The Profile of People with Parkinson’s Disease Included in Community Boxing Exercise Programs †
1
Department of Neurology, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
2
Grupo de Patologia Médica, Nutrição e Exercício Clínico (PaMNEC) do Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal
3
Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 5th International Congress of CiiEM—Reducing Inequalities in Health and Society, Online, 16–18 June 2021.
Med. Sci. Forum 2021, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005005
Published: 10 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Congress of CiiEM (IC CiiEM))
Abstract
:Exercise is widely recommended for people with Parkinson (PD). Boxing is a popular mode of training. However, including individuals with less favorable profiles may have a negative impact on participation. We performed a systematic review to study the patient characteristics that were included in boxing exercise programs research and reflect on the possible inclusion criteria that professionals can use for boxing exercise programs. Indications for the best profiles were limited due to the small number of studies. Boxing programs should include people with the diagnosis of PD in earlier stages, independently ambulatory, and without current severe musculoskeletal or cardiovascular conditions.
1. Introduction
Growing evidence underscores the benefit of exercise programs in individuals with Parkinson PD as a long-term cost-effective and accessible care for ongoing exercise. Several types of community programs are being used [1,2,3]. Boxing is one of the most popular programs. However, including individuals with less favorable profiles may have a negative impact on the participation [4]. We performed a systematic review to study the patient characteristics that were included in boxing exercise programs and reflection on what type of patients should participate.
2. Materials and Methods
We reviewed the clinical characteristics of the people with PD included in boxing exercise programs. We performed a systematic literature in the databases PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane library using the following keywords: “Parkinson disease” AND ‘’boxing”. We included all studies regarding exercise boxing programs with people diagnosed with PD.
3. Results and Discussion
Three studies were found. Of these, two were both led by Combs. Several inclusion criteria in research studies were identified (Table 1).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Combs, S.A.; Diehl, M.D.; Staples, W.H.; Conn, L.; Davis, K.; Lewis, N.; Schaneman, K. Boxing training for patients with Parkinson disease: A case series. Phys. Ther. 2011, 91, 132–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Combs, S.A.; Diehl, M.D.; Chrzastowski, C.; Didrick, N.; McCoin, B.; Mox, N.; Staples, W.H.; Wayman, J. Community-based group exercise for persons with Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. NRE 2013, 32, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Domingos, J.; Radder, D.; Riggare, S.; Godinho, G.; Dean, J.; Graziano, M.; Vries, N.M.; Ferreira, J.; Bloem, B. Implementation of a Community-Based Exercise Program for Parkinson Patients: Using Boxing as an Example. JPD 2019, 9, 615–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Domingos, J.; Dean, J.; Godinho, C.; Melo, F. Proliferation of community exercise programs with limited evidence and expertise: Safety implications. Mov. Disord. 2018, 33, 1365–1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of participants in studies regarding community-based boxing programs Parkinson’s disease.
Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of participants in studies regarding community-based boxing programs Parkinson’s disease.
| Study & Study Design | Average Age (years) | Time since Diagnosis (months) | Hoehn & Yahr Score | Other Inclusion Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combs, 2011 [1] Case Series N = 6 M: 6, F: 0 | 60.17 years (10.26) | 28.67 (24.34) | 2.17 (1.33) | (1) Complete informed consent form; (2) At least 21 years; (3) Able to ambulate; (4) Able to follow 3-step verbal commands; (5) Self-transportation; (6) No other preexisting neurological conditions other than PD; (7) No musculoskeletal or cardiovascular conditions; (8) Brain surgery or deep brain stimulator; (9) Current pregnancy. |
| Combs, 2013 [2] RCT n = 31 (Intervention = 17, Control = 14) M: 21 F: 10 | Boxing 68.0 years (31.0) Exercise 66.5 years (28.0) | Boxing group 41.5 (182.0) Control group 50.0 (99.0) | Boxing group 2.0 (3.0) Control group 2.0 (3.0) | Similar to previuos study (same authors). |
| Domingos, 2019 [3] Acceptability | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | (1) Complete informed consent form; (2) Accept supported by a volunteer if at risk of falls according to screening tests. |
RCT = Randomised controlled trial; M, male; F, female. The most favourable characteristics for patients to be included in boxing programs may include younger aged participants with shorter disease duration and in earlier stages of the disease. Exclusion due to cognitive impairment was not reported in neither of the studies.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Domingos, J.; Capato, T.; Godinho, C. The Profile of People with Parkinson’s Disease Included in Community Boxing Exercise Programs. Med. Sci. Forum 2021, 5, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005005
AMA Style
Domingos J, Capato T, Godinho C. The Profile of People with Parkinson’s Disease Included in Community Boxing Exercise Programs. Medical Sciences Forum. 2021; 5(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005005
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomingos, Josefa, Tamine Capato, and Catarina Godinho. 2021. "The Profile of People with Parkinson’s Disease Included in Community Boxing Exercise Programs" Medical Sciences Forum 5, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005005
