The Spatial Protection and Governance of Territories Based on the Ecological Product Supply: A Case Study in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area and Data Sources
2.1.1. Overview of Research Area
2.1.2. Data Source
2.2. Analysis of the Ecological Product Supply Capacity for Achieving Territory Spatial Protection and Governance
2.3. Index System of Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
2.4. Research Methods for the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
2.4.1. Level Evaluation Methods of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
- Calculate the Overall Level of Air using Principal Component Analysis
- 2.
- Calculate the Soil Safety Value and Biodiversity Value using the Equivalent Factor Method
- 3.
- Calculate the Overall Level of Water and Land Area Index
- 4.
- Calculate the Ecological Product Supply Capacity Using the Entropy Method
2.4.2. The Spatial Heterogeneity of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
2.4.3. Obstacle Factors of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
3. Analysis of the Results
3.1. Level Analysis of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
3.2. Spatio-Temporal Pattern Variations of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
3.2.1. Time Change Analysis
3.2.2. Spatial Change Analysis
3.3. Obstacle Factors of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
4. Strategies for Territory Spatial Protection and Governance to Enhance the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
4.1. Integrated Protection of Territorial Spatial Elements for Enhancing the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity Level
4.2. Regulation of the Territory Spatial Structure Based on Differentiated Patterns of the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity
4.3. Systematic Governance of Territory Space for Addressing the Ecological Products’ Supply Capacity Obstacle Factors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Source | Data Format | Data Support Organization |
---|---|---|
The 30 m annual China land cover dataset (CLCD) | Raster data | Wuhan University |
Statistical Yearbook of the provinces in the BTH region China Urban Statistical Yearbook National Compilation of Cost and Benefit of Agricultural Products | Numerical data | National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China |
Ecological Environment Bulletin of provinces and cities in the BTH region | Numerical data | Ecological Environment Bureau of provinces and cities in the BTH region |
Target Layer | Criterion Layer | Factor Layer | Index Layer | Weight | Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecological product | Ecological environmental products | X1 Fresh air | The overall level of air | 0.0191 | + |
X2 Clean water | The overall level of water | 0.0513 | + | ||
X3 Safe soil | Soil conservation value (CNY) | 0.0885 | + | ||
X4 Biodiversity | Biodiversity value (CNY) | 0.0933 | + | ||
X5 Eco-land | Ecological land area (hectares) | 0.1054 | + | ||
X6 Per capita cropland | Cultivated area per capita (square meters/person) | 0.0303 | + | ||
Ecological material products | X7 Agricultural products | Output value of agricultural products (CNY) | 0.0249 | + | |
X8 Forestry products | Output value of forest products (CNY) | 0.0722 | + | ||
X9 Animal husbandry products | Output value of animal husbandry products (CNY) | 0.0227 | + | ||
X10 Fishery products | Output value of fishery products (CNY) | 0.1232 | + | ||
Biomass energy | Biomass energy output value | \ | + | ||
Wind energy | Wind energy output value | \ | + | ||
Solar energy | Solar energy output value | \ | + | ||
Hydro energy | Hydro energy output value | \ | + | ||
Ecological cultural products | X11 Greening of the built-up area | Greening rate of built-up areas (%) | 0.0171 | + | |
X12 Park green space | Area of park green space (hectare) | 0.1216 | + | ||
X13 Forest cover | Forest coverage (%) | 0.0150 | + | ||
X14 Eco-tourism | Tourist excursion income (CNY) | 0.1060 | + | ||
X15 Eco-leisure | