Assessing Combining Abilities of Popcorn Inbred Lines for Agronomic and Root Traits under Contrasting Water Conditions: Towards Developing Drought-Tolerant Genotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Agronomic and Root Traits Response to Water Conditions: Significant Differences and Reductions in Phenotypic Responses
2.2. Estimates of General and Specific Combining Ability and Quadratic Components under Varying Water Conditions: Implications for Trait Variability
2.3. General Combining Ability Values in Popcorn Hybrids under Contrasting Water Conditions
2.4. Specific Combining Ability Value in Popcorn Hybrids under Contrasting Water Conditions
3. Discussion
3.1. Genetic Variability in Different WCs
3.2. Effect of Water Limitation
3.3. The Influence of Genetics Effects on Plant Response to Contrasting Water Conditions
3.4. Combining Ability: Exploring Trait Interactions in Contrasting Water Conditions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Environmental Conditions and Experimental Design
4.3. Evaluated Traits
4.3.1. Agronomic Traits
4.3.2. Root Traits
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SV | WS | WW | JA | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | RE | MS | AV | SD | CVe | G | RE | MS | AV | SD | CVe | G | WC | G × WC | ||
(df = 24) | (df = 48) | (df = 24) | (df = 48) | |||||||||||||
Agronomic traits | GY | 1606.11 | 5.07 | ** | 1.68 | ±2.25 | 13.4 | 3505.08 | 99.56 | ** | 2.77 | ±9.98 | 11.38 | ** | ** | ** |
PE | 40.21 | 12.69 | ** | 22.71 | ±3.56 | 15.69 | 1469.25 | 10.78 | ** | 25.16 | ±3.28 | 13.05 | ** | ** | ns | |
PV | 846 | 74.17 | ** | 37.75 | ±8.61 | 22.81 | 2027.86 | 145.7 | ** | 68.61 | ±12.07 | 17.59 | ** | ** | ** | |
GW | 6.34 | 0.7 | ** | 14.03 | ±0.84 | 5.95 | 7.86 | 1.51 | ** | 15.29 | ±1.23 | 8.03 | ** | ** | * | |
EW | 22.62 | 3.47 | ** | 28 | ±1.86 | 6.65 | 27.59 | 2.56 | ** | 31.2 | ±1.60 | 5.12 | ** | ** | ns | |
EL | 6.61 | 1.1 | ** | 10.65 | ±1.05 | 9.85 | 8.3 | 1.14 | ** | 12.2 | ±1.07 | 8.76 | ** | ** | ns | |
Root architecture | SRA | 53.25 | 24.97 | * | 59.73 | ±5.00 | 8.37 | 69.74 | 37.42 | * | 56.93 | ±6.12 | 10.74 | ** | ** | ns |
CRA | 47.73 | 20.11 | ** | 69.23 | ±4.48 | 6.48 | 65.96 | 47.68 | ns | 66.54 | ±6.91 | 10.38 | ** | ** | ns | |
NSR | 2.67 | 1.43 | * | 7.4 | ±1.20 | 16.19 | 1.47 | 1.81 | ns | 7.91 | ±1.35 | 16.99 | ns | ns | ns | |
NCR | 11.08 | 3.87 | ** | 13.76 | ±1.97 | 14.3 | 10.3 | 4.2 | ** | 15.29 | ±2.05 | 13.4 | ** | ** | ns | |
DSR | 2.42 | 0.62 | ** | 4.73 | ±0.79 | 16.63 | 2.05 | 1.07 | * | 5.39 | ±1.03 | 19.21 | ** | ** | ns | |
DCR | 1.02 | 0.3 | ** | 3.48 | ±0.55 | 15.76 | 1.82 | 0.71 | ** | 4.05 | ±0.84 | 20.79 | ** | * | ns |
SV | WS | WW | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCA | SCA | Residual | GCA | SCA | Residual | ||||||||||||
MS | % | MS | % | MS | % | MS | % | MS | % | MS | % | ||||||
Agronomic traits | GY | ** | 84,352.97 | 11.58 | ** | 627,108.88 | 86.10 | 50,701.06 | 2.32 | ** | 239,258.44 | 15.13 | ** | 1,242,056.56 | 78.57 | 99,563.94 | 6.30 |
PE | ** | 5.53 | 49.55 | ns | 1.40 | 12.54 | 12.69 | 37.91 | ** | 8.23 | 31.47 | ** | 7.14 | 27.30 | 10.78 | 41.23 | |
PV | ** | 30.89 | 7.86 | ** | 337.51 | 85.85 | 74.17 | 6.29 | ** | 113.18 | 11.42 | ** | 732.20 | 73.88 | 145.70 | 14.70 | |
GW | ** | 0.75 | 34.05 | ** | 1.22 | 55.39 | 0.70 | 10.56 | ** | 0.70 | 17.87 | ** | 1.71 | 43.66 | 1.51 | 38.47 | |
EW | ** | 1.10 | 11.19 | ** | 7.57 | 77.06 | 3.47 | 11.76 | ** | 1.67 | 12.32 | ** | 9.33 | 68.82 | 2.56 | 18.86 | |
EL | ** | 0.24852 | 8.40 | ** | 2.34 | 79.19 | 1.10 | 12.40 | ** | 0.39 | 8.84 | ** | 2.88 | 65.25 | 1.14 | 25.91 | |
