Administrative Sciences

24 pages, 3946 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Emergent Strategy in Higher Education: Postmodern Digital and the Future?

by Mohamed Ashmel Mohamed Hashim, Issam Tlemsani, Robin Matthews, Rachel Mason-Jones and Vera Ndrecaj

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040196 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4444

Abstract

Mintzberg’s version of emergent strategy is based on the idea that strategies are contingent on circumstances that change from time to time often very rapidly and therefore papers focused on strategy and detailed planning are limited in their practical application. The word strategy [...] Read more.

Mintzberg’s version of emergent strategy is based on the idea that strategies are contingent on circumstances that change from time to time often very rapidly and therefore papers focused on strategy and detailed planning are limited in their practical application. The word strategy as far as Mintzberg is concerned is anathema, therefore, introducing a concept that has a misconception embedded in it. This paper claims that education for sustainable development and higher education institutions’ survival depends on adopting postmodern thinking, in other words, digital transformation. This conceptual paper proposes a blueprint of a process for developing a series of agile potentially short-term conceptual solutions thereby embracing the expectation that the rate of change in societies is accelerating. This paper scrutinizes (a) the applicability of emergent strategy/strategic approach to higher education institutions, (b) how postmodernism influences higher education institutions to become digital hubs of commoditization of knowledge and (c) how the integrated capabilities of digital transformation build sustainability in education delivery. Structural Equation Methodology is proposed to examine the impact of postmodernism on the sustainable delivery of education in higher education institutions, and the need to foster relevant emergent strategies is also justified. The paper also develops new research propositions and managerial implications for driving optimistic digital education. Ultimately, it offers a framework for spear-leading effective and leading post-modernistic digital transformation. Emerging education technology, sustainable digital transformation and advanced use of robotic-human cognitive collaboration are experiencing a significant transformation. Universities play a vital role in enhancing engagement within higher education. One of the managerial implications of the results and discussion is the need for higher education institutions to provide taught leadership and planning in emergent strategy formulation and implementation. The findings confirm the significant importance of linking the Structural Equation Method and the postmodern strategic context in which we argue that higher education institutions require emerging rethinking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Universities in Entrepreneurship Education)

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13 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Participative Leadership Style on Employees’ Performance: The Contingent Role of Institutional Theory

by Osama Khassawneh and Hamzah Elrehail

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040195 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 14016

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the moderating role of institutional theory in the association between participative leadership style and various outcomes, such as employee loyalty and job performance in organizations. A cross-sectional research design was employed, where data were gathered from 347 participants [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the moderating role of institutional theory in the association between participative leadership style and various outcomes, such as employee loyalty and job performance in organizations. A cross-sectional research design was employed, where data were gathered from 347 participants from all managerial levels in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The findings demonstrated how the level of complexity of the institutional theory reduces the positive relationship between participative leadership style and employee loyalty, negatively affecting job performance. The current study contributes to the existing leadership literature by showing that participatory leaders do not behave similarly across various degrees of institutional theory complexity. The findings suggest that the higher the complexity of institutionalism, the wider the gap between leaders and subordinates, so implementing the participative style may become problematic in some circumstances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leadership Effectiveness and Development)

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19 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self vs. Other Raters’ Assessment of Emotional Intelligence in Private and Public Hospitals: A Comparative Study

by Rateb Jalil Sweis, Sawsan Aldaod, Niveen Mazen Alsayyed and Lilana Salem Sukkari

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040194 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2187

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the levels of emotional intelligence for managers in public and private hospitals in Jordan for the purpose of identifying the relative practice of emotional intelligence dimensions by managers in each sector. The research will also look into the [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the levels of emotional intelligence for managers in public and private hospitals in Jordan for the purpose of identifying the relative practice of emotional intelligence dimensions by managers in each sector. The research will also look into the differences (gaps) in self- and other-assessed emotional intelligence for managers in both public and private hospitals. As such, the theoretical importance of this research lies in its ability to contribute to filling the missing gap in the literature while forming the basis for or being the object of reference for any future research in the field. The researchers adopted a quantitative research design. Data were collected using a 360-degree questionnaire, in which managers’ self-assessments, and the assessments of two other raters (supervisors, peers, or subordinates), were used to measure the levels of managers’ emotional intelligence in both public and private hospitals. A total of 179 managers and 358 raters participated in our study. The results of the study revealed that differences between managers’ self-assessments and others’ assessments might be an indicator of inflated managers’ self-assessments. Differences between managers’ self-assessments and others’ assessments were larger in public hospitals compared with those in private hospitals. Hence, our study provides valuable recommendations and implications to enhance the practice of emotional intelligence among managers both in public and private hospitals in Jordan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women Leading Social and Economic Change: Towards Feminized Thinking and Spatial Praxis)

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25 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Longitudinal Investigation of the Changes in Work Motivation and Employees’ Psychological Health

by Zheni Wang and Alexandra Panaccio

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040193 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 2213

Abstract

Organizations strive to motivate employees to thrive at work. However, employees’ motivation is likely to vary over a short period (e.g., a few months) to cope with the routine dynamics of organizations’ activities. These motivation dynamics covary with employees’ affective, cognitive, and behavioral [...] Read more.

Organizations strive to motivate employees to thrive at work. However, employees’ motivation is likely to vary over a short period (e.g., a few months) to cope with the routine dynamics of organizations’ activities. These motivation dynamics covary with employees’ affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in the workplace. Moreover, employees’ psychological health, a multidimensional concept focused on the individual’s well/ill-being simultaneously, changes over time. Using the integrated theoretical frameworks of self-determination theory (SDT) and the hierarchical model of self-determined motivation (H-SDT), this research sought to examine the motivational changes following the dual-path model. In particular, this work sought to unpack the temporal dynamics in employees’ subjective well/ill-beings predicted by the changes in basic needs satisfaction/frustration through autonomous/controlled motivation, while considering the characteristics of people’s general causality orientations (trait-level motivation). Over four months, longitudinal field data were collected from the employees in several private small businesses in the consumer product retail industry. Latent growth modeling (LGM) results supported the positive dual relations between the changes in employees’ psychological health and basic psychological needs satisfaction/frustration, but neither the changes of autonomous/controlled work motivation nor the indirect change paths via autonomous/controlled work motivation were significant. Finally, we discussed the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. Limitations and possible future research directions to further this line of research on the dynamic of work motivation were also summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behavior)

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18 pages, 1956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tacit Contributions and Roles of Senior Researchers: Experiences of a Multinational Company

by Walter Pérez Villa, Amaya Pérez-Ezcurdia and Miguel Angel Vigil Berrocal

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040192 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1656

Abstract

One of the concerns of innovation-dependent organisations is that the gradual increase in the average age of their employees might affect their creativity and innovation rates, leading to losses in competitiveness. The purpose of this paper was to deepen the identification and understanding [...] Read more.

One of the concerns of innovation-dependent organisations is that the gradual increase in the average age of their employees might affect their creativity and innovation rates, leading to losses in competitiveness. The purpose of this paper was to deepen the identification and understanding of the contributions done by senior researchers within a private organisation. This study was based on field qualitative research on a multinational company. Interviews were performed were senior researchers and the transcripts were analysed with a qualitative data analysis (QDA) software to organise, analyse and find insights in unstructured or qualitative data. Analysis was performed using axial coding, which relates data together to reveal codes and categories from participants’ voices within the collected data. The points of view of senior researchers were explicitly sought and the findings indicated that these veteran professionals can be more valuable for their contributions as experienced workers than for their scientific productivity at the individual level, without disregarding it. Senior researchers have acquired tacit skills linked to their experience, such as a holistic view of the issues and efficient work methodologies. Therefore, they develop formal or informal roles over time related to advice and knowledge transfer. Consequently, it was found that their tacit contributions and roles increase the intellectual capital of the organisation. This paper helps in understanding the contributions made by senior researchers within a private organisation. No other reviews have sought to obtain such information on this specific sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender, Race and Diversity in Organizations)

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14 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intellectual Capital of Technology-Based Incubators

by M. Carolina Martins Rodrigues, Raul Pommer Barbosa, Luciana Aparecida Barbieri da Rosa, Maria José Sousa and Waleska Yone Yamakawa Zavatti Campos

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040191 - 12 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1609

Abstract

The objective of this work is to evaluate the associations between the intellectual capital of technology-based incubators in the sustainability of incubated companies located in Portugal. For this purpose, the methodological strategy employed was the survey, and to test the hypotheses the Partial [...] Read more.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the associations between the intellectual capital of technology-based incubators in the sustainability of incubated companies located in Portugal. For this purpose, the methodological strategy employed was the survey, and to test the hypotheses the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling PLS-SEM method was applied from a sample of 82 incubated company managers. The results show that the intellectual capital of the incubator company has a direct and positive relationship with the innovative capacity, satisfaction, and sustainability of the incubated company. In turn, the incubated company’s innovative capacity has a direct and positive impact on sustainability itself. In addition, both the sustainability of the incubated company and its levels of satisfaction with the incubated company has a positive and direct impact on its competitive success. The management implications include the perception that the greater the effort to improve the human capital, structural capital, and relational capital of the incubated companies, the better will be the results achieved in supporting companies, helping start-ups develop sustainably and competitively in the market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurship and Innovations: Challenges and Successes for Organisations in the Modern Business Environment)

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20 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Islamic Banking Corporate Governance on Green Banking

by Jabbar Sehen Issa, Mohammad Reza Abbaszadeh and Mahdi Salehi

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040190 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

The primary purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of Islamic banking corporate governance on green banking in Iraq. In other words, the current study seeks to find an answer to whether corporate governance in Islamic banking can affect green banking [...] Read more.

The primary purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of Islamic banking corporate governance on green banking in Iraq. In other words, the current study seeks to find an answer to whether corporate governance in Islamic banking can affect green banking in Iraq. For this purpose, the research method is applied based on the objective and descriptive survey. The statistical population of this research is all the managers, employees, and customers of the public and private banks of Iraq, and a total of 70 questionnaires have been completed and analyzed. The sampling method is non-random, and the available population was selected as the sample size. In this research, PLS tests have been used to investigate the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results indicate that corporate governance in Islamic banking has had a positive effect on green banking, meaning that the increase of corporate governance mechanisms in Iraqi Islamic banking increase the level of attention of Iraqi Islamic banks to green banking matters. The current research was conducted in Iraq’s developing or emerging financial markets, which are highly competitive and under insufficient supervision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Social Responsibility and Green Innovation: A COVID-19 Perspective)

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18 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Italian Innovative Start-Ups Performance with a Composite Index

by Gianni Onesti, Eleonora Monaco and Riccardo Palumbo

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040189 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2189

Abstract

This paper aims to assess the profitability and employees’ productivity of Italian innovative start-ups with a new composite index: the Start-ups Performance score (SP-score). In recent years, the Italian government has made several efforts to foster the economy, establishment, and growth of start-ups. [...] Read more.

