Ecophysiological Leaf Traits of Forty-Seven Woody Species under Long-Term Acclimation in a Botanical Garden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Light-Response Curves of Different Species
2.2. Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) and Light-Utilization Efficiency (LUE) Curves of Different Species
2.3. Ecophysiological Leaf Traits of 47 Species
2.4. Ecophysiological Traits among Different Life Forms and Families
2.5. Principal Component Analysis of 47 Woody Species Based on Ecophysiological Traits
3. Discussion
3.1. Light-Energy-Utilization Efficiencies of Different Plant Leaves
3.2. Water-Use Efficiencies of Different Plant Leaves
3.3. Comparison of Ecophysiological Plant Traits for the Different Life Forms and Families
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area and Experimental Materials
4.2. Experimental Design
4.2.1. Light-Response Curves
4.2.2. Leaf Water Potential Measurement
4.2.3. Specific Leaf Area
4.2.4. Relative Chlorophyll Content
4.3. Data Analyses
4.3.1. Light-Response Curve Fitting
4.3.2. Light-Energy-Utilization Efficiency and Water-Use Efficiency Curve Fitting
4.3.3. Water-Use Efficiency
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species (Abbreviation) | Life Forms | Family | Natural Growing Environment |
---|---|---|---|
Eucommia ulmoides (Euc ulm) | Deciduous tree | Eucommiaceae | Heliophyte, grown in valleys or low-slope sparse forests |
Ginkgo biloba (Gin bil) | Deciduous tree | Ginkgoaceae | Heliophyte, grown in natural forest |
Magnolia biondii (Mag bio) | Deciduous tree | Magnoliaceae | Heliophyte, grown in forest |
Liriodendron chinense (Lir chi) | Deciduous tree | Magnoliaceae | Heliophyte, grown in mountain forests |
Acer truncatum (Ace tru) | Deciduous tree | Aceraceae | Heliophyte (understory in mixed forests) |
Euonymus maackii (Euo maa) | Deciduous tree | Celastraceae | Heliophyte |
Amygdalus davidiana (Amy dav) | Deciduous tree | Rosaceae | Understorey naturally, grown on hillsides, valley bottoms |
Gymnocladus chinensis (Gym chi) | Deciduous tree | Leguminosae | Heliophyte, grown on hillsides, mountainsides, and woods |
Sophora japonica (Sop jap) | Deciduous tree | Leguminosae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Juglans regia (Jug reg) | Deciduous tree | Juglandaceae | Heliophyte, grown on both sides of mountain valleys |
Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata (Que ali) | Deciduous tree | Fagaceae | Heliophyte, grown in mountain woods |
Cornus officinalis (Cor off) | Deciduous tree | Cornaceae | Heliophyte, grown on forest margins or in forests |
Kalopanax septemlobus (Kal sep) | Deciduous tree | Araliaceae | Heliophyte, mostly found in forests, bushes and forest margins |
Diospyros kaki (Dio kak) | Deciduous tree | Ebenaceae | Heliophyte, grown in mountains, flats or sandy beaches |
Pteroceltis tatarinowii (Pte tat) | Deciduous tree | Ulmaceae | Heliophyte, grown in limestone mountain sparse forests along valley streams |
Malus × micromalus (Mal mic) | Small deciduous tree | Rosaceae | Heliophyte |
Prunus cerasifera ‘Atropurpurea’ (Pru cer) | Small deciduous tree | Rosaceae | Heliophyte |
Prunus blireana ‘Meiren’ (Pru bli) | Small deciduous tree | Rosaceae | Heliophyte |
