Picomolar or beyond Limit of Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Synthesis Procedure of an MIP
Polymerization Method of Molecular Imprinting
3. Determination of Various Analytes via MIPs
3.1. Steroids, Hormones, and Metabolites
3.2. Proteins
3.3. Virus
3.4. Fertilizers
3.5. Explosive Materials
3.6. Antibiotics
3.7. Mycotoxins
3.8. Heavy Metals
3.9. Miscellaneous
4. Critical Aspects of Binding Models and Imprinting in MIPs
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives of MIPs Achieving Ultrasensitive LODs
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Matrix | Analyte | Linear Range | LOD/LOQ * | Detection or /Electrochemcial Readout Method | % Recovery in Real Samples | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIP/AuNPs–MWNTs/GCE | Cholesterol | 0.1 pM–1 nM | 0.33 pM | DPV | NR | [43] |
MIP-AuNP | 17-β-estradiol | 3.6 fM–3.6 nM | 1.09 fM/3.6 fM * | LSV | river water (95.6–103.6) | [44] |
3,6-diamino-9-ethylcarbazole/MIP | 1 aM–10 μM | 0.36 aM | EIS | human serum (96.6–104.6) | [45] | |
MIP/ PSNPs | Testosterone | NR | 3.5 fM | SPR | NR | [46] |
MIP/GO | 1 fM–1µM | 0.4 fM | EIS | human serum (98.6–104.2) | [47] | |
NiCo2O4/rGO/MIP/ITO | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | 0.1 pM–1µM | 0.1 pM | EIS | blood samples (90–98.79) | [48] |
MAAsp/MIP/GCE | Somatostatin (SOM) | 10–100 fM | 0.175 fM/ 0.584 fM * | DPV | serum samples (99.32–100.25) | [49] |
MIP- EG-FET | Human Serum Albumin | 15 fM–150 fM | 13 fM | EG-FET-Potentiostat | NR | [50] |
Cd-Te-MPA QDs/MIP | Myoglobin (Myo) | 50.6 fM–95 pM | 7.6 fM | Fluorescence | NR | [51] |
Aptamer/MIP/SiO2@Ag NPs | Amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) | 5–10 pg mL−1 | 1.22 pg/ml | DPV | human serum (93–107.7) | [52] |
EuSNCs/ECL-MIP/ITO | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | 3.0 fM–0.3 nM | 0.3 fM | ECL | human serum (95–102.1) | [53] |
ncovNP/MIP/AuTFME | SARS-CoV-2 | 2.22–111 fM | 15 fM/50 fM * | DPV | NR | [54] |
ncovS1/MIP/AuTFME | 2.0–40.0 pg mL−1 | 15 fM/ 51 fM * (PBS) 64 fM/213 fM * (NPS) | SWV | NR | [55] | |
MPAu/MIP/SPE | 2.0–40.0 pg mL−1 | 20 fM | EIS | NR | [56] | |
MIP-QCM | Hexachlorobenzene | NR | 1 pM | QCM | NR | [57] |
PPy/MIP | Glyphosate | 1 pM–1 nM | 1 pM | SWV& Gravimetry (SAW) | NR | [58] |
Aptamer-AuNP/MIP/GCE | Carbofuran | 0.2 nM–50 nM | 67 pM | DPV | Chinese cabbage (95.6), chili (110.4) lettuce (101.5) tomato (94.5), apple (92.6) banana (91.2) tangerine (89.6) watermelon (102.6) | [59] |
aptamer-MIP/AuNP/GCE | Chlorpyrifos | 1.0 fM–0.4 pM | 0.35 fM | DPV | Apple(97.65–102.5) lettuce (98.2–103) | [60] |
PATP/AuNP/MIP | 1,3,5--TNT | 44 nM–4.4 fM | 0.044 fM | LSV | tap water (96.70–102.20), river water (100.2) | [61] |
aptamer-MIP nanohybrid/AuNP@C60/GCE | 2,4,6-TNT | 0.01 fM–1.5 µM | 3.5 aM | EIS | soil (98.50–100.50) river water (97.0–100.80) | [62] |
MIP/MWCNTs-GCE | RDX | 0.01–1.00 µM | 20 pM/ 0.2 nM * | DPV | tap water (97.00–106.0) sea water (94.00–108.0) river water (90.00–97.50) | [63] |
MMOF/MIP/AuNps | Tetracycline (TC) | 224 fM- 22.4 nM | 0.22 fM | LSV | spiked honey (101.84–106.1) | [64] |