This paper aims to assess the profitability and employees’ productivity of Italian innovative start-ups with a new composite index: the Start-ups Performance score (SP-score). In recent years, the Italian government has made several efforts to foster the economy, establishment, and growth of start-ups. Specifically, the issuing of the Italian Start-up Act in 2012 offers a unique opportunity to examine the Italian setting, given the special conditions that the government granted to the start-ups. The latter obtain generic benefits, tax reductions and hiring facilitations if they meet specific criteria granting the status (label) of “innovative” by law. Based on a sample of Italian start-ups firms (ISPs) and financial statement data for the period 2016–2020, we test whether the performance of the Italian start-ups which are granted the status of “innovative” is higher compared to start-ups without the mentioned status (NISPs). We measure the firm’s performance by building a composite index which synthesizes both profitability and employees’ productivity (controlling for the firms’ size), and find that the ISPs report higher SP-score compared to the NISPs. In addition, we examine whether the SP-score is higher (or lower) among Innovative start-ups located in different regional areas. The derivation of the composite indicator (SP-score) allows a clear and effective evaluation of several characteristics, permitting a more comprehensive understanding of the data that support the strategic choices of management and localization entrepreneurship policies. In addition, our study highlights a certain homogeneity of innovative start-ups’ performance among the Italian territories, which overcomes the classic dualistic division between Northern and Southern regions. Full article

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13 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Demographics and Knowledge Risk Perception of High School Teachers: Training as a Mediator

by Michele Borgia, Eugenia Nissi, Maura La Torre and Guido Ortolani

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040188 - 09 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1764

Abstract

As a knowledge-based career, teachers can be exposed to knowledge risks. Since risk perception is the product of the experiences, values, memories and ideologies of individuals, the ways of perceiving knowledge risks could be useful for setting up prevention and mitigation strategies for [...] Read more.

As a knowledge-based career, teachers can be exposed to knowledge risks. Since risk perception is the product of the experiences, values, memories and ideologies of individuals, the ways of perceiving knowledge risks could be useful for setting up prevention and mitigation strategies for these kinds of risks. The present paper aimed at analyzing the relationship between the demographics and the knowledge risk perception of high school teachers. The role of a teacher’s training as a mediator of said relationship was analyzed as well. Using a sample of high school teachers working in Italian schools, a questionnaire was administered to gather data, and structural equation modeling analysis was employed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that demographics had a significant effect on teachers’ knowledge risk perception and that training mediated this relationship. The study could be helpful for educational institutions that want to train their teachers to be prepared to face risky events related to knowledge management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Work Management)

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18 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

eIDAS Regulation and Its Impact on National Legislation: The Case of the Slovak Republic

by Daniela Gregušová, Zuzana Halásová and Tomáš Peráček

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040187 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

The eIDAS Regulation has become a key and, in a way, a ground-breaking piece of legislation of the European Union. It is crucial, in particular, with regard to its ambitious objectives and ground breaking because it was adopted at a time when the [...] Read more.

The eIDAS Regulation has become a key and, in a way, a ground-breaking piece of legislation of the European Union. It is crucial, in particular, with regard to its ambitious objectives and ground breaking because it was adopted at a time when the Member States of the European Union already had this issue more broadly or narrowly regulated by national laws. In our scientific study, we focus primarily on the critical analysis of the adopted eIDAS Regulation, its impact on the existing e-signature legislation and the amendments adopted, which are necessary to unify the legal framework for electronic signature of the Member States of the European Union. Our main objective was therefore to analyse the legal aspects of the electronic signature. We draw attention to those areas which, because of the regulation adopted, had to be recast and incorporated into the new Trust Services Act, as it emerged from the eIDAS Regulation for us. When processing the topic, we used legal analysis, compliant and available scientific methods as well as selected application problems from practice. In researching and developing a new legal framework for the electronic signature, we also used scientific and doctrinal interpretations associated with the application of scientific and scientific literature contained in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results of the study indicate that, despite the multi-annual effectiveness of the eIDAS Regulation, there are still problems that need to be addressed by amending it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Management and Business Models in Public Administration: An International Perspective)

25 pages, 1930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rise and Fall of the Materiality Matrix: Lessons from a Missed Takeoff

by Tiziana De Cristofaro and Domenico Raucci

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040186 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6701

Abstract

After a long period of the inclusion of materiality matrices within standard setters documents and non-financial reports, the Global Reporting Initiative officially abandoned the materiality matrix in 2021 after the GRI 3 standard release. To bridge the detected gaps in the literature, this [...] Read more.