Root architecture | SRA | ** | 5.80 | 37.95 | ns | 1.16 | 7.59 | 24.97 | 54.46 | ** | 6.64 | 14.64 | ns | 1.30 | 2.87 | 37.42 | 82.50 |
CRA | ** | 5.40 | 38.92 | ns | 1.77 | 12.76 | 20.11 | 48.32 | * | 5.08 | 9.63 | ns | −2.45 | 0.00 | 47.68 | 90.37 | |
NSR | ns | 0.11 | 11.02 | ns | 0.41 | 41.07 | 1.43 | 47.91 | ns | 0.04 | 2.17 | ns | −0.27 | 0.00 | 1.81 | 97.83 | |
NCR | ** | −3.10 | 0.00 | ns | 2.17 | 7.78 | 77.14 | 92.22 | ** | 1.00 | 16.54 | ns | 0.85 | 14.06 | 4.20 | 69.41 | |
DSR | ** | 0.36 | 54.01 | ns | 0.10 | 15.00 | 0.62 | 30.99 | ** | 0.19 | 14.25 | ns | 0.07 | 5.25 | 1.07 | 80.50 | |
DCR | ** | 0.15 | 55.54 | ns | 0.02 | 7.41 | 0.30 | 37.05 | ** | 0.13 | 4.89 | * | 0.29 | 10.91 | 2.24 | 84.20 |
Inbred Lines | L75 | P2 | P6 | L76 | P3 | P7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L61 | X | X | X | |||
L63 | X | X | X | |||
L65 | X | X | X | |||
L71 | X | X | X | |||
L75 | X | X | ||||
P2 | X |
Days after Sowing | Amount of Water (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall (mm) | WS | WW | |||
Irrigation (mm) | Total | Irrigation (mm) | Total | ||
1 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 2.70 | 2.60 | 2.60 |
7 | 17.00 | 3.50 | 20.50 | 3.60 | 20.60 |
14 | 6.00 | 10.20 | 16.20 | 11.00 | 17.00 |
21 | 0.00 | 9.90 | 9.90 | 10.10 | 10.10 |
28 | 10.60 | 10.30 | 20.90 | 10.70 | 21.30 |
35 | 5.20 | 8.40 | 13.60 | 8.40 | 13.60 |
42 | 2.00 | 12.20 | 14.20 | 11.60 | 13.60 |
49 | 0.00 | 12.10 | 12.10 | 12.90 | 12.90 |
56 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 10.90 | 10.90 |
63 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 18.80 | 18.80 |
70 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 18.90 | 18.90 |
77 | 30.80 | - | 30.80 | 1.10 | 31.90 |
84 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 16.70 | 16.70 |
91 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 14.00 | 14.00 |
98 | 65.00 | - | 65.00 | 2.00 | 67.00 |
105 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 13.50 | 13.50 |
112 | 9.20 | - | 9.20 | 10.00 | 19.20 |
119 | 2.40 | - | 2.40 | 10.00 | 12.40 |
Final Total | 148.20 mm | 69.30 mm | 217.50 mm | 186.0 mm | 335.10 mm |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Bispo, R.B.; Junior, A.T.d.A.; Kamphorst, S.H.; Lima, V.J.d.; Pena, G.F.; Santos, T.d.O.; Leite, J.T.; Viana, F.N.; Júnior, D.R.d.S.; Lamêgo, D.L.; et al. Assessing Combining Abilities of Popcorn Inbred Lines for Agronomic and Root Traits under Contrasting Water Conditions: Towards Developing Drought-Tolerant Genotypes. Stresses 2023, 3, 586-604. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3030041
Bispo RB, Junior ATdA, Kamphorst SH, Lima VJd, Pena GF, Santos TdO, Leite JT, Viana FN, Júnior DRdS, Lamêgo DL, et al. Assessing Combining Abilities of Popcorn Inbred Lines for Agronomic and Root Traits under Contrasting Water Conditions: Towards Developing Drought-Tolerant Genotypes. Stresses. 2023; 3(3):586-604. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3030041
Chicago/Turabian StyleBispo, Rosimeire Barboza, Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior, Samuel Henrique Kamphorst, Valter Jário de Lima, Guilherme Ferreira Pena, Talles de Oliveira Santos, Jhean Torres Leite, Flávia Nicácio Viana, Divino Rosa dos Santos Júnior, Danielle Leal Lamêgo, and et al. 2023. "Assessing Combining Abilities of Popcorn Inbred Lines for Agronomic and Root Traits under Contrasting Water Conditions: Towards Developing Drought-Tolerant Genotypes" Stresses 3, no. 3: 586-604. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3030041