Next Article in Journal
The Profile of People with Parkinson’s Disease Included in Community Boxing Exercise Programs
Previous Article in Journal
Can Fused Deposition Modelling Enable the Manufacture of Uniform and Precise Dose Tablets?
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Medical Sciences Forum
Volume 2
Issue 1
10.3390/CAHD2020-08563
msf-logo
Submit to this Journal
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Proceeding Paper

The Nutraceutical Properties of “Pizza Marinara TSG” a Traditional Food Rich in Bioaccessible Antioxidants †

by
Irene Dini
*,
Luana Izzo
,
Giulia Graziani
and
Alberto Ritieni
Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80141 Napoli, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 1st International e-Conference on Antioxidants in Health and Disease, 1–15 December 2020; Available online: https://cahd2020.sciforum.net/.
Med. Sci. Forum 2021, 2(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/CAHD2020-08563
Published: 30 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International e-Conference on Antioxidants in Health and Disease)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Italian gastronomy experiences have ever-enhancing fame around the world. This is due to the linkage between taste and salubriousness commonly related to Mediterranean foods. The market proposes many types of pizza to suit all palates. In this work, the antioxidant potential of the “pizza marinara” included in the register of traditional specialties guaranteed (TSG) was determined. An ABTS method evaluated the antioxidant activity of the homogenized pizza. In vitro digestion models estimated the intestinal and gastric bioaccessibility of the main antioxidant compounds (lycopene and phenolics). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide the content, antioxidant potential, and bioaccessibility of the antioxidants (polyphenols and lycopene) contained in the traditional pizza “marinara TSG”. Our results showed that the “pizza marinara TSG” had a polyphenol concentration, lycopene level, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and lycopene which were better than similar pizzas. They confirmed the nutritional importance of traditional preparations and established the functional potential of “pizza marinara TSG” as a food rich in bio-accessible antioxidants.

1. Introduction

Italian gastronomy experiences have an ever-increasing fame around the world. This is due to the linkage between taste and salubriousness commonly related to Mediterranean foods. Pizza is a universal, appreciated product of Italian gastronomy. It was cooked in southern Italy for the first time (before 1000 AD). The pizza was created for poor people with inexpensive ingredients flour, yeast, water, edible oil, and salt. In the 16th century, when the tomato was imported from America, pizza became what we know it as today [1]. In 1750, the first “marinara” (tomato, garlic, oregano, oil) was cooked and in 1850, the first “Margherita” (tomato, mozzarella, oil) was created [1]. In 1889, the pizza maker Raffaele Esposito added the basil on the “pizza Margherita”, giving it the colors of the Italian flag [1]. Recently, the food market has grown, offering novel chances in catering. Pizza has become an international food. Several imitations have been made. New kind of pizzas demand their own identities. They are daughters of the times and denote the commercial value of the product. However, they often have nothing to do with Neapolitan pizza, and are a result of traditional Mediterranean culinary knowledge. These pizzas differ from the original product in both organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. Some products are of poor quality and damage the reputation of the original product. Traditional foods represent an identity, culture, history, local economy, and heritage and are essential elements for the dietary patterns of a country. Pizza has a crucial role in the traditional habits of Italian culture. Several certificates and labels have been assigned to preserve the Neapolitan pizza identity. The name “Pizza Napoletana” has been entered in the register of Traditional Specialties Guaranteed (TSG) [2]. TSG is a tolerant European Union (EU) food designation. It designates foods made with “traditional” techniques or ingredients with a proven usage on the community market for at least 25 years. TSG makes the product distinguishable from other similar products, and consumers are informed based on its characteristics. In 2015, the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Forestry Policies inserted the Neapolitan pizza in the list of traditional agri-food products [3]. The “Pizza Napoletana” is an elastic, soft, and easily foldable food with a distinctive savory flavour. This is due to the typical taste of well-cooked bread, tomato, baked mozzarella, and flavor (garlic, oregano, basil). The name “Pizza Napoletana” is limited to “marinara” (tomato, oregano, extra virgin olive oil, and garlic) and “margherita” (tomato, grated cheese, mozzarella or fior di latte, extra virgin olive oil, and basil) pizzas made according to precise guidelines and with traditional ingredients. Flour, yeast, water, edible oil, and salt are kneaded. The dough ferments twice. The first fermentation lasts 2 h; then the dough is portioned into balls that ferment for another 4–6 h at room temperature. Next, the balls are stretched with the hands, guaranteeing a denser edge on the outer part. Finally, the toppings are added, and the pizza is baked in a wood oven at 485 °C for 60–90 s. The cooking methods of these foods have been handed down from generation to generation. Lifestyle changes affect eating habits, and modern pizza had changed from the traditional product. Some traditional preparations have shown health properties that have been tested over time [4,5]. An indicator of the potential benefits of food preparations is the antioxidant activity of compounds in food and their possible synergistic interactions. The antioxidant potential of food is linked to the combined action of phenolic compounds carotenoids, and vitamins (C and E). Natural antioxidants have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial effects [6,7]. Nutraceutical values are useful parameters to promote culinary products. Nutraceutical data of composite foods are essential to prepare the basis for dietary recommendations. Regarding pizza, there are no data about its nutraceutical potential. The antioxidant data of composite foods are often calculated from the corresponding individual ingredients and do not consider the transformations that produced by cooking techniques, and above all, what happens in the human organism and the real bioaccessibility of these molecules. It is essential to investigate the possible interactions of these compounds and the bioaccessibility within our body to get an idea of their possible beneficial effects. The antioxidant potential of the “Pizza Napoletana” principally depends on the bioavailability of the phenolic compounds and lycopene contained in the EVOO and tomatoes. The pizzerias that do not follow the “Pizza Napoletana” production specification replace extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) with other less expensive versions, such as other vegetable oils or olive oils or a mixture of refined olive oil and virgin olive oil. The type of oil used influences not only sensorial [8,9] and technological properties [10], but above all affects the nutritional and functional properties of the pizza [11]. The oil composition differs in the profile and content of unsaturated fatty acids and the presence of antioxidant molecules. During cooking, unsaturated fatty acids oxidase differently. Compared to other oil, EVOO shows a higher resistance to lipid oxidation in the presence of polyphenols [12,13,14,15,16]. Thermal oxidation of heated oils produce free radicals associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Tomato is another essential ingredient of the pizza. The tomato sauce is used to prepare traditional pizza TSG. New pizzas are made both with fresh cherry tomatoes and tomato sauce. The treatment of the tomatoes in the tomato sauce modifies the physicochemical attributes (color, viscosity, total soluble solids) [22], the pH, and some product quality parameters such as lycopene content in the sauce [25,26,27]. Lycopene is a carotenoid with antioxidant properties able to decrease the risk of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, cancer, osteoporosis, infertility, metabolic syndrome, and liver damage [28,29]. In this work, the lycopene level, the antioxidant activity, and the bioaccessibility of lycopene and polyphenols in pizza “marinara TSG” and other similar pizzas not subjected to the production disciplinary were detected to highlight the functional properties of the pizza “marinara TSG”.