After a long period of the inclusion of materiality matrices within standard setters documents and non-financial reports, the Global Reporting Initiative officially abandoned the materiality matrix in 2021 after the GRI 3 standard release. To bridge the detected gaps in the literature, this article aims to investigate approaches to and arguments for the matrix until the issuance of GRI 3. The two-step research strategy adopted gives the same level of attention to the opposite positions found. Phase 1 (approach-oriented) reviews the materiality matrix presentation in the 2014–2020 non-financial reports of a sample of worldwide sustainability-oriented companies. Phase 2 (argument-oriented) performs qualitative content analysis on feedback for the GRI 3 preparatory works. The findings show that, besides the staunch adopters, a core of non-adopters persisted and prevented the takeoff of the matrix. Moreover, further insights into possible drivers both in favour of and against these approaches are provided. The final discussion both considers the lessons learnt, overlapping with policy implications, and suggests future research avenues. Full article

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19 pages, 1917 KiB

Open AccessReview

Entrepreneurial Education at Universities: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Hiranya Dissanayake, Anuradha Iddagoda and Catalin Popescu

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040185 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2846

Abstract

This study aims to identify the primary topics and present dynamics in the field of entrepreneurship education at universities and to make recommendations for future research directions. We conduct a bibliometric analysis on a selection of 447 studies from the Web of Science [...] Read more.

This study aims to identify the primary topics and present dynamics in the field of entrepreneurship education at universities and to make recommendations for future research directions. We conduct a bibliometric analysis on a selection of 447 studies from the Web of Science database to determine the extent of research on entrepreneurship education at universities between 2004 and 2022. In this study, researchers identify the most influential articles and writers based on their citations, publications, and geographical location. Additionally, they assess existing themes, identify bottlenecks to growth in the literature, and recommend future study options. While research on entrepreneurship education at universities happens globally, there is a dearth of collaboration across national borders, particularly between writers from developed and developing countries. Most of the research on entrepreneurship education at universities focuses on a quantitative approach in the analysis of entrepreneurship. Lastly, we conclude by proposing possible avenues for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Universities in Entrepreneurship Education)

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18 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on Entrepreneurial Intention through a Stimulus–Organism–Response Perspective

by Gentjan Çera, Margarita Ndoka, Ines Dika and Edmond Çera

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040184 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2515

Abstract

Among scholars, there is an interest in understanding how entrepreneurial behavior is influenced by the consequences of crises. The COVID-19 pandemic may negatively or positively affect individuals’ behavior, including entrepreneurial intention. Thus, this paper seeks to study whether or not the economic shock [...] Read more.

Among scholars, there is an interest in understanding how entrepreneurial behavior is influenced by the consequences of crises. The COVID-19 pandemic may negatively or positively affect individuals’ behavior, including entrepreneurial intention. Thus, this paper seeks to study whether or not the economic shock caused by the pandemic reinforces the intention to start a business. The research was administered at the individual level by distributing a structured survey. The hypotheses were developed based on a unique conceptual framework integrating the planned behavior theory and a stimulus–organism–response perspective. The relationships were tested using the structural equation modeling method with an original dataset of more than 800 respondents from three post-communist transition countries. The results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic, seen as an opportunity, positively influences both the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and individuals’ intention to start a business. The message that these findings convey is that, even in crises, there are opportunities from which one can benefit, including the individual’s propensity to engage in startup activities. By examining the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on entrepreneurial behavior, educational institutions and policymakers can design effective policies to foster entrepreneurship and reduce unemployment, particularly among the youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Universities in Entrepreneurship Education)

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15 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moderating Effect of Industry 4.0 on the Performance of Enterprises in the Constrains Related to COVID-19 in the Perception of Employees in Slovakia

by Zdenka Gyurák Babeľová, Natália Vraňaková and Augustín Stareček

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040183 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1765

Abstract

Organizational performance, as well as the performance of industrial enterprises, is affected by changes caused by technological progress and the overall societal situation. Industry 4.0 affords the transformation of the industrial economy to the digital economy. In addition to the mentioned important technological [...] Read more.

Organizational performance, as well as the performance of industrial enterprises, is affected by changes caused by technological progress and the overall societal situation. Industry 4.0 affords the transformation of the industrial economy to the digital economy. In addition to the mentioned important technological initiative, the organizational performance is determined by the pandemic situation related to the disease COVID-19, which shook the economy of many countries. Society-wide measures accelerated the implementation of Industry 4.0 elements in the management of organizations. The main aim of the presented research was to examine the employees’ perception of the impact of the Industry 4.0 implementation (digitalization) on the enterprise’s performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results confirmed that employees in various job positions perceive that Industry 4.0 positively affected the organization’s performance during the pandemic. The employees themselves contribute significantly to the enterprise’s performance, but their performance is limited by the number of tasks that the employer can assign to them during pandemic measures. Enterprise performance will be subsequently reflected in the financial condition, which is limiting for many areas of human resource management. Notably, satisfaction with compensation is an area that is a significant predictor of perceived corporate performance. The results also showed that the pandemic had a negatively perceived impact on employee compensation. For the sustainable management of human resources, the perception of remuneration by employees and the appropriate remuneration itself is an important challenge regarding the relationship between employees and the organization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behavior)

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16 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sandbox of Competence: A Conceptual Model for Assessing Professional Competence

by Alcides Luiz Neto, Luciano Ferreira da Silva and Renato Penha

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040182 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2479

Abstract

This article aims to propose a conceptual model for evaluating the knowledge stage of a professional activity. Starting from an integrative literature review, a method that allows us to assess, criticize and synthesize empirical or theoretical knowledge, we explore the evolutions of the [...] Read more.

