The Chronic Effect of Stair Climbing–Descending Exercises after Meals on Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. Study Design
4.3. Exercise Protocol
4.4. Measurements
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | ST-EX (n = 7) | CON (n = 7) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (female) (n) (%) | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 1.000 |
Age (years) | 71.0 (59.0, 73.0) † | 69.0 (63.0, 71.0) † | 0.383 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.0 (7.1, 14.9) | 9.9 (5.1, 14.6) | 0.657 |
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 7.0 (6.7, 7.2) (52.7 (50.0, 55.3)) | 6.9 (6.6, 7.2) (52.1 (49.4, 54.7)) | 0.690 |
GA (%) | 18.1 (17.2, 19.0) | 19.1 (17.3, 20.9) | 0.249 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 7.1 (6.2, 8.0) | 7.1 (6.0, 8.2) | 0.925 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 (22.5, 26.3) | 23.8 (20.0, 27.5) | 0.711 |
Medication | |||
Biguanide (n) (%) | 1 (14.3) | 4 (57.1) | 0.266 |
Thiazolidine (n) (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | 1.000 |
α-glucosidase inhibitor (n) (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (57.1) | 0.070 |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (n) (%) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | 1.000 |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (n) (%) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 1.000 |
Sulfonylurea (n) (%) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) | 0.559 |
Hypertension (n) (%) | 4 (57.1) | 4 (57.1) | 1.000 |
Dyslipidemia (n) (%) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (28.6) | 0.592 |
Cigarette smoking ‡1 | 0.559 | ||
Non-smoker (n) (%) | 4 (57.1) | 5 (71.4) | |
Past smoker (n) (%) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (14.3) | |
Current smoker (n) (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | |
Alcohol drinking (n) (%) ‡2 | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 1.000 |
Exercise habits (n) (%) ‡3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Occupation | 1.000 | ||
Unemployed (n) (%) | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | |
Farmer (n) (%) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | |
Sedentary worker (n) (%) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | |
Other (n) (%) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) |
Variables | Group | Baseline | 12 Weeks | Change | Effect Size (Cohen’s d, r) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | ST-EX | 7.0 (6.7, 7.2) (52.7 (50.0, 55.3)) | 6.9 (6.5, 7.3) (51.9 (47.7, 56.1)) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.1) (−1.1 (−2.2, −1.1)) † | 0.420 | 0.128 |
CON | 6.9 (6.6, 7.2) (52.1 (49.4, 54.7)) | 7.0 (6.6, 7.4) (53.1 (48.9, 57.4)) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) (1.1 (−1.1, 2.2)) † | |||
GA (%) | ST-EX | 18.1 (17.2, 19.0) | 17.1 (15.9, 18.4) | −1.0 (−2.0, 0.0) | 1.257 | 0.037 * |
CON | 19.1 (17.3, 20.9) | 19.5 (17.0, 22.0) | 0.4 (−0.6, 1.4) | |||
FPG (mmol/L) | ST-EX | 7.1 (6.2, 8.0) | 7.3 (6.4, 8.2) | 0.2 (−0.8, 1.3) | 0.221 | 0.687 |
CON | 7.1 (6.0, 8.2) | 7.6 (6.2, 8.9) | 0.4 (−0.2, 1.1) | |||
FIRI (pmol/L) | ST-EX | 38.4 (24.6, 67.2) † | 33.0 (21.6, 59.4) † | −3.0 (−7.8, 1.2) † | 0.308 | 0.259 |
CON | 39.0 (19.2, 51.6) † | 39.0 (19.2, 46.2) † | 0.0 (−4.2, 9.6) † | |||
HOMA-IR | ST-EX | 1.8 (1.2, 3.1) † | 1.8 (1.4, 2.6) † | 0.0 (−0.8, 0.2) † | 0.290 | 0.318 |
CON | 1.7 (1.2, 3.2) † | 1.9 (1.5, 2.6) † | 0.1 (0.0, 0.7) † | |||
SBP (mmHg) | ST-EX | 131.0 (114.0, 138.0) † | 138.0 (121.0, 139.0) † | 3.0 (−2.7, 8.7) | 0.239 | 0.663 |
CON | 125.0 (111.0, 136.0) † | 128.0 (124.0, 133.0) † | 5.4 (−6.6, 17.5) | |||
DBP (mmHg) | ST-EX | 74.9 (65.5, 84.3) | 74.6 (65.8, 83.3) | −0.3 (−4.5, 3.9) | 0.093 | 0.864 |
CON | 73.6 (61.9, 85.3) | 72.7 (62.8, 82.6) | −0.9 (−7.7, 6.0) | |||
TG (mmol/L) | ST-EX | 1.7 (0.6, 2.6) † | 1.3 (0.6, 2.4) † | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | 0.294 | 0.592 |
CON | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) † | 0.9 (0.8, 1.7) † | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.4) | |||
LDL-C (mmol/L) | ST-EX | 2.9 (2.1, 3.6) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.4) | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.3) | 0.309 | 0.574 |
CON | 3.0 (2.5, 3.6) | 2.9 (2.0, 3.7) | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.3) | |||
