessing the in vitro antagonistic activity and in vivo efficacy of medicinal herbs and other plants against streptococcal agents. Most in vitro studies of plant extractives against S. iniae and S. agalactiae have found antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those containing eugenol, carvacrol or thymol, are more effective. Although essential oils have shown better anti-streptococcal activity in in vitro assays, in vivo bioassays require more attention. The extracts examined under in vivo conditions show moderate efficacy, increasing the survival rate of infected fish, probably through the enhancement of immunity before challenge bioassays. The available data, however, lack dosage optimization, toxicity and bioavailability assays of a specific plant or its bioactive compound in fish organs; hence, it is difficult to judge the validation of clinical efficacy for the prevention or treatment of fish streptococcosis. Despite the known bioactive compounds of many tested plants, few data are available on their mode of action towards streptococcal agents. This review addresses the efficacy of medicinal plants to fish streptococcosis and discusses the current gaps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)
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