This article aims to propose a conceptual model for evaluating the knowledge stage of a professional activity. Starting from an integrative literature review, a method that allows us to assess, criticize and synthesize empirical or theoretical knowledge, we explore the evolutions of the model by Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1980). The collection and analysis process followed a six-stage process, starting from a guiding question and proceeding to a literature search, so that data collection and critical analysis of information could be carried out in a structured and codified way, enabling the discussion of results and, finally, the presentation of the review. As a result, we suggest a model capable of classifying a professional competence in accordance with the literature, through a model that considers practice, theoretical/technical knowledge, and attitude as axes for the evolution of learning. The suggested model contributes to the construction of a skills assessment instrument. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation and Strategic Management for Human Resources Development)

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20 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accessible Tourism and Formal Planning: Current State of Istria County in Croatia

by Damir Popović, Iva Slivar and Marli Gonan Božac

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040181 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2335

Abstract

When the number of older people and the number of families with young children (babies and toddlers) are counted in the total share of persons with disability it is clear that a significant share of people in the world’s tourist market face various [...] Read more.

When the number of older people and the number of families with young children (babies and toddlers) are counted in the total share of persons with disability it is clear that a significant share of people in the world’s tourist market face various obstacles to achieving their fundamental human rights in accessing tourist destinations and related infrastructure. These segments of the market encounter various challenges when they do travel, while many refrain from travelling at all. The theoretical framework examines the concept of accessible tourism and provides a review of the necessary preconditions for forming such a tourist offer available to everyone. Contrary to common belief, accessible tourism surpasses the issues of mobility, as it also includes people with mental, mood, vision, speech, hearing, stroke and other conditions. Examples of good practice are also provided as an incentive for the design and implementation of future inclusive projects, representing the aim of this paper. Research featuring various categories of the tourism offer available to everyone on the case study of Istria County is also presented. The analysis compares major towns in Istria County and the degree of their adaptation to the needs of this market segment, where many practical implications have emerged. The concept of accessibility lies on three key pillars: physical, informative and service based. Thus, removing physical barriers, incorporating the principles of universal design into every new building’s design, as well as educated staff for formulating and implementing strategies and other plans, are key factors in creating additional tourist value. It is fundamental to include people with disabilities in tourism and in society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability in Hospitality and Tourism Management)

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15 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Self-Identity on Entrepreneurial Goal Intentions of Female and Male College Students in Zimbabwe

by Takawira Munyaradzi Ndofirepi

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040180 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2906

Abstract

This article investigated how entrepreneurial self-identity and self-efficacy interact to affect the entrepreneurial goal intentions of a sample of female and male college students in Zimbabwe. Researchers are urged to examine these factors’ combined influence, given that earlier studies looked at their effects [...] Read more.

This article investigated how entrepreneurial self-identity and self-efficacy interact to affect the entrepreneurial goal intentions of a sample of female and male college students in Zimbabwe. Researchers are urged to examine these factors’ combined influence, given that earlier studies looked at their effects separately. To achieve the research goal, a cross-sectional survey using a self-completion questionnaire on a convenience sample of 262 respondents was conducted in Zimbabwe among college students. The results confirmed that entrepreneurial self-identity and self-efficacy had statistically significant direct effects on the intention to pursue an entrepreneurial goal. They also confirmed that the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial goal intention was mediated by entrepreneurial self-identity. The study, however, found no statistically significant differences in the pattern of results between males and females. The study adds to the body of knowledge by proposing and testing a conceptual model that has never been considered before. The findings of the study have implications for the formulation of interventions and policies aimed at promoting entrepreneurship. Full article

9 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Financial Literacy and Gender Differences: Women Choose People While Men Choose Things?

by Sigurdur Gudjonsson, Inga Minelgaite, Kari Kristinsson and Sigrún Pálsdóttir

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040179 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10564

Abstract

According to gender personality traits, women are more interested in people, whereas men are more interested in things. The goal of this research is to see if there is a gender gap in financial literacy and if these disparities can be explained by [...] Read more.

According to gender personality traits, women are more interested in people, whereas men are more interested in things. The goal of this research is to see if there is a gender gap in financial literacy and if these disparities can be explained by different areas of interest. A convenience sample of nearly a thousand responses was received in quantitative research. The findings clearly show that women have lower financial literacy than men, but there is no indication that this is due to men and women’s differing interests in people and things. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender, Race and Diversity in Organizations)

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14 pages, 709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring the Image of Private University as a Generic Product: Validation of a Scale

by Purificación Alcaide-Pulido, Belén Gutiérrez-Villar and Mariano Carbonero-Ruz

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040178 - 28 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1987

Abstract

The compulsory nature of online training in university education, brought about by COVID-19, has opened the door to the emergence of several potential competitors in the university space. Thus, measuring a university’s image may have even greater importance for the management and differentiation [...] Read more.

