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Biosensors
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Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring
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Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Wearable Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2024 | Viewed by 25044

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yu Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Interests: biosensors; wearable device; digital medicine; flexible electronics; energy harvester
Dr. Bo Meng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: energy harvesting; flexible electronics; MEMS; wearable sensors; tactile intelligence

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past decades, wearable biosensors have demonstrated great potential for revoluntionizing personalized healthcare and telemedicne. Advances in chemical sensing, flexible materials, and scalable manufacturing techniques allow wearable biosensors to detect key physiological indicators, such as temperature, vital signs, body motion, and molecular biomarkers.

This Speical Issue “Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring”, is devoted to all aspects of wearable biosensors, including the novel synthesis of nanomaterials for biosensing, unique designs for wearable biosensors, integration of micro-systems and the key applications in healthcare monitoring. Especially, novel structural designs of wearable biosensors coupled with functional nanomaterials enable a real-time monitoring of health status at both biophysical and biochemcial levels.

For example, CNTs, Mxenes, and graphene-based biosensors show great advantages for both biophysical (temperature, breathing and heart rate) and biochemical (electrolytes, metabolites, drugs in biofluids) sensing. Meanwhile, the involvement of energy harvesters, microfluidics and digital display can further enhance the practical applications of wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring.

This Special Issue aims to focusing on the most recent advances of the wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring and a wide range of applications is of interest, including point-of-care, therapeutic, and implantable devices. Related research articles, communications, persepective studies, and reviews are all welcome. We sincerely look forward to your submission.

Dr. Yu Song
Dr. Bo Meng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biosensors
  • wearable
  • healthcare
  • bioelectronics
  • monitoring
  • biophysical
  • biochemical
  • biomedical
  • active sensors