2. Experiments

The pizza “marinara TSG” was prepared according to the production discipline of the authentic Neapolitan Pizza Association called “Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana” or A.V.P.N. The other pizzas, such as pizza “marinara TSG”, varied by the oil type (soybean oil, sunflower oil, and olive oil) and tomato sauce or fresh tomato (cherry tomato) used in the recipe. The pizzas were cooked in a wood oven, weighed, homogenized (Ultra Turrax T25 homogenizer, IKA-Werke, Wilmington, NC, USA), and stored at −18 °C until analysis.

2.1. Chemicals

Chemicals and enzymes were bought from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless specified differently.
Artificial saliva was obtained by mixing KCl (89.6 g/L), KSCN (20 g/L), NaH2PO4 (88.8 g/L), NaSO4 (57 g/L), NaCl (175.3 g/L), NaHCO3 (84.7 g/L), urea (25 g/L), and α-amylase (290 mg) in 80 mL purified water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 2 with HCl 6 N (Raiola et al., 2012).

2.2. Lycopene Extraction and Quantification

A quantity of 6 g of the homogenized sample was extracted with 100 mL of hexane in an orbital shaker (Infors AG CH-4103, Bottmingen, Switzerland) for 2 min at 21,500 rpm. Extraction was repeated until the residue was devoid of color. The extracts were centrifuged at 4000× g rpm for 5 min. In a centrifuge professional mod. N.E.Y.A. 10 (Neya Centrifuges Carpi (MO)), the supernatants were filtered with RC 0.45 μm microfilters (Whatman® regenerated cellulose membrane filters, Global Life Sciences Solutions, Marlborough, MA, USA). Lycopene was quantified spectrophotometrically (λ 502 and λ 472 nm) in a spectrophotometer (Lambda 25, PerkinElmer, Italy) [30].

2.3. Total Phenolic Extraction and Quantification

Next, 3 g of homogenized pizza was extracted with 30 mL of methanol/water (70:30, v/v). The extraction procedure was repeated twice for each sample. The mixtures were centrifuged at 4000× g rpm in a centrifuge professional mod. N.E.Y.A. 10 (Neya Centrifuges Carpi (MO)—Italy), filtered through a Whatman filter paper (Whatman® filters, Global Life Sciences Solutions, Marlborough, MA, USA) and then used for an antioxidant activity assay.
The total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method described previously by Gao et al. (2000) [30]. Polyphenolic extracts (0.1 mL) were mixed with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (0.2 mL) and H2O (2 mL) and incubated at room temperature for 3 min. Successively, 20% sodium carbonate (1 mL) was added to the mixture, and after 1 h of incubation at room temperature, the total polyphenols were determined spectrophotometrically (λ 765 nm) in a spectrophotometer (Lambda 25, PerkinElmer, Italy). The results were expressed as gallic acid equivalent (G.A.E.) milligrams per 100 g of sample. All determinations were performed in triplicate (n = 3).