Amygdalus persica (Amy per) | Small deciduous tree | Rosaceae | Heliophyte |
Syringa pekinensis (Syr pek) | Small deciduous tree | Oleaceae | Heliophyte, grown in hillside shrubs, sparse forest |
Fontanesia fortunei (Fon for) | Small deciduous tree | Oleaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown in ditches, streams, or forests |
Xanthoceras sorbifolium (Xan sor) | Small deciduous tree | Sapindaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown on hills and slopes |
Rhamnus utilis (Rha uti) | Small deciduous tree | Rhamnaceae | Understorey naturally, grown in mountains, hills, hillside grass, thickets or sparse forests |
Ulmus lamellose (Ulm lam) | Small deciduous tree | Ulmaceae | Medium light-loving, grown in valleys or hillside weeds |
Chionanthus retusus (Chi ret) | Small deciduous tree | Oleaceae | Heliophyte, grown in sparse mixed forests or thickets |
Cotinus coggygria (Coy cog) | Small deciduous tree | Anacardiaceae | Heliophyte |
Amygdalus triloba (Amy tri) | Deciduous shrub | Rosaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown in low to mid-altitude slopes |
Sorbaria kirilowii (Sor kir) | Deciduous shrub | Rosaceae | Neutral species, grown in sunny hillsides and in woods |
Rhodotypos scandens (Rho sca) | Deciduous shrub | Rosaceae | Heliophyte, grown in sparse forests on hillsides |
Forsythia suspensa (For sus) | Deciduous shrub | Oleaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown in hillside shrubs, under forest |
Ligustrum × vicaryi (Lig vic) | Deciduous shrub | Oleaceae | Heliophyte |
Kolkwitzia amabilis (Kol ama) | Deciduous shrub | Caprifoliaceae | Heliophyte, grown on hillsides, roadsides and bushes |
Weigela florida (Wei flo) | Deciduous shrub | Caprifoliaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown in moist valleys, shade |
Lonicera maackii (Lon maa) | Deciduous shrub | Caprifoliaceae | Heliophyte, grown in bushes in forests |
Viburnum macrocephalum Fort. f. keteleeri (Carrière) Rehder (Vib mac) | Deciduous shrub | Caprifoliaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown in hills, hillside forests or thickets |
Viburnum farreri (Vib far) | Deciduous shrub | Caprifoliaceae | Heliophyte, grown in valley forests |
Lagerstroemia indica (Lag ind) | Deciduous shrub | Lythraceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Cercis chinensis (Cer chi) | Deciduous shrub | Leguminosae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Kerria japonica (Ker jap) | Deciduous shrub | Rosaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Hibiscus syriacus (Hib syr) | Deciduous shrub | Malvaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Sambucus williamsii (Sam wil) | Deciduous shrub | Caprifoliaceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant, grown under forest, bushes |
Celastrus orbiculatus (Cel orb) | Deciduous shrub | Celastraceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Wisteria floribunda (Wis flo) | Deciduous fujimoto | Leguminosae | Heliophyte |
Euonymus japonicus (Euo jap) | Evergreen shrub | Celastraceae | Heliophyte, slightly shade tolerant |
Euonymus kiautschovicus (Euo kia) | Evergreen shrub | Celastraceae | Grown on flat ground, hillside |
Rosa chinensis (Ros chi) | Evergreen shrub | Rosaceae | Heliophyte |