The compulsory nature of online training in university education, brought about by COVID-19, has opened the door to the emergence of several potential competitors in the university space. Thus, measuring a university’s image may have even greater importance for the management and differentiation of universities in the new post-COVID-19 horizon. This study aims to test whether a standardized scale of brand image measurement is valid for measuring the image of the “private university” product. A non-probabilistic convenience sample was chosen, collecting information from 728 citizens from the same territory (Andalusia). The procedure to validate the scale involves dividing the sample (728) into two sub-sets: one to establish the scale, and the other to validate the results. The methodology applied is Confirmatory Factor Analysis using EQS 6.3 software. The scale was validated, and the main results show that people favor the quality of private universities, their commitment to society, and the perfect option that they are. Additionally, results show the idea that private universities present characteristics absent from public ones as non-significant, and do not agree that private universities provide a high value concerning the price that has to be paid. Full article

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16 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supervisor Support, Self-Efficacy, and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Office De-Clutter

by Farida Saleem, Muhammad Imran Malik and Awais Qasim

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040177 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3213

Abstract

The study aims to test the impact of social support from supervisors and self-efficacy on employee performance through office de-clutter (a mediator) in banks. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the supporting factors (social support and self-efficacy) to de-clutter for maintaining employee performance is a [...] Read more.

The study aims to test the impact of social support from supervisors and self-efficacy on employee performance through office de-clutter (a mediator) in banks. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the supporting factors (social support and self-efficacy) to de-clutter for maintaining employee performance is a novel contribution to the literature and is supported by the social exchange theory—SET. The employee’s performance can be maintained with lower levels of office clutter (de-clutter). The office clutter can be managed through the availability of managerial social support and employee self-efficacy. The impact of supervisor support and self-efficacy on employee performance is examined through the lens of the social exchange theory. A cross-sectional and quantitative study was conducted with 202 primary responses from bank employees. The responses were recorded using closed-ended questionnaires. A response rate of 73.9% was achieved. Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha scores and AVE, respectively. PLS-SEM was used as a data analysis and hypotheses testing technique. The results revealed that supervisors’ social support and self-efficacy significantly and positively affect employee performance. Moreover, supervisors’ social support and self-efficacy helped in office de-clutter, further ensuring better performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends of Performance Measurement and Management in the Private and Public Sectors)

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18 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personality Traits and Business Environment for Entrepreneurial Motivation

by Giorgi Zarnadze, Ines Dika, Gentjan Çera and Humberto Nuno Rito Ribeiro

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040176 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3550

Abstract

The influences of personality traits and business barriers on entrepreneurial behaviour have been studied by numerous researchers. However, the mechanisms by which changes in institutional contexts and personality traits affect individuals’ entrepreneurial motivation have not received enough attention from researchers. This paper aims [...] Read more.

The influences of personality traits and business barriers on entrepreneurial behaviour have been studied by numerous researchers. However, the mechanisms by which changes in institutional contexts and personality traits affect individuals’ entrepreneurial motivation have not received enough attention from researchers. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by examining the joint effects of personality traits and business barriers on one’s motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activity. A structured questionnaire was developed to capture the above linkages. To measure the latent variables, factor and reliability analyses were utilised. To examine the relationships, a regression analysis was performed on a unique dataset of respondents from three counties: Czechia, Hungary, and Serbia. The results show that personality traits positively influence motivation towards entrepreneurship. Furthermore, external barriers (ecological and technological issues), and infrastructure factors positively affect entrepreneurial motivation. From an academic viewpoint, personality traits and motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activity can be nourished by education, highlighting the role of universities in this regard. Our paper’s findings should trigger the interest of policymakers who aim to introduce new instruments or change the existing ones (designing policies) to boost entrepreneurship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Universities in Entrepreneurship Education)

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14 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Leadership on Boosting Employee Creativity: The Role of Knowledge Sharing as a Mediator

by Osama Khassawneh, Tamara Mohammad and Rabeb Ben-Abdallah

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040175 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5179

Abstract

In this study, we examined the role that knowledge sharing plays in mediating the relationship between the employee trust in leadership and employee innovation in the service sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We included 346 people employed in the service industry. [...] Read more.

In this study, we examined the role that knowledge sharing plays in mediating the relationship between the employee trust in leadership and employee innovation in the service sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We included 346 people employed in the service industry. According to the study’s findings, having faith in one’s leader has a beneficial and discernibly positive impact on the degree to which employees share their knowledge and innovate. Knowledge sharing has a positive and substantial effect on the creativity of employees, and vice versa. According to the study’s findings, the openness of leaders partially mediates the willingness of employees to try new things and share information, which is a consequence of the trust that employees have in their leaders and their willingness to experiment with new concepts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leaders and Their Contingencies – Implications for the Development of Leader-Follower Relations)

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14 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Valuation of Land in Land Consolidation and Relevant Administrative Procedures in the Conditions of the Slovak Republic

by Tomáš Peráček, Mária Srebalová and Andrej Srebala

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040174 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1825

Abstract

This scientific study focuses on the assessment of the legislation on land valuation, which takes place in the framework of selected administrative procedures in the Slovak Republic. The issue of land valuation is regulated in several pieces of legislation and, in terms of [...] Read more.