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 4018 KiB  
Article
A Self-Calibrated Single Wavelength Biosensor for Measuring Oxygen Saturation
by Michal Katan, Ori Pearl, Alon Tzroya, Hamootal Duadi and Dror Fixler
Biosensors 2024, 14(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14030132 - 04 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1134
Abstract
Traditional methods for measuring blood oxygen use multiple wavelengths, which produce an intrinsic error due to ratiometric measurements. These methods assume that the absorption changes with the wavelength, but in fact the scattering changes as well and cannot be neglected. We found that [...] Read more.
Traditional methods for measuring blood oxygen use multiple wavelengths, which produce an intrinsic error due to ratiometric measurements. These methods assume that the absorption changes with the wavelength, but in fact the scattering changes as well and cannot be neglected. We found that if one measures in a specific angle around a cylindrical tissue, called the iso-pathlength (IPL) point, the reemitted light intensity is unaffected by the tissue’s scattering. Therefore, the absorption can be isolated from the scattering, which allows the extraction of the subject’s oxygen saturation. In this work, we designed an optical biosensor for reading the light intensity reemitted from the tissue, using a single light source and multiple photodetectors (PDs), with one of them in the IPL point’s location. Using this bio-device, we developed a methodology to extract the arterial oxygen saturation using a single wavelength light source. We proved this method is not dependent on the light source and is applicable to different measurement locations on the body, with an error of 0.5%. Moreover, we tested thirty-eight males and females with the biosensor under normal conditions. Finally, we show the results of measuring subjects in a hypoxic chamber that simulates extreme conditions with low oxygen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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14 pages, 1599 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Normalization Techniques for Individual Baseline-Free Estimation of Absolute Hypovolemic Status Using a Porcine Model
by Tamara P. Lambert, Michael Chan, Jesus Antonio Sanchez-Perez, Mohammad Nikbakht, David J. Lin, Afra Nawar, Syed Khairul Bashar, Jacob P. Kimball, Jonathan S. Zia, Asim H. Gazi, Gabriela I. Cestero, Daniella Corporan, Muralidhar Padala, Jin-Oh Hahn and Omer T. Inan
Biosensors 2024, 14(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14020061 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1351
Abstract
Hypovolemic shock is one of the leading causes of death in the military. The current methods of assessing hypovolemia in field settings rely on a clinician assessment of vital signs, which is an unreliable assessment of hypovolemia severity. These methods often detect hypovolemia [...] Read more.
Hypovolemic shock is one of the leading causes of death in the military. The current methods of assessing hypovolemia in field settings rely on a clinician assessment of vital signs, which is an unreliable assessment of hypovolemia severity. These methods often detect hypovolemia when interventional methods are ineffective. Therefore, there is a need to develop real-time sensing methods for the early detection of hypovolemia. Previously, our group developed a random-forest model that successfully estimated absolute blood-volume status (ABVS) from noninvasive wearable sensor data for a porcine model (n = 6). However, this model required normalizing ABVS data using individual baseline data, which may not be present in crisis situations where a wearable sensor might be placed on a patient by the attending clinician. We address this barrier by examining seven individual baseline-free normalization techniques. Using a feature-specific global mean from the ABVS and an external dataset for normalization demonstrated similar performance metrics compared to no normalization (normalization: R2 = 0.82 ± 0.025|0.80 ± 0.032, AUC = 0.86 ± 5.5 × 10−3|0.86 ± 0.013, RMSE = 28.30 ± 0.63%|27.68 ± 0.80%; no normalization: R2 = 0.81 ± 0.045, AUC = 0.86 ± 8.9 × 10−3, RMSE = 28.89 ± 0.84%). This demonstrates that normalization may not be required and develops a foundation for individual baseline-free ABVS prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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21 pages, 7108 KiB  
Article
Noncontact Cardiac Activity Detection Based on Single-Channel ISM Band FMCW Radar
by Kui Qu, Lei Wei and Rongfu Zhang
Biosensors 2023, 13(11), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13110982 - 12 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1122
Abstract
The heart is an important organ that maintains human life activities, and its movement reflects its health status. Utilizing electromagnetic waves as a sensing tool, radar sensors enable noncontact measurement of cardiac motion, offering advantages over conventional contact-based methods in terms of comfort, [...] Read more.
The heart is an important organ that maintains human life activities, and its movement reflects its health status. Utilizing electromagnetic waves as a sensing tool, radar sensors enable noncontact measurement of cardiac motion, offering advantages over conventional contact-based methods in terms of comfort, hygiene, and efficiency. In this study, the high-precision displacement detection algorithm of radar is applied to measure cardiac motion. Experimental is conducted using a single out-channel frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar operating in the ISM frequency band with a center frequency of 24 GHz and a bandwidth of 150 MHz. Since the detection signal is influenced by both respiratory and heartbeat movements, it is necessary to eliminate the respiratory signal from the measurement signal. Firstly, the harmonic composition of the respiratory signal is analyzed, and a method is proposed to calculate the parameters of the respiratory waveform by comparing the respiratory waveform coverage area with the area of the circumscribed rectangle. This allows for determining the number of respiratory harmonics, assisting in determining whether respiratory harmonics overlap with the frequency range of the heartbeat signal. Subsequently, a more accurate cardiac motion waveform is extracted. A reference basis is provided for extracting cardiac health information from radar measurement waveforms by analyzing the corresponding relationship between certain extreme points of the waveform and characteristic positions of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. This is achieved by eliminating the fundamental frequency component of the heartbeat waveform to emphasize other spectral components present in the heartbeat signal and comparing the heartbeat waveform, the heartbeat waveform with the fundamental frequency removed, and the heartbeat velocity waveform with synchronized ECG signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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11 pages, 2667 KiB  