Phyllostachys propinqua (Phy pro) | Evergreen shrubby bamboo | Poaceae | Grown in warm and humid climates |
Ecophysiological Traits | F |
---|---|
Apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) | 4.87 |
Light compensation point (LCP) | 2.05 |
Light saturation point (LSP) | 3.00 |
Net photosynthetic rate at light saturation (Pnmax) | 6.95 |
Dark respiration rate (Rd) | 4.42 |
Water potential (φ) | 11.77 |
Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) | 26.74 |
Specific leaf area (SLA) | 11.09 |
Water-use efficiency (WUEmax) | 3.62 |
Light-utilization efficiency (LUEmax) | 3.89 |
Ecophysiological Traits | Deciduous Tree and Small Deciduous Trees (n = 26) | Deciduous Shrub and Fujimoto (n = 17) | Evergreen Shrub and Shrubby Bamboo (n = 4) |
---|---|---|---|
AQY | 0.0681 ± 0.002 a | 0.0679 ± 0.002 a | 0.072 ± 0.004 a |
LCP | 19.68 ± 0.90 a | 19.79 ± 1.27 a | 22.11 ± 3.50 a |
LSP | 1217.11 ± 30.72 a | 1121.75 ± 38.20 a | 942.56 ± 7321 b |
Pnmax | 10.32 ± 0.36 a | 9.88 ± 0.52 a | 7.46 ± 0.56 b |
Rd | 1.15 ± 0.04 a | 1.20 ± 0.07 a | 1.30 ± 0.16 a |
φ | −1.32 ± 0.03 b | −1.08 ± 0.04 a | −1.11 ± 0.05 a |
SPAD | 47.15 ± 0.61 a | 47.99 ± 0.905 a | 54.03 ± 3.05 a |
SLA | 141.26 ± 3.67 b | 176.95 ± 9.56 a | 135.32 ± 8.41 b |
WUEmax | 5.08 ± 0.20 a | 4.51 ± 0.18 a | 5.20 ± 0.49 a |
LUEmax | 0.029 ± 0.001 a | 0.027 ± 0.001 a | 0.037 ± 0.005 a |
Ecophysiological Traits | Oleaceae (n = 5) | Rosaceae (n = 10) | Caprifoliaceae (n = 6) | Leguminosae (n = 4) | Celastraceae (n = 4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQY | 0.072 ± 0.004 a | 0.067 ± 0.002 a | 0.067 ± 0.004 a | 0.068 ± 0.004 a | 0.075 ± 0.003 a |
LCP | 19.86 ± 1.07 a | 20.99 ± 1.75 a | 17.47 ± 1.17 a | 22.64 ± 4.50 a | 18.88 ± 1.36 a |
LSP | 1121.27 ± 80.08 a | 1096.98 ± 51.89 a | 1139.15 ± 51.29 a | 1277.27 ± 73.68 a | 1104.08 ± 88.53 a |
Pnmax | 9.92 ± 0.70 a | 9.71 ± 0.54 a | 8.50 ± 0.45 a | 10.65 ± 1.21 a | 9.58 ± 0.76 a |
Rd | 1.30 ± 0.10 a | 1.22 ± 0.07 a | 1.02 ± 0.08 a | 1.32 ± 0.18 a | 1.25 ± 0.10 a |
φ | −1.36 ± 0.08 a | −1.28 ± 0.04 a | −1.17 ± 0.06 a | −1.17 ± 0.08 a | −1.20 ± 0.07 a |
SPAD | 58.07 ± 1.15 a | 43.79 ± 0.77 d | 48.18 ± 1.21 bc | 44.62 ± 1.07 cd | 54.76 ± 2.58 ab |
SLA | 122.87 ± 5.73 b | 173.40 ± 12.54 a | 166.24 ± 12.52 a | 184.89 ± 14.49 a | 148.56 ± 17.95 ab |
WUEmax | 4.87 ± 0.38 a | 4.85 ± 0.27 a | 4.29 ± 0.28 a | 4.56 ± 0.60 a | 4.78 ± 0.26 a |
LUEmax | 0.029 ± 0.003 a | 0.028 ± 0.002 a | 0.028 ± 0.002 a | 0.023 ± 0.003 a | 0.028 ± 0.002 a |
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Sun, Q.; Lai, L.; Zhou, J.; Liu, X.; Zheng, Y. Ecophysiological Leaf Traits of Forty-Seven Woody Species under Long-Term Acclimation in a Botanical Garden. Plants 2022, 11, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060725
Sun Q, Lai L, Zhou J, Liu X, Zheng Y. Ecophysiological Leaf Traits of Forty-Seven Woody Species under Long-Term Acclimation in a Botanical Garden. Plants. 2022; 11(6):725. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060725
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Qinglin, Liming Lai, Jihua Zhou, Xin Liu, and Yuanrun Zheng. 2022. "Ecophysiological Leaf Traits of Forty-Seven Woody Species under Long-Term Acclimation in a Botanical Garden" Plants 11, no. 6: 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060725