2.4. Antioxidant Activity Assay

The antioxidant assay was performed by the ABTS method, as described by Re et al. (1999) [31] and 7 mM ABTS and 2.45 mM potassium persulfate were left at room temperature (23 °C) in the dark for 16 h. The filtered sample was diluted with 70% methanol giving 20–80% inhibition of the blank absorbance with 0.1 mL sample; 1 mL of ABTS solution (absorbance = 0.700 ± 0.050) was added to 0.1 mL of the tested samples and mixed thoroughly. The reaction mixture was left at room temperature for 2.5 min, and successively the absorbance was measured at λ 734 nm in a spectrophotometer (Lambda 25, PerkinElmer, Italy). Trolox standard solution (final concentration 0–15 M) in methanol was assayed at the same conditions. The results were expressed as a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (T.E.A.C., mmol Trolox equivalents) on 100 g of sample.

2.5. Digestion Procedure

All samples were subjected to the in vitro digestion model, as reported by Raiola et al. (2012) [32] with slight modifications. Each sample was mixed with saliva/pepsin/HCl digestion for 2 h at 37 °C.

2.6. Duodenal Digestion Simulation

The samples were mixed with 6 mL of artificial saliva (immediately after its preparation), 0.5 g of pepsin (14,800 U) and HCl 0.1 N, incubated for 2 h at 37 °C, and blended in an orbital shaker (Infors AG CH-4103, Bottmingen, Switzerland) at 55 rpm.

2.7. Pancreatic Digestion Simulation

The sample pH was brought to 6.5 with NaHCO3 1 N and successively added with 5 mL (1:1; v/v) of pancreatin (8 mg/mL), bile salts (50 mg/mL) and water (20 mL). The solution was incubated at 37 °C for 2 h and blended in an orbital shaker (Infors AG CH-4103, Bottmingen, Switzerland) at 55 rpm; 30 mL of the mixture was centrifuged at 4000× g rpm at 4 °C for 1 h in a centrifuge professional mod. N.E.Y.A. 10 (Neya Centrifuges Carpi (MO)—Italy). The supernatant (bio-accessible fraction) was collected, and the concentration of the lycopene and the total phenolics were evaluated according to the methods described previously.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

Significant differences between mean values were determined by performing a one-way ANOVA test (significant level p < 0.05) (@Risk 5.5.1 software package. Palisade, Australia).

3. Results

The content, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of lycopene and polyphenols were evaluated in pizzas made with various kind of oil, and different tomato qualities. The first step was the evaluation of the concentration of phenols in pizza “marinara” made with similar procedures (fermentation of dough and cooking modality), but with different oil (soybean, sunflower, olive, and EVOO) and tomato quality (sauce and cherry tomatoes). Next, the results were compared with those of pizzas prepared without oil (Control). In general, the addition of oil increased the content of phenolic compounds in all the “marinara” pizzas tested, except for the pizza prepared with sunflower and cherry oil (Figure 1). La pizza “marinara TSG” showed a content of phenolic compounds higher than that of the other pizzas.
The antioxidant potential of the different “marinara” pizzas was determined. The addition of oil increased the antioxidant activity of the pizzas. The “marinara TSG” had the highest potential (Figure 2). Finally, the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds at gastric and intestinal levels was tested (Table 1). The gastric digestion increased the bioaccessibility of total polyphenols in pizzas made with oil. The transition from the gastric (acid) to the intestinal (mild alkaline) environment caused a much greater increase in the bioaccessibility of total polyphenols, especially those contained in pizza “marinara TSG”.
Similarly, the content, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of lycopene were studied. In the same way as what was to happen for the polyphenol content, the lycopene increased in the pizzas prepared with the addition of oil, and the pizza “marinara TSG” showed the highest lycopene content (Figure 3).
The antioxidant activity of pizzas prepared with soy and olive oil decreased compared to pizza prepared without oil. Pizza “marinara TSG” had the highest antioxidant potential (Figure 4).
The bioaccessibility of lycopene was reported in Table 2. Lycopene was released both as a gastric ally and intestinally. As had already happened for polyphenols, the acid pH favoured the release more. Unlike polyphenols, however, the higher concentration of lycopene remained undigested. The lycopene contained in the pizza “marinara TSG” was the most bioaccessible.