Aptamer/MIP/Au-GCE | Tetracycline (TET) | 0.5–100 pM and 1–1000 nM | 144 fM | EIS | milk (94.90–106.2) | [65] |
Aptamer/ECL-MIP/Au-GO/GCE | Lincomycin | 5.0 pM–1.0 nM | 0.16 pM | ECL | Chicken (97.2),duck (90.2) crucian (100.1), pork (89.9), crab (103.1), beef (94.5), mutton (104.5) | [66] |
AgNPs/3-ampy-RGO/MIP/GCE | Chloramphenicol (CAP) | 1.0 pM–1.0 nM | 0.3 pM | EIS | milk (90–103) | [67] |
c-MWCNTs/MIP/ZIF | Nitrofurazone (NFZ) | 0.1 pM–1.0 µM | 0.067 pM | CV, DPV | Urine (99.6), water (98.7) | [68] |
MIP-Au/CS-CDs/GCE | Patulin | 1 pM–1 nM | 75 pM | CV, DPV | Apple juice (96%–98.7%) | [69] |
Nano-MIP (MIP/PPy-ZnP/Pt) | Fumonisins | 1 fM–10 pM | 0.03 fM 0.7 fM | EIS, DPV | Maize (96–102) | [70] |
IIP/MWCNTs | Lead, Pb2+ | 0.1 pM–0.8 nM | 3.8 pM | EIS, SWV | sea water (95.40–101.96), river water (97.64–102.40) | [71] |
SN-CQD/Au/MIP/ITO | Cadmium, Cd2+ | 20 pM–12 nM | 1.2 pM | CV,EIS | Water, soil, vegetable (82.1–113.9) | [72] |
MIP | Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) | 3.2–25.6 pM | 0.05 fM | SPR | NR | [73] |
MIP-NPs | Hepcidin-25 | 7.2–720 pM | 5.0 PM | SPR | NR | [74] |
HSA | Urea | 0.005–0.1 nM, 1–500 nM | 900 fM | EIS | soil (98.30–104.1), water (99.5–102.0) | [75] |
OPD/MWCNT/GCE | Bilirubin (BR) | 12.08 fM–91.81 fM | 7.80 fM | DPV | human serum (95.23–103.80), saliva (92.85–102.21) | [76] |
MIPPy/ITO | L-Tyrosine (TYR) | 100 fM–1 mM | 1.73 pM, 6.63 pM | CV, EIS | NR | [77] |
Au/MIP | 3-nitro tyrosine (3-NT) | 10 pg mL−1–1 μg mL−1 | 24.9 pM | CV | NR | [78] |
MIP/GCE | 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) | 50 pM–50 µM | 15 pM | DPV | serum (99.40–100.21), plasma (99.84–100.46), urine (98.97–101.52) | [79] |
MIPNPs-CPE | Vitamin D3 (VD3) | 1.0–100.0 pM | 0.22 pM/ 0.73 pM * | EIS | plasma samples (94.7–104.6) | [80] |
BPA@p-63aptamer/AuNP/GCE | Bisphenol A | 0.5 fM–5 pM | 80 aM | EIS | Fresh Milk (96.0), Milk Powder (102.0), Tap Water (94.0), Pretreated water in baby glass (96) | [81] |
MA-TyrMA-Tyr@MIP/GCE | Bisphenol S | 1 fM–10 fM | 0.17 fM/ 0.569 fM * | CV, DPV | Serum (102.9) water (98.30–101.56) | [82] |
Au-DMA/MIP/GCE | Melamine | NR | 1.75 pM | SWV | Milk Sample (~95%) | [83] |
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Shah, N.S.; Thotathil, V.; Zaidi, S.A.; Sheikh, H.; Mohamed, M.; Qureshi, A.; Sadasivuni, K.K. Picomolar or beyond Limit of Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121107
Shah NS, Thotathil V, Zaidi SA, Sheikh H, Mohamed M, Qureshi A, Sadasivuni KK. Picomolar or beyond Limit of Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. Biosensors. 2022; 12(12):1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121107
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Naheed Sidiq, Vandana Thotathil, Shabi Abbas Zaidi, Hanan Sheikh, Maimoona Mohamed, Ahmadyar Qureshi, and Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni. 2022. "Picomolar or beyond Limit of Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review" Biosensors 12, no. 12: 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121107