Wearable Sensor-Based Monitoring of Environmental Exposures and the Associated Health Effects: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Search Strategy
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Study Inclusion
2.4. Analysis Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Overview
3.2. Physical Factors
3.2.1. Noise
3.2.2. Temperature
3.3. Chemical Factors
3.3.1. Gaseous Pollutants
- NOx.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
3.3.2. Particles
3.3.3. Heavy Metals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Location | Scenario | Period | Subject | Exposure Measurement | Health Measurement | Number of Records | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nserat et al. [41] | Jordan | Industrial plants | 2017 | 191 male workers | Noise level: Casella sound level meter CEL-450A, ~USD 4000 | Blood pressure (BP): KaWe Mastermed A2 Aneroid BP Monitor, ~USD 43 | One time for each subject | Exposure to a high level of noise was associated with elevated blood pressure. |
Cole-Hunter et al. [42] | Spain | Traffic | 2011 | 28 healthy non-smoking adults | Noise level (LAeq): CESVA sound level meter SC160 | Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV): Gem-Med Holter monitor CardioLight | 8 h for each subject | Not presented. |
Runkle et al. [27] | USA | Occupational | 2016 | 35 outdoors workers | Ambient temperature: Thermochron iButton DS 1921G, ~USD 50 | HR: Garmin vivoActive HR watches, ~USD 1500 | 5 days for each subject | The association between increasing temperature and heat strain was nonlinear and exhibited a U-shaped relationship. |
Sugg et al. [43] | USA | Occupational | 2018 | 54 outdoors workers | Ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity: Thermochron iButton DS 1921G, ~USD 50 | HR: Garmin vivoActive HR watches, ~USD 1500 | 1 week for each subject | A weak significant relationship was observed between personal ambient temperatures and weather station measurements. |
Basu and Samet [44] | USA | Daily routine | 2000 | 42 elderly residents | Ambient temperature: unknown temperature sensor probes | HR, body temperature: unknown polar chest strap, temperature sensor probes, mercury detectors | 48 h for each subject | Body temperature was not associated with ground station temperature. |
Study | Location | Scenario | Period | Subject | Exposure Measurement | Health Measurement | Number of Records | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Matt et al. [50] | Spain | Traffic | 2013–2014 | 30 healthy adults | NOx: 2B Tech. Model 410 Nitric Oxide Monitor, ~USD 8000 | Respiratory function: Ndd Medical EasyOne spirometer, ~USD 1900 | 8 h for each subject | Associations between NOx exposure and respiratory measures were modified by participants’ physical activity levels. |
Tang et al. [29] | China | Daily life | 2012–2013 | 7 healthy older people | CO: TSI Q-TRAK model 7575, ~USD 4300 | HRV: MSI ECG recorder and analyzer model E3-8010 | 144 h for each subject | Exposure to CO had a lagged effect of 0–7 h on HRV for elders. |
Tang et al. [51] | China | Traffic | 2009–2010 | 20 college students | CO: Dräger PAC III CO detection instrument, ~USD 900 | HRV: MSI ECG recorder and analyzer model E3-8010 | 48 h for each subject | Exposure to CO had a > 4 h lagged effect on HRV for young people. |
Saadi et al. [52] | Israel | Daily life | Not mentioned | 44 healthy women | CO: Dräger PAC III CO detection instrument, ~USD 900 | HRV: Polar 810i monitor | 48 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to CO below 7 ppm was related to declined HRV. |
Deng et al. [53] | USA | Working and resting | 2016 | 17 workers | TVOC: Self-made portable wireless VOC monitoring device | Individual resting metabolic rate (RMR): Breezing Indirect Calorimeter, ~USD 550 | 2 h for each subject | No obvious correlation between VOCs exposure and RMR was found. |
Wong et al. [54] | China | Chinese restaurant kitchens | Not mentioned | 393 kitchen workers | CO, CO2: TSI Q-Trak Model 8554, TVOC: RAE Systems PGM-7240, ~USD 1200 | Respiratory function: Vitalograph 2160 | 2 h for each subject | Exposure to toxic air pollutants in kitchens led to worse lung functions and higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms. |
Study | Location | Scenario | Period | Subject | Exposure Measurement | Health Measurement | Number of Records | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al. [64] | Korea | Daily life | 2018–2019 | 22 healthy adults | PM2.5: Dylos DC1700 | BP: IEM Mobil-O Graph Ambulatory BP monitor HR and HRV: Aria Del Mar Reynolds Medical ECG monitor | 24 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with decreased HRV. |
Tang et al. [29] | China | Daily life | 2012–2013 | 7 healthy older adults | UFPs: DiSCmini PM2.5 and PM10: Grimm PAS Model 1.109 BC: MicroAeth model AE51 p-PAHs: EcoChem Photoelectric sensor PAS2000CE | HRV: MSI ECG Model E3-8010 | 144 h for each subject | Different pollutants showed different lagged effects on HRV. |
Tsou et al. [66] | China | Daily life | 2018–2019 | 35 healthy adults | PM1 and PM2.5: Self-made box with PlanTower PMS sensor | HRV: RootiRx | 48 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to PM2.5 had 6–18 h lagged effects on overweight people’s HRV. |
Cole-Hunter et al. [42] | Spain | Traffic | 2011 | 28 healthy non-smoking adults | UFPs: TSI CPC Model 3007 PM2.5: TSI DusTrak Model 8532 BC: MicroAeth model AE51 | HR and HRV: Gem-Med Holter monitor CardioLight | 8 h for each subject | Exposure to TRAP shows a rapid but nonlinear impact on HRV in healthy adults. |
He et al. [70] | USA | Daily life | 2007–2009 | 106 healthy non-smoking elders | PM2.5: Thermo Scientific Personal DataRam pDR model 1200 | HR: Mortara 12-lead HScribe Holter System | 24 h for each subject | PM2.5 exposure was related to HRV, with the largest effects occurring about 4–6 h lagged. |
Lee et al. [69] | USA | Daily life | 2004 | 21 healthy adults | PM2.5: TSI SidePak AM510 | HR and HRV: Raytel Cardiac Services ECG Holter | 48 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to PM2.5 showed a lag effect on people’s HRV up to 2.5 h. |
Li et al. [71] | China | Daily life | 2017–2018 | 97 young adults | PM2.5: RTI MicroPEM BC: MicroAeth model AE51 | HR and HRV: DM Software Inc. 12-channel Holter recorder MGY-H12 | 24 h for each subject | PM2.5/BC exposure showed lag effects on obese people’s HRV and HR at least within 3 h. |
Lung et al. [67] | China | Daily life | Not mentioned | 36 healthy non-smoking adults | PM2.5: Self-made box with PlanTower PMS sensor | HRV: RootiRx | 48–96 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to low-level PM2.5 (<10 µg/m3) was related to HRV. |
Magari et al. [72] | USA | Industrial plants | Not mentioned | 40 male workers | PM2.5: TSI DustTrak 8534 | HRV: Dynacord 3-channel device 423 | up to 24 h for each subject | Occupational and environmental PM2.5 exposure within minutes to hours was related to HRV. |
Langrish et al. [73] | China | Daily life | 2008 | 15 healthy non-smoking volunteers | PM2.5: Thermo Scientific DataRAM monitor pDR-1500 | HRV: Spacelabs Holter monitor Lifecard | 24 h for each subject | Wearing a mask for 2 h tended to eliminate the adverse effects of air pollution on blood pressure and HRV. |
Matt et al. [50] | Spain | Traffic | 2013–2014 | 30 healthy non-smoking adults | UFPs: TSI CPC 3007 PM2.5 and PM10: TSI DustTrack 8534 | HR: Gem-Med Holter monitor CardioLight Respiratory function: Ndd Medical EasyOne spirometer | 8 h for each subject | Associations between various pollutant exposures and respiratory measures were modified by participants’ physical activity levels. |
Tang et al. [51] | China | Traffic | 2009–2010 | 20 healthy college students | PM1, PM2.5, and PM10: GRIMM PAS Model 1.108 | HRV: MSI ECG Model E3-8010 | 48 h for each subject | Exposure to PM2.5–10, among all size-fractional particles, led to the largest variations in HRV. |
Tang et al. [74] | China | Daily life | 2003–2005 | 30 children with asthma | PM1, PM2.5, and PM10: GRIMM PAS Model 1.108 | Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR): Microlife Electronic PEFR monitor PF-100 | 14 h for each subject | PM exposure showed lagged and cumulative effects on the decrements in morning PEFR. |
Arvind et al. [65] | Greece | Daily life | Not mentioned | 44 asthmatic subjects | PM2.5: Airpseck sensor (self-made) | Respiratory rate: Respeck sensor (self-made) | 48 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to PM2.5 showed lagged effects on respiratory rates of asthmatic adolescents |
Xing et al. [68] | China | Daily life | 2017–2019 | 282 hypertension patients | PM2.5: RTI MicroPEM and TSI SidePak AM520 | HRV: 12-lead Holter device. JincoMed | 3 days for each subject | Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was related to HRV; BP control and ARB treatment alleviated the adverse effects. |
Nyhan et al. [75] | Ireland | Traffic | Not mentioned | 32 young, healthy subjects | PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, and TSP: Met One Aerocet 531 | HRV: CamNtech Actiheart units | 8–10 h for each subject | Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was related to HRV decline for commuters. |
Nafees et al. [76] | Pakistan | Drinking groundwater | 2009 | 100 subjects ≥15 yrs | Water Arsenic: Industrial Test Systems, Inc. Arsenic Quick Kit | Lung function: Vitalograph New Alpha 6000 spirometer | One time for each subject | Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking groundwater was associated with a decrement in lung function. |
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Lin, X.; Luo, J.; Liao, M.; Su, Y.; Lv, M.; Li, Q.; Xiao, S.; Xiang, J. Wearable Sensor-Based Monitoring of Environmental Exposures and the Associated Health Effects: A Review. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121131
Lin X, Luo J, Liao M, Su Y, Lv M, Li Q, Xiao S, Xiang J. Wearable Sensor-Based Monitoring of Environmental Exposures and the Associated Health Effects: A Review. Biosensors. 2022; 12(12):1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121131
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Xueer, Jiaying Luo, Minyan Liao, Yalan Su, Mo Lv, Qing Li, Shenglan Xiao, and Jianbang Xiang. 2022. "Wearable Sensor-Based Monitoring of Environmental Exposures and the Associated Health Effects: A Review" Biosensors 12, no. 12: 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121131