4. Discussion

In recent years, there has been a new interest in traditional cuisine and traditional foods rich in antioxidant compounds useful for preventing some chronic-degenerative diseases that cause death in our society, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Crucial nutritional information to define the daily intake of the population and their association with the effects on health is determined by the content of antioxidant compounds and their bioavailability. This study compares the concentrations of some parameters of nutraceutical interest present in the pizza “marinara TSG”, and other pizzas called pizza “marinara”, that are not prepared according to the production disciplinary of TSG. Making Neapolitan pizza TSG is an art that respects the use of indicated ingredients, techniques, and methodologies which are strictly regulated. The preparation of the pizza varies according to the typology of oil and tomato used. These two products influence the nutrient profile of the pizzas as they bring different concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenolics, carotenoids, and other compounds useful for human health. The “Pizza Napoletana” is made exclusively in wood ovens at 485 °C for 60–90 s. The temperature reached by the pizza is ~204–288 °C. The thermal process produces lipid oxidation, caramelization, and Maillard reactions. The unsaturated fatty acids contained in the vegetable oils oxidize and change their compositions and nutritional value. The oxidation of fatty acids depends on fatty acid composition, polyphenol profile and content [33]. In this work, the addition of oil to the pizza positively contributed to the total polyphenol content. The polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of pizza “marinara TSG” was superior to other pizzas. The phenolic composition of the oils used to make pizzas was very variable. In the EVOO, there are five different classes of phenolic compounds (secoiridoid, phenolic alcohols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) [34]. Among these, the secoiridoid were the most abundant [35]. During the cooking, the secoiridoids hydrolyzed. Nevertheless, the antioxidant potential of pizza remains high as their hydrolysis products (tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol) have antioxidant activity [36]. In vitro tests determined the phenolic concentrations that are absorbed and are available for physiological functions. The bioaccessibility is an essential prerequisite for the bioavailability. It indicates the level of bioactive compounds that are solubilized in chyme (supernatant) after each step of digestion and that are potentially available for absorption. In vitro digestion simulates the human gastric and intestinal digestion. In vitro tests are faster, less expensive, and offer better controls of experimental variables than in vivo studies [37]. The simulation of the gastric digestion was obtained, adding pepsin and acidifying the samples to pH 2 (the gastric pH of an adult). The acidification of the samples prevents the denaturation of pepsin that occurs at pH ≥ 5. The intestinal digestion was mimicked by neutralizing the sample (pH 5.5–6), adding a pancreatin and bile salts (emulsifiers), that were finally re-adjusted to pH 6.5. The polyphenols contained in the pizzas were released only in small quantities at the gastric level. Pizzas, like all solid matrices, release phenolic compounds with difficulty. It is necessary to extract them, to increase their bioaccessibility and potentially their bioavailability. The acidic pH at the gastric level and the alkaline pH of the intestine influences the extraction of phenolic compounds. The bioaccessibility of the phenolic fraction of pizza “marinara TSG” was higher than other similar pizzas [38]. Moreover, the potential of pizza nutraceuticals is linked to the tomato quality and the lycopene they contain [39,40]. Bioaccessibility improves when tomatoes are turned into sauce, as the cells break down, and the release of lycopene is facilitated. Other factors that facilitate a release are the heat treatments that can destroy the cell wall membrane [41] and denature carotene-protein interactions [42,43]. In the case of pizzas, the rapid heat treatment does not allow the complete breakage of the membrane, but the formation of micelles with the oil lipids facilitates the lycopene release. In this work, the antioxidant activity of the carotenoid extract increased when pizza was prepared with oil addition, and it was higher in the pizza “marinara TSG.” The enhancement of antioxidant activities in processed foods could be linked to the botanicals liberated from the matrix during processing [44], the formation of the Maillard products [45], deactivation of the endogenous oxidative enzymes, and polymerization due to heating [46]. This result was probably due to the mutual protection of tomato and olive oil in the “Pizza Napoletana”, both rich in antioxidant compounds [47]. The oil on the pizza products dissolves the lycopene contained in tomato, which is insoluble in its crystalline form [48]. Moreover, during the cooking process, the flavonoid glycosides of the EVOO, freed from hydroxyl phenols [49,50,51], were able to protect lycopene from thermal oxidation. The bioaccessibility level of lycopene was higher in pizza “marinara TSG” than in other similar products. The bile acids and the pancreatin contribute to the absorption of the lycopene, incorporating it into micelles and making it available for absorption [52]. The quality of the oil used to prepare pizza had an impact on the lycopene bioaccessibility. The EVOO resulted in the highest lycopene bioaccessibility. Lipids rich in C12:0 fatty acids determined the lower bioaccessibility of the lycopene than lipids containing many 18:1 fatty acids (EVOO and olive oil). The first fatty acids formed with monoglycerides, weakly swollen micelles, which made lycopene not very soluble [53]. Moreover, the EVOO offers the necessary environment for the isomerization of the lycopene. A short cooking time and the use of the EVOO enhanced the lycopene Z-isomer formation [54]. The absorption, the transport flexibility, and the antioxidant capacity of the Z-isomers are higher than E-isomers [55]. This hypothesis follows a previous study, which showed that the co-digestion of tomato sauce with different added oils caused the higher lycopene bioaccessibility when EVOO was added [56]. Moreover, Tulipani et al. [57] hypothesized that the lipid matrix in the sauces might stimulate the re-absorption events by enterohepatic circulation, potentially affecting the apparent plasma half-life of these compounds.