Communication
Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Ground-Coupled Electrode for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting and Sensing
by Kangyu Su, Xiaobo Lin, Zhangwei Liu, Yun Tian, Zhengchun Peng and Bo Meng
Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050548 - 15 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
Harvesting biomechanical energy for electricity as well as physiological monitoring is a major development trend for wearable devices. In this article, we report a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with a ground-coupled electrode. It has a considerable output performance for harvesting human biomechanical energy [...] Read more.
Harvesting biomechanical energy for electricity as well as physiological monitoring is a major development trend for wearable devices. In this article, we report a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with a ground-coupled electrode. It has a considerable output performance for harvesting human biomechanical energy and can also be used as a human motion sensor. The reference electrode of this device achieves a lower potential by coupling with the ground to form a coupling capacitor. Such a design can significantly improve the TENG’s outputs. A maximum output voltage up to 946 V and a short-circuit current of 36.3 μA are achieved. The quantity of the charge that transfers during one step of an adult walking reaches 419.6 nC, while it is only 100.8 nC for the separate single-electrode-structured device. In addition, using the human body as a natural conductor to connect the reference electrode allows the device to drive the shoelaces with integrated LEDs. Finally, the wearable TENG is able to perform motion monitoring and sensing, such as human gait recognition, step count and movement speed calculation. These show great application prospects of the presented TENG device in wearable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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12 pages, 6972 KiB  
Article
Highly Stretchable and Robust Electrochemical Sensor Based on 3D Graphene Oxide–CNT Composite for Detecting Ammonium in Sweat
by Yunzhi Hua, Mingxiang Guan, Linzhong Xia, Yu Chen, Junhao Mai, Cong Zhao and Changrui Liao
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030409 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2060
Abstract
Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted tremendous attention and have been experiencing rapid growth in recent years. Sweat, one of the most suitable biological fluids for non-invasive monitoring, contains various chemical elements relating abundant information about human health conditions. In this work, a new [...] Read more.
Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted tremendous attention and have been experiencing rapid growth in recent years. Sweat, one of the most suitable biological fluids for non-invasive monitoring, contains various chemical elements relating abundant information about human health conditions. In this work, a new type of non-invasive and highly stretchable potentiometric sweat sensor was developed based on all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE) coupled with poly(dimethylsiloxane; PDMS) and polyurethane (PU). This highly stretchable composite of PDMS-PU allows the sensor to be robust, with the PDMS providing a flexible backbone and the PU enhancing the adhesion between the electrodes and the substrate. In addition, graphene–carbon nanotube (CNT) network 3D nanomaterials were introduced to modify the ion selective membrane (ISM) in order to increase the charge transfer activity of the ISEs, which also could minimize the formation of water layers on the electrode surface, as such nanomaterials are highly hydrophobic. As a result, the sensor demonstrated a wide detection range of NH4+ from 10−6 M to 10−1 M with high stability and sensitivity—showing a high sensitivity of 59.6 ± 1.5 mV/log [NH4+] and an LOD lower than 10−6 M. Under a strain of 40%, the sensor still showed a sensitivity of 42.7 ± 3.1 mV/log [NH4+]. The proposed highly stretchable and robust electrochemical sweat sensor provides a new choice for wearable-device-based personal daily healthcare management beyond hospital-centric healthcare monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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20 pages, 7023 KiB  
Article
Mental Stress Detection Using a Wearable In-Ear Plethysmography
by Hika Barki and Wan-Young Chung
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030397 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
This study presents an ear-mounted photoplethysmography (PPG) system that is designed to detect mental stress. Mental stress is a prevalent condition that can negatively impact an individual’s health and well-being. Early detection and treatment of mental stress are crucial for preventing related illnesses [...] Read more.
This study presents an ear-mounted photoplethysmography (PPG) system that is designed to detect mental stress. Mental stress is a prevalent condition that can negatively impact an individual’s health and well-being. Early detection and treatment of mental stress are crucial for preventing related illnesses and maintaining overall wellness. The study used data from 14 participants that were collected in a controlled environment. The participants were subjected to stress-inducing tasks such as the Stroop color–word test and mathematical calculations. The raw PPG signal was then preprocessed and transformed into scalograms using continuous wavelet transform (CWT). A convolutional neural network classifier was then used to classify the transformed signals as stressed or non-stressed. The results of the study show that the PPG system achieved high levels of accuracy (92.04%) and F1-score (90.8%). Furthermore, by adding white Gaussian noise to the raw PPG signals, the results were improved even more, with an accuracy of 96.02% and an F1-score of 95.24%. The proposed ear-mounted device shows great promise as a reliable tool for the early detection and treatment of mental stress, potentially revolutionizing the field of mental health and well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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Review