This scientific study focuses on the assessment of the legislation on land valuation, which takes place in the framework of selected administrative procedures in the Slovak Republic. The issue of land valuation is regulated in several pieces of legislation and, in terms of content, is their unifying feature of the valuation of land for public purposes. The reason for examining the determination of the so-called “administrative price of land” is the fact that, in practice, the administrative procedures analyzed are extremely time-consuming and considerably inefficient compared to other administrative practices. Another reason for analyzing the legislation on land valuation is the fact that they also have a direct impact on the speed of the related administrative procedures and on the use of land for private purposes and, therefore, on the actual exercise of the property rights to which the parties to those proceedings are legally entitled. The main objective of this study is to examine the quantity, quality, and differences of legislation allowing land valuation for land consolidation purposes and to compare it with land valuation for restitution and expropriation purposes. In the processing of the topic, we primarily used the method of critical legal analysis and suitable and available scientific methods designed for law examinations, such as description or synthesis. In the context of the examination, we also applied a comparative method to compare the development of the legal situation of the Slovak Republic with the Czech Republic. We also used scientific and doctrinal interpretations associated with the application of case law on Slovak and Czech legislation, as well as professional and scientific literature contained in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The results of the study indicate that, despite the multi-annual effectiveness of the legislation, it would be appropriate to resolve the problems encountered in the Slovak Republic by adopting a new code regulating the issue of land consolidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Management and Business Models in Public Administration: An International Perspective)

17 pages, 712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ranking of Corporate Governance Dimensions: A Delphi Study

by Norita Mohd Noor, Amran Rasli, Mas Anom Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Faraz Mubarak and Imelda Hermilinda Abas

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040173 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2825

Abstract

Most research on Initial Public Offering (IPO) focuses on the financial aspects of a company; previous research on corporate governance tended to focus on factors that influence the company proceeding with IPO. Few researchers studied the aspect of leadership using corporate governance as [...] Read more.

Most research on Initial Public Offering (IPO) focuses on the financial aspects of a company; previous research on corporate governance tended to focus on factors that influence the company proceeding with IPO. Few researchers studied the aspect of leadership using corporate governance as means to achieve company growth and IPO. This study seeks to identify dimensions deemed as important for corporate governance from the Malaysian perspective by using a two-round Delphi Method. The consistency of the ranking of these dimensions was then determined using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. The order of importance for the nine dimensions uncovered from the Delphi Method are as follows: (1) Leadership; (2) Board Structure; (3) Vision, Mission and Strategies; (4) Policies, Process and Procedures; (5) Transparency; (6) Accountability and Responsibility; (7) Risk management and Internal Control; (8) Culture, and (9) Training and Communication. The interplay of the aforementioned dimensions and corporate governance is presented. Finally, quantitative as well as mixed methods research are recommended for a more in-depth understanding and to reduce bias through triangulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Strategy and Sustainable Development: Perspective on Digital Innovation)

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14 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Autonomy and Management Performance: An Influence Reinforced in the Particular Context of Portuguese Public Secondary Schools

by Carla Fontes, Joaquim Leite and Paula Odete Fernandes

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040172 - 23 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1741

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to verify interdependencies among service innovation, structural autonomy, performance measurement systems, and organizational outcomes in a new organizational context. The relationships between these variables that structure organizational design have been studied for several decades, but it is [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research is to verify interdependencies among service innovation, structural autonomy, performance measurement systems, and organizational outcomes in a new organizational context. The relationships between these variables that structure organizational design have been studied for several decades, but it is necessary to verify the validity of those interdependencies in new geographical contexts and periods. Contingency theory was the selected framework because it argues how different scenarios can justify different organizational solutions and is appropriate in the predominant quantitative research. For data collection, surveys were sent to 526 executive heads of all Portuguese public secondary schools, obtaining 154 valid responses. Data processing was carried out using descriptive analysis, Spearman correlation, and structural equation analysis. The results reinforce previous literature, proving the influence of structural autonomy, not only on pedagogical management performance but also on resource management performance within a specific context explored for the first time in the Portuguese public sector. However, the interdependence of these variables in relation to pedagogical innovation strategy and organizational outcomes of effectiveness and efficiency was not verified in this particular setting, corroborating the basic foundations of contingency theory. Full article

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19 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drivers of the Sharing Economy That Affect Consumers’ Usage Behavior: Moderation of Perceived Risk

by Óscar Anaya and Iván De La Vega

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040171 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3413

Abstract

In the access to peer-to-peer sharing of goods and services through a technology platform, which is known as the sharing economy, there is no consensus on the factors that motivate consumers. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of perceived risk on [...] Read more.

In the access to peer-to-peer sharing of goods and services through a technology platform, which is known as the sharing economy, there is no consensus on the factors that motivate consumers. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of perceived risk on consumers’ participation in the sharing economy in a developing country. Following a quantitative approach, a survey was conducted among 400 consumers in the Metropolitan Zone of Puebla City, Mexico. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. Economic benefits, enjoyment, and trust drove the usage behavior of consumers in the sharing economy. In addition, perceived risk significantly moderated the relationships that usage behavior has with the economic benefits and the feeling of the community. As predicted by social exchange theory, the consumers made choices based on a subjective cost–benefit analysis, showing flexibility in the type and amount of rewards. This study contributes to knowledge about customer behavior in the context of the sharing economy. Full article

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21 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Social Media Usage at Work from the Perspective of Social Capital Theory

by Nur Muneerah Kasim, Muhammad Ashraf Fauzi, Walton Wider and Muhammad Fakhrul Yusuf

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040170 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

With the pervasive use of social media (SM) in organizations, it is regarded as a relevant driver that can influence an employee’s job performance. This study fills in the gap that extends the job performance concept by discovering the role of SM in [...] Read more.

With the pervasive use of social media (SM) in organizations, it is regarded as a relevant driver that can influence an employee’s job performance. This study fills in the gap that extends the job performance concept by discovering the role of SM in innovative performance in introducing new ideas beyond standard specifications to produce novel and valuable organizational outcomes. By adopting the social capital theory (SCT), the present study investigates the roles of social media use at work in predicting social capital (network ties, shared vision, and trust) that might promote work engagement and subsequently affect employees’ innovative job performance. The data was collected through an online survey, and 291 Malaysian employees participated. The partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied in data analysis for the measurement model and structural model used in this study. Findings show that SM use at work significantly predicts network ties, shared vision, and trust. Besides, network ties and trust positively promoted work engagement except for shared vision. Subsequently, work engagement was associated with innovative job performance. This study provides theoretical and practical implications for extending knowledge, as well as mitigating plans and efforts to resolve employees’ performance concerning the issues of SM use at work. Full article

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19 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Consumer Awareness and Behavior on Business Exits in the Hospitality, Tourism, Entertainment, and Culture Industries under the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Hiroyuki Okamuro, Yasushi Hara and Yunosuke Iwaki

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040169 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2870

Abstract

Empirical studies on small business survival and exits focus on endogenous firms and top manager characteristics, whereas few studies consider exogenous demand shocks and local consumer awareness and behavior, which are especially important for local hospitality industries. Therefore, this study addresses this research [...] Read more.

Empirical studies on small business survival and exits focus on endogenous firms and top manager characteristics, whereas few studies consider exogenous demand shocks and local consumer awareness and behavior, which are especially important for local hospitality industries. Therefore, this study addresses this research gap by targeting the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-contagion policies as a local demand shock for service industries. We empirically investigate the causal effects of changing local consumer awareness and behavior under COVID-19 on business exits at the prefecture-industry level. Based on a panel fixed-effect estimation using a longitudinal dataset of 32 service industries in 47 prefectures over 10 months in Japan, we demonstrate that an increase in consumers’ risk aversion and sympathy for self-restraint from going out, and a decrease in going out with family members, significantly increase the exit ratio in specific service industries in the same prefecture. Moreover, we find that these effects vary by consumer type depending on factors such as gender, age, income level, and household structure. Full article

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15 pages, 449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fusion of Sustainability in the Tourism Industry for Improved Competitiveness: Investigation of Five-Star Hotels in Kuwait

by Ahmed Abdelkader

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040168 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

Examining the influence of adopting sustainability strategies on the competitiveness of five-star hotels operating in the State of Kuwait is the aim of this study. Sustainability strategies are represented by the responsibility towards four components, namely: the society, the employees, the environment, and [...] Read more.

Examining the influence of adopting sustainability strategies on the competitiveness of five-star hotels operating in the State of Kuwait is the aim of this study. Sustainability strategies are represented by the responsibility towards four components, namely: the society, the employees, the environment, and the customers. The competitiveness variable is represented by hotels’ competitive advantage (cost, quality, flexibility, delivery, and creativity). The study is applied to the population of five-star hotels in the state of Kuwait (19 registered at the time of the study), and the final sample consisted of 294 hotel employees, and 360 hotel guests and customers totalling 654 observations. Responses were collected between November 2021 and January 2022 using an electronic questionnaire that was sent by email to hotels’ public relations managers for the hotel employees’ sample; and it was posted on several social media platforms and tourism forums for the customers’ sample. The findings indicate that five-star hotels in Kuwait are committed to sustainability implementation. The results of the regression model show a medium influential power of sustainability criteria in achieving a competitive advantage from both the employees’ and customers’ perspectives, indicating a statistical relationship between the variables. It is recommended that hotels should take advantage of the conclusions the study has reached in terms of the relationship between sustainability criteria and the achievement of a competitive advantage that would trigger favourable outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Global Perspective on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry)

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11 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development Goals Data-Driven Local Policy: Focus on SDG 11 and SDG 12

by Massimo Beccarello and Giacomo Di Foggia

Adm. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12040167 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2998

Abstract

Municipal solid waste charging schemes can be powerful drivers for local policy efforts in reaching the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on an economic [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste charging schemes can be powerful drivers for local policy efforts in reaching the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on an economic lever to meet SDG 11, Target 11.6 and SDG 12, Target 12.5 by applying the polluter-pays principle to waste management that also depends on user engagement through modern incentivizing charging systems. Unit pricing schemes in municipal solid waste management are often associated with a higher percentage of separated waste, less per capita waste production, and reduced service costs. We checked whether unit pricing schemes and the percentage of the sorted waste collection were correlated, assessed whether there is an impact on per capita waste generation, examined the impact on the total cost of management, and explored how specific phases of waste management were affected. The analysis was based on an empirical sample of 1,636 municipalities, of which 506 had unit pricing schemes in place. Our results confirm that unit pricing schemes can be associated with a higher percentage of sorted waste collection and less per capita waste generation. The impact of unit pricing on the total cost of management was not found to be significant, probably due to different impacts on specific services and phases of waste management. The policy implications are as follows: it is suggested that public administrators put data-driven policy targets into government programs that are applied at an operational level by competent municipal civil servants and codified into single programming documents for contracting waste management utilities according to SDG 11 Target 11.6 and SDG 12 Target 12.5. Full article

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Adm. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 4 (December 2022) – 76 articles

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