5. Conclusions

This study investigated the nutraceutical potential of pizza marinara listed in the register of specialties guaranteed (TSG) in the E.U. In particular, the concentration of polyphenols and lycopene (known antioxidant molecule) in the pizza “marinara TSG” and their bioavailability in the human body were assessed for the first time. The results were compared with those obtained by analyzing the same parameters in the pizzas “marinara” prepared in a way that does not comply with the TSG specification and without oil added. Our results showed unequivocally that the pizza “marinara TSG” had the highest polyphenols and lycopene contents compared to other “marinara” pizzas, and that the mix of ingredients used for its preparation contributed to making the lycopene particularly bioavailable for our health. Moreover, the pizza “marinara TSG” showed the highest levels of antioxidant activity and the highest bioaccessibility of the phenols and lycopene.
In conclusion, our results confirm the nutritional importance of traditional preparations and demonstrate the functional potential of the pizza “marinara TSG” as a food rich in bioavailable antioxidants. Our data invite a higher consumption of traditional “Pizza Napoletana”, a food rich in readily bioaccessible antioxidant compounds, and confirm that improper use of the name “pizza” could damage the reputation of the authentic product and determine economic damage. These data could be used to write a nutraceutical label on traditional pizza to help consumers make informed pizza selections. Historic craft, the know-how of pizza baking, rigorous rules, and best-quality local raw products are reliable drivers of success for the traditional pizza “marinara TSG”.