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30 pages, 9926 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Nanowire-Based Wearable Physical Sensors
by Junlin Gu, Yunfei Shen, Shijia Tian, Zhaoguo Xue and Xianhong Meng
Biosensors 2023, 13(12), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13121025 - 11 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1569
Abstract
Wearable electronics is a technology that closely integrates electronic devices with the human body or clothing, which can realize human–computer interaction, health monitoring, smart medical, and other functions. Wearable physical sensors are an important part of wearable electronics. They can sense various physical [...] Read more.
Wearable electronics is a technology that closely integrates electronic devices with the human body or clothing, which can realize human–computer interaction, health monitoring, smart medical, and other functions. Wearable physical sensors are an important part of wearable electronics. They can sense various physical signals from the human body or the surrounding environment and convert them into electrical signals for processing and analysis. Nanowires (NW) have unique properties such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, high flexibility, high carrier mobility, a tunable bandgap, a large piezoresistive coefficient, and a strong light–matter interaction. They are one of the ideal candidates for the fabrication of wearable physical sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, and low power consumption. In this review, we summarize recent advances in various types of NW-based wearable physical sensors, specifically including mechanical, photoelectric, temperature, and multifunctional sensors. The discussion revolves around the structural design, sensing mechanisms, manufacture, and practical applications of these sensors, highlighting the positive role that NWs play in the sensing process. Finally, we present the conclusions with perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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18 pages, 2954 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in MXene Hydrogel for Wearable Electronics
by Yi Ren, Qi He, Tongyi Xu, Weiguan Zhang, Zhengchun Peng and Bo Meng
Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050495 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
Recently, hydrogels have attracted great attention because of their unique properties, including stretchability, self-adhesion, transparency, and biocompatibility. They can transmit electrical signals for potential applications in flexible electronics, human–machine interfaces, sensors, actuators, et al. MXene, a newly emerged two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, is an [...] Read more.
Recently, hydrogels have attracted great attention because of their unique properties, including stretchability, self-adhesion, transparency, and biocompatibility. They can transmit electrical signals for potential applications in flexible electronics, human–machine interfaces, sensors, actuators, et al. MXene, a newly emerged two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, is an ideal candidate for wearable sensors, benefitting from its surface’s negatively charged hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, high specific surface area, facile functionalization, and high metallic conductivity. However, stability has been a limiting factor for MXene-based applications, and fabricating MXene into hydrogels has been proven to significantly improve their stability. The unique and complex gel structure and gelation mechanism of MXene hydrogels require intensive research and engineering at nanoscale. Although the application of MXene-based composites in sensors has been widely studied, the preparation methods and applications of MXene-based hydrogels in wearable electronics is relatively rare. Thus, in order to facilitate the effective evolution of MXene hydrogel sensors, the design strategies, preparation methods, and applications of MXene hydrogels for flexible and wearable electronics are comprehensively discussed and summarized in this work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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23 pages, 11448 KiB  
Review
Novel Wearable Optical Sensors for Vital Health Monitoring Systems—A Review
by Baljinder Kaur, Santosh Kumar and Brajesh Kumar Kaushik
Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020181 - 23 Jan 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7039
Abstract
Wearable sensors are pioneering devices to monitor health issues that allow the constant monitoring of physical and biological parameters. The immunity towards electromagnetic interference, miniaturization, detection of nano-volumes, integration with fiber, high sensitivity, low cost, usable in harsh environments and corrosion-resistant have made [...] Read more.
Wearable sensors are pioneering devices to monitor health issues that allow the constant monitoring of physical and biological parameters. The immunity towards electromagnetic interference, miniaturization, detection of nano-volumes, integration with fiber, high sensitivity, low cost, usable in harsh environments and corrosion-resistant have made optical wearable sensor an emerging sensing technology in the recent year. This review presents the progress made in the development of novel wearable optical sensors for vital health monitoring systems. The details of different substrates, sensing platforms, and biofluids used for the detection of target molecules are discussed in detail. Wearable technologies could increase the quality of health monitoring systems at a nominal cost and enable continuous and early disease diagnosis. Various optical sensing principles, including surface-enhanced Raman scattering, colorimetric, fluorescence, plasmonic, photoplethysmography, and interferometric-based sensors, are discussed in detail for health monitoring applications. The performance of optical wearable sensors utilizing two-dimensional materials is also discussed. Future challenges associated with the development of optical wearable sensors for point-of-care applications and clinical diagnosis have been thoroughly discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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18 pages, 1327 KiB  
Review
Wearable Sensor-Based Monitoring of Environmental Exposures and the Associated Health Effects: A Review
by Xueer Lin, Jiaying Luo, Minyan Liao, Yalan Su, Mo Lv, Qing Li, Shenglan Xiao and Jianbang Xiang
Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121131 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2670
Abstract
Recent advances in sensor technology have facilitated the development and use of personalized sensors in monitoring environmental factors and the associated health effects. No studies have reviewed the research advancement in examining population-based health responses to environmental exposure via portable sensors/instruments. This study [...] Read more.
Recent advances in sensor technology have facilitated the development and use of personalized sensors in monitoring environmental factors and the associated health effects. No studies have reviewed the research advancement in examining population-based health responses to environmental exposure via portable sensors/instruments. This study aims to review studies that use portable sensors to measure environmental factors and health responses while exploring the environmental effects on health. With a thorough literature review using two major English databases (Web of Science and PubMed), 24 eligible studies were included and analyzed out of 16,751 total records. The 24 studies include 5 on physical factors, 19 on chemical factors, and none on biological factors. The results show that particles were the most considered environmental factor among all of the physical, chemical, and biological factors, followed by total volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide. Heart rate and heart rate variability were the most considered health indicators among all cardiopulmonary outcomes, followed by respiratory function. The studies mostly had a sample size of fewer than 100 participants and a study period of less than a week due to the challenges in accessing low-cost, small, and light wearable sensors. This review guides future sensor-based environmental health studies on project design and sensor selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring)
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