HDL-C (mmol/L) | ST-EX | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) † | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) † | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.096 | 0.861 |
CON | 1.4 (1.3, 1.9) † | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) † | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | |||
Non-HDL-C (mmol/L) | ST-EX | 3.6 (2.8, 4.5) | 3.5 (3.0, 4.0) | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.3) | 0.166 | 0.761 |
CON | 3.6 (3.0, 4.2) | 3.4 (2.7, 4.1) | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.1) |
Variables | Group | Baseline | 12 Weeks | Change | Effect Size (Cohen’s d, r) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight (kg) | ST-EX | 63.6 (57.7, 69.5) | 63.3 (57.9, 68.7) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.8) | 0.285 | 0.604 |
CON | 60.6 (48.5, 72.6) | 60.0 (48.5, 71.5) | −0.6 (−1.5, 0.3) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | ST-EX | 24.4 (22.5, 26.3) | 24.3 (22.5, 26.1) | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.3) | 0.327 | 0.552 |
CON | 23.8 (20.0, 27.5) | 23.5 (20.1, 27.0) | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.1) | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | ST-EX | 89.1 (84.1, 94.2) | 88.9 (82.7, 95.0) | −2.0 (−2.0, 0.5) † | 0.155 | 0.620 |
CON | 88.8 (80.2, 97.4) | 87.6 (79.3, 95.9) | −0.5 (−4.0, 1.0) † | |||
Body fat mass (kg) | ST-EX | 18.9 (15.8, 21.9) | 19.2 (15.8, 22.6) | 0.3 (−0.6, 1.4) | 0.072 | 0.895 |
CON | 18.2 (10.4, 26.1) | 18.5 (11.5, 25.4) | 0.3 (−0.9, 1.4) | |||
Lower SMM (kg) | ST-EX | 14.3 (12.7, 15.8) | 14.3 (12.5, 16.1) | 0.0 (−0.6, 0.6) | 0.941 | 0.104 |
CON | 12.3 (9.6, 14.9) | 11.8 (9.2, 14.4) | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.1) | |||
SMI (kg/m2) | ST-EX | 7.2 (6.6, 7.9) | 7.2 (6.5, 8.0) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.945 | 0.102 |
CON | 6.5 (5.6, 7.3) | 6.3 (5.5, 7.2) | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.1) | |||
Grip strength (kg) | ST-EX | 25.8 (20.7, 35.7) † | 28.7 (22.9, 36.3) † | 1.7 (−0.5, 3.9) | 0.199 | 0.716 |
CON | 21.3 (15.2, 27.3) † | 23.2 (17.7, 26.2) † | 1.3 (−0.3, 2.8) | |||
Knee extension force (Nm/kg) | ST-EX | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 1.294 | 0.032 * |
CON | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | |||
5R-STS test (s) | ST-EX | 11.5 (7.5, 15.5) | 9.0 (7.5, 10.5) | −0.4 (−5.8, 0.5) † | 0.188 | 0.535 |
CON | 8.9 (7.1, 10.7) | 8.1 (6.8, 9.3) | −1.3 (−2.3, 1.3) † | |||
Comfortable gait speed (m/s) | ST-EX | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.546 | 0.327 |
CON | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | |||
Maximum gait speed (m/s) | ST-EX | 1.9 (1.3, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.3) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.5) | 0.002 | 0.996 |
CON | 1.7 (1.5, 2.0) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | |||
Total daily MVPA (METs-min/day) | ST-EX | 257.5 (54.0, 460.9) | 322.4 (110.6, 534.3) | 65.0 (−70.8, 200.7) | 0.215 | 0.695 |
CON | 336.1 (1.3, 673.5) | 322.1 (153.6, 490.6) | −14.0 (−475.8, 447.8) | |||
Total daily EE in MVPA (kcal/day) | ST-EX | 220.9 (62.5, 921.7) † | 271.3 (181.9, 494.9) † | 76.7 (−79.9, 233.2) | 0.274 | 0.618 |
CON | 240.7 (65.0, 560.0) † | 259.1 (105.7, 634.1) † | −27.1 (−497.5, 443.3) | |||
Sedentary behavior (min/day) | ST-EX | 240.0 (120.0, 420.0) † | 240.0 (150.0, 420.0) † | 30.0 (−180.0, 90.0) † | 0.137 | 0.620 |
CON | 271.3 (181.9, 494.9) † | 360.0 (180.0, 480.0) † | 60.0 (−150.0, 120.0) † |
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Honda, H.; Fukutomi, H.; Igaki, M.; Tanaka, S.; Takaishi, T.; Hayashi, T. The Chronic Effect of Stair Climbing–Descending Exercises after Meals on Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Muscles 2023, 2, 238-249. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles2020018
Honda H, Fukutomi H, Igaki M, Tanaka S, Takaishi T, Hayashi T. The Chronic Effect of Stair Climbing–Descending Exercises after Meals on Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Muscles. 2023; 2(2):238-249. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles2020018
Chicago/Turabian StyleHonda, Hiroto, Hiromi Fukutomi, Makoto Igaki, Shinichiro Tanaka, Tetsuo Takaishi, and Tatsuya Hayashi. 2023. "The Chronic Effect of Stair Climbing–Descending Exercises after Meals on Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Muscles 2, no. 2: 238-249. https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles2020018