Author Contributions

Formal analysis, L.I.; data curation, G.G.; formal analysis, writing—review, and editing, I.D.; project administration, A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Nowak, Z.B. Folklore, fakelore, history: Invented tradition and the origins of the pizza margherita. Food Cult. Soc. 2014, 17, 103–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. European Commission. Regulation No 97/2010 of 4 February 2010 entering name in the register of traditional specialties guaranteed [Pizza Napoletana (S.T.G.)]. Off. J. Eur. Union 2010, L34, 7–16. [Google Scholar]
  3. MiPAAF Ministero Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali 16th Revision of List “Prodotti Agroalimentari Tradizionali”, Gazzetta Ufficiale n.143 del 21 giugno 2016. 2016. Available online: https://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/10241 (accessed on 2 May 2018).
  4. Trichopoulou, A.; Vasilopoulou, E.; Georga, K.; Soukara, S.; Dilis, V. Traditional foods: Why and how to sustain them. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 17, 498–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Trichopoulou, A.; Soukara, S.; Vasilopoulou, E. Traditional foods: A science and society perspective. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, 420–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Fabiani, R.; Rosignoli, P.; de Bartolomeo, A.; Fuccelli, R.; Servili, M.; Montedoro, G.F.; Morozzi, G.; Oxidative, D.N.A. Damage is prevented by extracts of olive oil, hydroxytyrosol, and other olive phenolic compounds in human blood mononuclear cells and HL60 cells. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1411–1416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Tundis, R.; Loizzo, M.; Menichini, F.; Statti, G.; Menichini, F. Biological and pharmacological activities of iridoids: Recent developments. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 399–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Dini, I.; Laneri, S. Nutricosmetics: A brief overview. Phytother. Res. 2019, 33, 3054–3063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Goodwin, T.W. The carotenoids of the flower petals of Calendula officinalis. Biochem. J. 1954, 58, 90–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Drewnowski, A. Sensory properties of fats and fat replacements. Nutr. Rev. 2009, 50, 17–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Sandrou, D.K.; Arvanitoyannis, I.S. Low-fat/calorie foods: Current stateand perspectives. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2000, 40, 427–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Crespo, M.C.; Tomé-Carneiro, J.; Dávalos, A.; Visioli, F. Pharma-Nutritional Properties of Olive Oil Phenols. Transfer of New Findings to Human Nutrition. Foods 2018, 7, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Zarrouk, A.; Martine, L.; Grégoire, S.; Nury, T.; Meddeb, W.; Camus, E.; Badreddine, A.; Durand, P.; Namsi, A.; Yammine, A.; et al. Profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and polyphenols in mediterranean oils (argan oils, olive oils, milk thistle seed oils and nigella seed oil) and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2019, 25, 1791–1805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Obied, H.K. Biography of biophenols: Past, present and future. Funct. Foods Health Dis. 2013, 3, 230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. De Alzaa, F.; Guillaume, C.; Ravetti, L. Evaluation of chemical and physical changes in different commercial oils during heating. Acta Sci. Nutr. Health 2018, 2, 2–11. [Google Scholar]
  16. Zhang, Q.; Saleh, S.M.; Cheng, J.; Shen, Q. Chemical alterations taken place during deep-fat frying based on certain reaction products: A review. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2012, 165, 662–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Dini, I.; Graziani, G.; Fedele, F.L.; Sicari, A.; Vinale, F.; Castaldo, L.; Ritieni, A. Effects of Trichoderma biostimulation on the phenolic profile of extra-virgin olive oil and olive oil by-products. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Dini, I.; Seccia, S.; Senatore, A.; Coppola, D.; Morelli, E. Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Total Polyphenols Quantification in Extra Virgin Olive Oils. Food Anal. Methods 2020, 13, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Soriguer, F.; Rojo-Martínez, G.; Dobarganes, M.C.; García Almeida, J.M.; Esteva, I.; Beltrán, M.; Ruiz De Adana, M.S.; Tinahones, F.; Gómez-Zumaquero, J.M.; García-Fuentes, E.; et al. Hypertension is related to the degradation of dietary frying oils. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78, 1092–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  20. Rodrigo, R.; Prat, H.; Passalacqua, W.; Araya, J.; Guichard, C.; Bachler, J.P. Relationship be-tween oxidative stress and essential hypertension. Hypertens. Res. 2007, 30, 1159–1167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  21. Ono, Y.; Mizuno, K.; Takahashi, M.; Miura, Y.; Watanabe, T. Suppression of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products by Angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker candesartan in type 2 diabetic patients with essential hypertension. Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 2013, 59, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Baradaran, A.; Nasri, H.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Oxidative stress and hypertension: Possibility of hypertension therapy with antioxidants. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2014, 19, 358–367. [Google Scholar]
  23. Adam, S.K.; Das, S.; Soelaiman, I.N.; Umar, N.A.; Jaarin, K. Consumption of repeatedly heated soy oil increases serum parameters related to atherosclerosis in ovariectomized rats. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2008, 215, 219–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Adam, S.K.; Das, S.; Jaarin, K.A. detailed microscopic study of the changes in the aorta of experimental model of postmenopausal rats and with repeatedly heated palm oil. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 2009, 90, 321–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Ng, C.Y.; Leong, X.F.; Masbah, N.; Adam, S.K.; Yusof, K.; Jaarin, K. Heated vegetable oils and cardiovascular risk factors. Vascul. Pharmacol. 2014, 61, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Mathias, K.S.; Russel, G.F. Effects of processing on tomato bioactive volatile compounds. Bioact. Compd. Foods 2002, 12, 155–172. [Google Scholar]
