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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Clinical Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2024 | Viewed by 8991

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Pedro Marín Carrillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
Interests: pharmacokinetics; antibiotics; anesthetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anesthesia is the state of immobilization and elimination of pain, which is essential to all surgical procedures. The ideal anesthetic preserves cardiac output and other physiologic parameters, provides intraoperative analgesia that extends to the postoperative period, and is reversible and safe for the patient, operator, and environment. A variety of anesthetic agents are available for experimental surgery and may be administered parenterally or by inhalation.

Pharmacokinetics explains what happens to a drug in the body, whereas pharmacodynamics describes the actions produced by the drug in the body. Therefore, the effects of a drug result from a combination of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics in the individual. Wherever possible, drug administration should be based on a measured patient response, which will incorporate both of these aspects of its pharmacology.

Often, there are few registered drugs for minor or exotic species, which causes the use of different drugs under exceptional prescription by adapting or extrapolating the recommended dosage from major species. This extrapolation can cause potential overdosing or underdosing, with the risks of toxicity or clinical unsuccess.

The aim of this Special Issue is to publish original research papers or reviews about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anesthetics in animals.

We invite you to share your recent findings through this Special Issue.

Dr. Pedro Marín Carrillo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pharmacodynamics
  • pharmacokinetics
  • anesthesia
  • sedation
  • monitoring
  • recovery

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 414 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of the Intrarectal and Intramuscular Effects of a Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine and Midazolam Mixture on Tear Production in Cats: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Andrea Paolini, Massimo Vignoli, Nicola Bernabò, Amanda Bianchi, Roberto Tamburro, Maria Cristina Pincelli, Francesca Del Signore, Andrea De Bonis, Martina Rosto, Francesco Collivignarelli, Clelia Distefano and Ilaria Cerasoli
Animals 2024, 14(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010145 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 870
Abstract
Cats are often easily stressed and uncooperative. The use of sedative agents in the feline species is widely used to perform even minor clinical and diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study is to assess the impact on tear film production of the [...] Read more.
Cats are often easily stressed and uncooperative. The use of sedative agents in the feline species is widely used to perform even minor clinical and diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study is to assess the impact on tear film production of the intrarectal route (IR) administration of a mixture of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and midazolam in comparison with the intramuscular (IM) one. A group of twenty cats were involved in a randomized and blinded clinical trial. A clinical and ophthalmological examination was conducted on the cats. The IR group received dexmedetomidine 0.003 mg kg−1, ketamine 4 mg kg−1 and midazolam 0.4 mg kg−1; the IM group received dexmedetomidine 0.003 mg kg−1, ketamine 2 mg kg−1 and midazolam 0.2 mg kg−1. A Shirmer tear test I (STT- I) was conducted 1 h before sedation and 2′, 10′, 20′, 30′, 40′, and 80′ post drug administration. The reaction to STT-I administration was also evaluated. The IM group has a lower mean tear production than the IR group for all time points evaluated. Cats in the IM group showed less reaction to STT-I administration. This study may suggest that the effect of sedative agents administered by the IR route has a lower incidence on tear production than the IM one. The use of eye lubricant is recommended in any case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology)
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12 pages, 692 KiB  
Article
Effect of Xylazine on Pharmacokinetics and Physiological Efficacy of Intravenous Carprofen in Castrated Goats Kids
by Kamil Uney, Murat Yuksel, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Erdinc Turk, Hasan Basri Dingil and Orhan Corum
Animals 2023, 13(17), 2700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172700 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 982
Abstract
Carprofen can be used in the castration process of male goats due to its low side effects, long elimination half-life, and long-term effect. However, no studies were found on the pharmacokinetics and physiological efficacy of carprofen when employed for castration in male goats. [...] Read more.
Carprofen can be used in the castration process of male goats due to its low side effects, long elimination half-life, and long-term effect. However, no studies were found on the pharmacokinetics and physiological efficacy of carprofen when employed for castration in male goats. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of xylazine (0.05 mg/kg, intramuscular) on the pharmacokinetics and physiological efficacy following intravenous administration of carprofen (4 mg/kg, intravenous) in male goat kids castrated using the burdizzo method. Thirty male Kilis goat kids (5–6 months and 18–30 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 6) as follows: healthy control (HC), castration control (CAST), castration+carprofen (CAST+CRP), castration+xylazine (CAST+XYL), and castration+xylazine+carprofen (CAST+XYL+CRP). Plasma concentrations of carprofen were analyzed via a non-compartmental method. Physiological parameters including serum cortisol, scrotal temperature, rectal temperature, and scrotal circumference were determined. Xylazine caused a decrease in the volume of distribution and clearance and an increase in the area under the curve of carprofen in CAST+XYL+CRP group (p < 0.05). The mean cortisol concentrations in CAST+CRP and CAST+XYL remained lower compared to CAST (p < 0.05). The mean cortisol concentrations in CAST+XYL+CRP were lower than in CAST+CRP and CAST+XYL (p < 0.05). In addition, the effect of carprofen administration alone on reducing the initial cortisol response to castration was observed from 6 to 48 h, while in combination with xylazine, it was observed immediately up to 48 h. No treatment differences were observed in rectal temperature, scrotal temperature, and scrotal circumference (p > 0.05). Xylazine caused an increase in plasma concentration and a decrease in clearance of carprofen after co-administration. However, when the effect of the combined administration of carprofen with xylazine on cortisol is evaluated, their combined use in castration process may be beneficial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology)
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12 pages, 5113 KiB  
Article
An Ultrasound-Guided Latero-Ventral Approach to Perform the Quadratus Lumborum Block in Dog Cadavers
by André Marchina-Gonçalves, Francisco G. Laredo, Francisco Gil, Marta Soler, Amalia Agut, José Ignacio Redondo and Eliseo Belda
Animals 2023, 13(13), 2214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132214 - 06 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2773
Abstract
The QL block is a high-level locoregional anesthesia technique, which aims to provide analgesia to the abdomen. Several approaches of the QL block have been studied to find out which one allows a greater distribution of the injectate. The aim of this study [...] Read more.
The QL block is a high-level locoregional anesthesia technique, which aims to provide analgesia to the abdomen. Several approaches of the QL block have been studied to find out which one allows a greater distribution of the injectate. The aim of this study is to compare the traditional interfascial QL block (IQL) with a new latero-ventral approach (LVQL). We hypothesize that this new approach could be safer and easier to perform, since the injectate is administered more superficially and further away from vital structures. Our second objective is to assess whether a higher volume of injectate (0.6 mL/kg) could reach the ventral branches of the last thoracic nerves, leading to a blockade of the cranial abdomen. Six thawed canine cadavers (12 hemiabdomens) were used for this purpose. Both approaches were performed in all cadavers. A combination of methylene blue/iopromide was administered to each hemiabdomen, randomly assigned to the LVQL or IQL. No differences were found regarding the ease of perform the LVQL with respect to IQL. The results show that both techniques reached the ventral branches from L1 to L3, although only the IQL consistently stained the sympathetic trunk (5/6 IQL vs. 1/6 LVQL). The use of a higher volume did not enhance a more cranial distribution of the injectate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology)
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12 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
Haemodynamic Effects of Pimobendan during General Anaesthesia in Healthy Senior Dogs: A Prospective, Randomised, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study
by Ignacio Sández, José I. Redondo, Pablo A. Donati and José Gómez
Animals 2023, 13(13), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132110 - 26 Jun 2023
Viewed by 3796
Abstract
Pimobendan is an inotropic and vasodilator drug with no sympathomimetic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of pimobendan during anaesthesia in healthy senior dogs. A prospective, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted. Thirty-three dogs (median [range]: 9 [7, 12] [...] Read more.
Pimobendan is an inotropic and vasodilator drug with no sympathomimetic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the haemodynamic effects of pimobendan during anaesthesia in healthy senior dogs. A prospective, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted. Thirty-three dogs (median [range]: 9 [7, 12] years) were anaesthetised for surgical procedures. The dogs were randomly allocated into two groups: eighteen dogs received intravenous pimobendan at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg (PIMOBENDAN), and fifteen dogs received intravenous saline solutions at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg (PLACEBO). Data were recorded before, 1 min, 10 min, and 20 min after injection. Velocity-time integral (VTI), peak-velocity (PV), and mean-acceleration (MA) were measured using an oesophageal Doppler monitor (ODM). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were also registered. The data were analysed using a two-way ANOVA for trimmed means. Statistical differences were considered if p < 0.05. Twenty minutes after injection, the VTI (13.0 cm [10.4, 22.3]), PV (95.0 [83.0, 160] m/s), and MA (12.6 [9.40, 17.0] m/s2) were significantly higher in the PIMOBENDAN group compared to the PLACEBO group (VTI: 10.5 [6.50, 17.4] cm, PV: 80.0 [62.0, 103] m/s and MA: 10.2 [7.00, 16.0] ms2). No significant differences were observed in the rest of the variables. Using pimobendan during anaesthesia increases VTI, PV, and MA, as measured by an ODM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Anesthesiology)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Determining the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Two Different Doses of Meloxicam in Barred Owls (Strix varia) Undergoing Rehabilitation
Authors: Mark A. Mitchell
Affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Abstract: Anthropogenic activities have negatively affected the lives of many birds, including owls. These interactions have led to a rise in cases being admitted to wildlife rehabilitation facilities, especially with traumatic injuries. For example, the Wildlife Hospital of Louisiana has seen a > two-fold increase in barred owls (Strix varia) presented over the past five years (2020, 95; 2014, 42). Because most of these animals present with traumatic injuries, it is essential that analgesics are included as a component of their treatment plan. To date, there have been no studies evaluating analgesics in barred owls. It is important to pursue evidence-based research to guide clinicians and ensure best treatment practices so that these animals can be successfully rehabilitated for release. The goals of this study were to determine the harmonic means, times to maximum concentration, and elimination half-lives for single intramuscular doses of 1.0 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg meloxicam. Our hypotheses were that both doses would be safe and provide adequate plasma concentrations of meloxicam, but that there would be significant differences in the pharmacokinetics between doses. Barred owls admitted to the Wildlife Hospital of Louisiana and undergoing rehabilitation were recruited for this study. Dosing was randomly assigned. All birds were clinically normal based on examination and complete blood counts. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 15 minutes prior to meloxicam administration and at 30, 45, 60-, 120-, 240-, and 720-minutes post-meloxicam. Samples were placed in lithium heparin tubes and plasma removed following sample centrifugation. Samples were stored at -80oC until being analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. There was a significant difference in the maximum concentrations between the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses, but neither achieved therapeutic concentrations after 4 hours. These findings suggest pharmacokinetic studies for meloxicam need to be done on a species-by-species basis.

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