The Integrative Effects of Biochar and ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhancing Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency under Irrigation Deficit Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Location and Soil Sampling
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of Biochar
2.3. Preparation of ZnO NPs
2.4. Characterization
2.5. Experimental Details and Treatments
2.6. Measurements
2.6.1. Physiological Traits
- FW: the weight of healthy and fresh leaves.
- TW: the watery saturated weight after rehydrating leaves in distilled water for 24 h.
- DW: the dry weight of water-saturated leaves after drying procedure at 80 °C for 24 h in an oven.
2.6.2. Yield-Associated Components and Grain Yield per ha
2.6.3. Water Relations
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Biochar
3.2. Characterization of Synthesized ZnO NPs
3.3. Changes in Physiological Traits
3.4. Changes in Yield-Associated Components and Grain Yield
3.4.1. Plant Height, Number of Panicles/m2, Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains/Panicles
3.4.2. Thousand-Grain Weight, Biological Yield, Grain Yield, and Harvest Index
3.4.3. Water Relations
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Irrigation Deficit on Growth, Yield Associated Component, Grain Yield and Water Relation
4.2. The Effect of Combined BC and ZnO NPs Applications on Growth, Yield Associated Component, Grain Yield, and Water Relation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Minimum Temperature °C | Maximum Temperature °C | Relative Humidity (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seasons | ||||
1st season (2019) | ||||
June | 25.4 | 31.9 | 57.1 | |
July | 28.3 | 33.5 | 69.8 | |
August | 28.9 | 34.2 | 70.65 | |
September | 27.9 | 32.4 | 68.15 | |
October | 26.7 | 30.3 | 70.8 | |
2nd season (2020) | ||||
June | 23.8 | 32.0 | 53.7 | |
July | 27.3 | 33.7 | 67.7 | |
August | 28.2 | 34.6 | 67.5 | |
September | 27.1 | 34.2 | 67.2 | |
October | 24.6 | 31.5 | 65.9 |
Character | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|
Physical analysis | ||
Texture | Clay | Clay |
Sand (%) | 13.4 | 16.3 |
Silt (%) | 32.0 | 28.0 |
Clay (%) | 54.6 | 55.70 |
Chemical analysis | ||
pH (1:2.5 soil extract) | 8.35 | 8.45 |
EC (dSm−1) | 1.90 | 2.30 |
Organic matter (%) | 1.51 | 1.65 |
Available N (mg/L) | 17.30 | 18.20 |
Available P (mg/L) | 14.20 | 15.30 |
Available K (mg/L) | 313.0 | 318.0 |
Available Zn (mg/L) | 0.85 | 0.90 |
Available Mn (mg/L) | 3.10 | 3.93 |
Available Fe (mg/L) | 2.64 | 2.96 |
Properties | Unit | BC Sample |
---|---|---|
Physical analysis | ||
Moisture content | g/kg | 34.0 |
Water holding capacity | g/kg | 952.0 |
Bulk density | g/cm3 | 0.2 |
Chemical analysis | ||
pH | - | 7.40 |
EC | dSm−1 | 0.70 |
N | g/kg | 24.10 |
P | g/kg | 8.40 |
K | g/kg | 13.81 |
CaCO3 | % | 1.50 |
Ash | % | 7.10 |
Treatments | Chlorophyll Content (SPAD Values) | Leaf Area Index (LAI) | Relative Water Content (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | ||
Irrigation deficit | |||||||
ID3 | 42.71 a | 43.69 a | 6.85 a | 7.03 a | 93.54 a | 93.94 a | |
ID6 | 41.93 a | 43.12 a | 6.73 a | 6.86 a | 92.42 b | 91.70 a | |
ID9 | 37.22 b | 38.45 b | 5.38 b | 5.51 b | 85.88 c | 86.42b | |
ID12 | 24.14 c | 25.00 c | 4.53 c | 4.64 c | 77.93 d | 79.88 c | |
Significance | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Treatments of BC and ZnO NPs | |||||||
Control | 33.80 c | 35.02 d | 5.34 d | 5.46 c | 82.14 d | 82.00d | |
ZnO NPs | 36.01 b | 36.93 c | 5.72 c | 5.79bc | 85.96 c | 87.42 c | |
BC | 37.47 a | 38.51 b | 6.02 b | 6.10 b | 89.03 b | 90 37 b | |
BC + ZnO NPs | 38.72 a | 39.79 a | 6.41 a | 6.65 a | 92.64 a | 94.24 a | |
Significance | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Interaction/Significance | ** | ** | ns | ns | * | * |
Treatments | Irrigation Deficit | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||||
ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | |
Control | 40.11 cd | 39.94 cd | 32.77 f | 21.70 h | 41.32 cd | 41.04 de | 34.91 g | 22.84 i |
ZnO NPs | 42.95 ab | 41.51 b | 36.06 e | 22.67 h | 43.62 ab | 42.82 b | 37.19 f | 24.22 i |
BC | 43.64 a | 42.82 ab | 38.27 d | 25.26 g | 44.50 ab | 44.20 ab | 39.50 e | 25.92 h |
BC + ZnO NPs | 44.14 a | 43.51 ab | 41.35 b | 25.77 g | 45.32 a | 44.48 ab | 42.71 b | 27.11 h |
Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Number of Panicles/m2 | Number of Filled Grains/Panicles | Number of Unfilled Grains/Panicles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | |
Irrigation deficit | ||||||||
ID3 | 101.2 a | 103.3 a | 556.6 a | 574.4 a | 128.3 a | 132.0 a | 6.38 c | 5.69 c |
ID6 | 99.4 a | 101.1 a | 543.9 a | 555.8 a | 125.6 a | 128.5 a | 6.75 c | 6.02 c |
ID9 | 90.5 b | 91.0 b | 427.5 b | 445.1 b | 108.2 b | 112.2 b | 13.50 b | 12.63 b |
ID12 | 79.1 c | 78.2 c | 311.9 c | 325.6 c | 72.9 c | 73.8 c | 21.80 a | 20.91 a |
Significance | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Treatments of BC and ZnO NPs | ||||||||
Control | 87.6 c | 87.8 d | 422.0 d | 432.5 d | 97.8 d | 99.3 d | 14.45 a | 13.58 a |
ZnO NPs | 91.8 b | 92.3 c | 443.8 c | 459.8 c | 103.3 c | 107.0 c | 13.28 b | 12.30 b |
BC | 93.7 b | 95.0 b | 476.4 b | 490.6 b | 112.8 b | 117.3 b | 11.10 c | 10.22 c |
BC + ZnO NPs | 97.1 a | 98.5 a | 500.8 a | 514.6 a | 120.1 a | 123.1 a | 9.60 d | 9.26 d |
Significance | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Interaction effect | ns | ns | ** | ** | ** | ns | ns | ns |
Treatments | Irrigation Deficit | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||||
ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | |
Control | 536.2 a | 502.2 ab | 358.2 de | 291.2 e | 544.4 ab | 510.4 c | 376.8 ef | 299.0 g |
ZnO NPs | 553.1 a | 532.1 a | 390.0 cd | 300.1 e | 569.3 ab | 553.4 ab | 410.5 de | 311.6 fg |
BC | 556.9 a | 553.4 a | 446.9 bc | 325.2 de | 580.6 ab | 572.3 ab | 466.0 cd | 334.5 fg |
BC + ZnO NPs | 580 3 a | 588.2 ab | 514.9 ab | 343.1 de | 589.7 a | 584.9 a | 530.2 bc | 356.6 ef |
Treatments | Irrigation Deficit | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | ||||
ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | |
Control | 119.1 cd | 113.3 d | 94.4 e | 65.5 g |
ZnO NPs | 124.9 ab | 122.4 bc | 99.0 e | 66.1 g |
BC | 132.3 ab | 131.4 ab | 115.2 cd | 73.5 fg |
BC + ZnO NPs | 137.1 a | 135.6 a | 124.4 ab | 82.6 f |
Treatments | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Biological Yield (t/ha) | Grain Yield (t/ha) | Harvest Index (HI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | 2019 | 2020 | ||
Irrigation deficit | |||||||||
ID3 | 27.05 a | 27.11 a | 24.10 a | 24.45 a | 10.56 a | 10.84 a | 44.08 a | 44.25 a | |
ID6 | 26.93 a | 27.00 a | 23.95 a | 24.23 a | 10.42a | 10.70 a | 43.93 a | 44.11 a | |
ID9 | 26.16 b | 26.28 b | 21.95 b | 22.37 b | 8.90 b | 9.05 b | 41.87 b | 42.03 b | |
ID12 | 24.92 c | 25.02 c | 17.40 c | 17.92 c | 6.67 c | 6.80 c | 39.92 c | 40.10 c | |
Significance | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Treatments of BC and ZnO NPs | |||||||||
Control | 25.48 d | 25.47 d | 20.25 d | 20.44 d | 8.02 d | 8.13 d | 41.31 d | 41.36 d | |
ZnO NPs | 26.17 c | 26.20 c | 21.34 c | 21.70 c | 8.78 c | 9.00 c | 42.06 c | 42.17 c | |
BC | 26.60 b | 26.64 b | 22.61 b | 23.01 b | 8.57 b | 9.80 b | 42.84 b | 43.00 b | |
BC + ZnO NPs | 26.88 a | 27.03 a | 23.32 a | 23.76 a | 10.11a | 10.47 a | 43.60 a | 43.86 a | |
Significance | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
Interaction effect | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ns | ns |
Treatments | Irrigation Deficit | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||||
ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | |
Control | 26.25 d | 26.13 de | 25.52 fg | 24.21 h | 26.20 de | 26.11 de | 26.60 fg | 24.10 i |
ZnO NPs | 26.97 b | 26.62 cd | 25.98 ef | 25.00 g | 27.01 ab | 26.60 bc | 26.15 de | 24.96 h |
BC | 27.35 ab | 27.40 ab | 26.21 de | 25.25 g | 27.53 a | 27.49 a | 26.37 cd | 25.26 gh |
BC + ZnO NPs | 27.60 a | 27.57 a | 26.93 b | 25.41 g | 27.72 a | 27.66 a | 27.00 ab | 25.74 ef |
Treatments | Irrigation Deficit | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||||
ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | |
Control | 23.34 ab | 22.95 ab | 19.54 c | 15.20 e | 23.47 bc | 23.15 cd | 19.81 e | 15.75 f |
ZnO NPs | 23.79 a | 23.48 ab | 21.45 b | 16.63 de | 23.94 ab | 23.81 ab | 21.85 d | 17.00 f |
BC | 24.61 a | 24.43 a | 23.05 ab | 18.34 cd | 24.85 ab | 24.71 ab | 23.45 bc | 19.04 e |
BC + ZnO NPs | 25.04 a | 24.93 a | 23.86 a | 19.46 c | 25.53 a | 25.26 ab | 24.35 ab | 19.84 e |
Treatments | Irrigation Deficit | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | |||||||
ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | ID3 | ID6 | ID9 | ID12 | |
Control | 9.91 ab | 9.73 b | 7.96 ef | 5.10 g | 10.02 b | 9.66 bc | 7.80 e | 5.13 f |
ZnO NPs | 10.35 ab | 10.29 ab | 8.59 cd | 5.85 g | 10.73 ab | 10.76 ab | 8.64 cd | 5.66 f |
BC | 10.80 ab | 10.76 ab | 9.19 bc | 7.53 f | 11.05 a | 10.95 ab | 9.39 bc | 7.82 de |
BC + ZnO NPs | 11.14 a | 10.90 a | 10.02 ab | 8.20 ef | 11.57 a | 11.34 a | 10.18 ab | 8.54 cd |
Seasons | Deficit Irrigation | Aggregate Water Applied (m3/ha) | Water Saved (%) | Grain Yield Reduction (%) | Water Use Efficiency (kg m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | ID3 | 14,102 | - | - | 0.748 |
ID6 | 13,061 | 7.38 | 1.32 | 0.797 | |
ID9 | 11,065 | 21.53 | 15.70 | 0.807 | |
ID12 | 9797 | 30.52 | 36.83 | 0.680 | |
2020 | ID3 | 14,078 | - | - | 0.768 |
ID6 | 13,030 | 7.44 | 1.29 | 0.821 | |
ID9 | 10,902 | 22.56 | 16.51 | 0.830 | |
ID12 | 9750 | 30.74 | 37.17 | 0.698 |
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Elshayb, O.M.; Nada, A.M.; Sadek, A.H.; Ismail, S.H.; Shami, A.; Alharbi, B.M.; Alhammad, B.A.; Seleiman, M.F. The Integrative Effects of Biochar and ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhancing Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency under Irrigation Deficit Conditions. Plants 2022, 11, 1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111416
Elshayb OM, Nada AM, Sadek AH, Ismail SH, Shami A, Alharbi BM, Alhammad BA, Seleiman MF. The Integrative Effects of Biochar and ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhancing Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency under Irrigation Deficit Conditions. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111416
Chicago/Turabian StyleElshayb, Omnia M., Abdelwahed M. Nada, Ahmed H. Sadek, Sameh H. Ismail, Ashwag Shami, Basmah M. Alharbi, Bushra Ahmed Alhammad, and Mahmoud F. Seleiman. 2022. "The Integrative Effects of Biochar and ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhancing Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency under Irrigation Deficit Conditions" Plants 11, no. 11: 1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111416