  27. Gahler, S.; Konrad, O.; Bohm, V. Alterations of vitamin C, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity as affected by processing tomatoes to different products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 7962–7968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Manzo, N.; Santini, A.; Pizzolongo, F.; Aiello, A.; Romano, R. Degradation kinetic (D100) of lycopene during the thermal treatment of concentrated tomato paste. Nat. Prod. Res. 2018, 21, 1835–1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Grabowska, M.; Wawrzyniak, D.; Rolle, K.; Chomczynski, P.; Oziewicz, S.; Jurgaand, S.; Barciszewski, J. Let food be your medicine: Nutraceutical properties of lycopene. Food Funct. 2019, 10, 3090–3102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Gao, X.; Bjork, L.; Trajkovski, V.; Uggla, M. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of rosehip ethanol extracts in different test systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 80, 2021–2027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice Evans, C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 1999, 26, 1231–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Raiola, A.; Meca, G.; Mañes, J.; Ritieni, A. Bioaccessibility of Deoxynivalenol and its natural co-occurrence with Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1 in Italian commercial pasta. Food Chem. Toxic. 2012, 50, 280–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Minekus, M.; Alminger, M.; Alvito, P.; Ballance, S.; Bohn, T.; Bourlieu, C.; Carriere, F.; Boutrou, R.; Corredig, M.; Dupont, D. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food–an international consensus. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 1113–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Dini, I.; Graziani, G.; Gaspari, A.; Fedele, F.L.; Sicari, A.; Vinale, F.; Cavallo, P.; Lorito, M.; Ritieni, A. New Strategies in the Cultivation of Olive Trees and Repercussions on the Nutritional Value of the Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Molecules 2020, 25, 2345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Cavallo, P.; Dini, I.; Sepe, I.; Galasso, G.; Fedele, F.L.; Sicari, A.; Bolletti Censi, S.; Gaspari, A.; Ritieni, A.; Lorito, M.; et al. An Innovative Olive Pâté with Nutraceutical Properties. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Caporaso, N.; Panariello, V.; Sacchi, R. The “true” Neapolitan pizza: Assessing the influence of extra virgin olive oil on pizza volatile compounds and lipid oxidation. J. Culin. Sci. Technol. 2015, 13, 29–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Miro-Casas, E.; Covas, M.; Farre, M.; Fito, M.; Ortuño, J.; Weinbrenner, T.; Roset, P.; de la Torre, R. Hydroxytyrosol disposition in humans. Clin. Chem. 2003, 49, 945–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Rubió, L.; Serra, A.; Oliver Chen, C.-Y.; Macià, A.; Covas, M.I.; Sola, R.; Motilva, M.J. Effect of the co-occurring components from olive oil and thyme extracts on the antioxidant status and its bioavailability in an acute ingestion in rats. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 740–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Müller, L.; Caris-veyrat, C.; Lowe, G.; Böhm, V. Lycopene and its antioxidant role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases—A critical review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2016, 56, 1868–1879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. El-raey, M.A.; Ibrahim, G.E.; Eldahshan, O.A. lycopene and lutein; a review for their chemistry and medicinal uses. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2013, 2, 245–254. [Google Scholar]
  41. Holzenburg, J.A.; King, S. Physical barriers to carotenoid bioaccessibility Ultrastructure survey of chromoplast and cell wall morphology in nine carotenoid-containing fruits and vegetables. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2012, 92, 2594–2602. [Google Scholar]
  42. Rich, G.T.; Bailey, A.L.; Faulks, R.M.; Parker, M.L.; Wickham, M.S.J.; Fillery-Travis, A. Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: I. Modeling the gastric lumen. Lipids 2003, 38, 933–945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Thane, C.; Reddy, S. Processing of fruit and vegetables: Effect on carotenoids. Food Sci. Nutr. 1997, 97, 58–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Dewanto, V.; Wu, X.; Adom, K.K.; Liu, R.H. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 3010–3014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Nicoli, M.C.; Anese, M.; Parpinel, M. Influence of processing on the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1999, 10, 94–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Pinelo, M.; Manzocco, L.; Nuñez, M.J.; Nicoli, M.C. Interaction among phenols in food fortification: Negative synergism on antioxidant capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 1177–1180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Yu, J.; Gleize, B.; Zhang, L.; Caris-Veyrat, C.; Renard, C.M.G.C. Heating tomato puree in the presence of lipids and onion: The impact of onion on lycopene isomerization. Food Chem. 2019, 296, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. De Alvarenga, J.F.R.; Tran, C.; Hurtado-Barroso, S.; Martinez-Huélamo, M.; Illan, M.; Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. Home cooking and ingredient synergism improve lycopene isomer production in Sofrito. Food Res. Int. 2017, 99, 851–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Orsavova, J.; Misurcova, L.; Ambrozova, J.; Vicha, R.; Mlcek, J. Fatty acids composition of vegetable oils and its contribution to dietary energy intake and dependence of cardiovascular mortality on dietary intake of fatty acids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 12871–12890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Medina, E.; de Castro, A.; Romero, C.; Brenes, M. Comparison of the Concentrations of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Oils and Other Plant Oils: Correlation with Antimicrobial Activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4954–4961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Sandberg, A.S. Methods and options in vitro dialyzability; benefits and limitations. Int. J. Vitam Nutr. Res. 2005, 75, 395–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Colle, I.J.P.; Lemmens, L.; Van Buggenhout, S.; Met, K.; Van Loey, A.M.; Hendrickx, M.E. Processing tomato pulp in the presence of lipids: The impact on lycopene bioaccessibility. Food Res. Inter. 2013, 51, 32–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Porter, C.J.H.; Kaukonen, A.M.; Taillardat-Bertschinger, A.; Boyd, B.J.; O’Connor, J.M.; Edwards, G.A.; Edwards, G.A.; Charman, W.N. Use of in vitro lipid digestion data to explain the in vivo performance of triglyceride-based oral lipid formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs: Studies with halofantrine. J. Pharm. Sci. 2004, 93, 1110–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Honda, M.; Horiuchi, I.; Hiramatsu, H.; Inoue, Y.; Kitamura, C.; Fukaya, T.; Takehara, M. Vegetable oil-mediated thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene: Facile and efficient production of Z-isomers. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Colle, I.J.P.; Lemmens, L.; Tolesa, G.N.; Van Buggenhout, S.; De Vleeschouwer, K.; Van Loey, A.M.; Hendrickx, M.E. Lycopene Degradation and Isomerization Kinetics during Thermal Processing of an Olive Oil/Tomato Emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 12784–12789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Colle, I.J.P.; Van Buggenhout, S.; Lemmens, L.; Van Loey, A.M.; Hendrickx, M.E. The type and quantity of lipids present during digestion influence the in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene from raw tomato pulp. Food Res. Int. 2012, 45, 250–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Tulipani, S.; Martinez Huelamo, M.; Rotches Ribalta, M.; Estruch, R.; Ferrer, E.E.; Andres-Lacueva, C.; Illan, M.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.L. Oil matrix effects on plasma exposure and urinary excretion of phenolic compounds from tomato sauces: Evidence from a human pilot study. Food Chem. 2012, 130, 581–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Msf 02 00002 g001 550
Figure 1. Amount of phenols expressed as mg/100 g of pizza measured on lipophilic extracts as a function of the type of oil and tomato used.
Figure 1. Amount of phenols expressed as mg/100 g of pizza measured on lipophilic extracts as a function of the type of oil and tomato used.
Msf 02 00002 g001
Msf 02 00002 g002 550
Figure 2. Antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic extracts.
Figure 2. Antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic extracts.
Msf 02 00002 g002
Msf 02 00002 g003 550
Figure 3. Amount of lycopene expressed as mg/100 g of pizza measured on lipophilic extracts as a function of the type of oil used.
Figure 3. Amount of lycopene expressed as mg/100 g of pizza measured on lipophilic extracts as a function of the type of oil used.
Msf 02 00002 g003
Msf 02 00002 g004 550
Figure 4. Antioxidant activity of the carotenoid extracts.
Figure 4. Antioxidant activity of the carotenoid extracts.
Msf 02 00002 g004
Table
Table 1. Bioaccessibility of polyphenols in the pizzas “marinara”.
Table 1. Bioaccessibility of polyphenols in the pizzas “marinara”.
Samplemg Polyphenols/5 gr of Pizza% Polyphenols Released (Gastric Phase)% Polyphenols Released (Intestinal Phase)% Polyphenols Residual Pellet
ControlT0.4461 ± 0.02154648
ControlC0.4022 ± 0.01954154
SoybeanT0.5823 ± 0.034106921
SoybeanC0.5734 ± 0.021156025
SunflowerT0.5361 ± 0.012126028
SunflowerC0.3868 ± 0.018135829
OliveT0.5274 ± 0.01797120
OliveC0.5010 ± 0.012156916
EVOOT0.6064 ± 0.078137314
EVOOC0.4944 ± 0.075186814
All the measures are statistically significant (p < 0.05). ControlT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, and garlic; ControlC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, and garlic; SoybeanT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and soybean oil; SoybeanC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and soybean oil; SunflowerT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and sunflower oil; SunflowerC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and sunflower oil; OliveT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and olive oil; OliveC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and olive oil; EVOOT (pizza “marinara TSG”): Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and EVOO; EVOOC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and EVOO.
Table
Table 2. Bioaccessibility of lycopene in the pizzas “marinara” expressed as percentage released at the gastric and intestinal level.
Table 2. Bioaccessibility of lycopene in the pizzas “marinara” expressed as percentage released at the gastric and intestinal level.
Samplemg Lycopene/5 gr of Pizza% Lycopene Released (Gastric Phase)% Lycopene Released (Intestinal Phase)% Lycopene Residual Pellet
ControlT0.03312 ± 0.00291675
ControlC0.03076 ± 0.001111277
SoybeanT0.08482 ± 0.003152659
SoybeanC0.05259 ± 0.002152362
SunflowerT0.08808 ± 0.001132661
SunflowerC0.05443 ± 0.002202357
OliveT0.09546 ± 0.004223345
OliveC0.04911 ± 0.003293140
EVOOT0.09907 ± 0.003213544
EVOOC0.05644 ± 0.005283339
All the measures are statistically significant (p < 0.05). ControlT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, and garlic; ControlC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, and garlic; SoybeanP: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and soybean oil; SoybeanC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and soybean oil; SunflowerT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and sunflower oil; SunflowerC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and sunflower oil; OliveT: Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and olive oil; OliveC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and olive oil; EVOOT (“pizza marinara” TSG): Pizza made with tomato sauce, oregano, garlic, and EVOO; EVOOC: Pizza made with cherry tomato, oregano, garlic, and EVOO.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Dini, I.; Izzo, L.; Graziani, G.; Ritieni, A. The Nutraceutical Properties of “Pizza Marinara TSG” a Traditional Food Rich in Bioaccessible Antioxidants. Med. Sci. Forum 2021, 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/CAHD2020-08563

AMA Style

Dini I, Izzo L, Graziani G, Ritieni A. The Nutraceutical Properties of “Pizza Marinara TSG” a Traditional Food Rich in Bioaccessible Antioxidants. Medical Sciences Forum. 2021; 2(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/CAHD2020-08563

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dini, Irene, Luana Izzo, Giulia Graziani, and Alberto Ritieni. 2021. "The Nutraceutical Properties of “Pizza Marinara TSG” a Traditional Food Rich in Bioaccessible Antioxidants" Medical Sciences Forum 2, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/CAHD2020-08563

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop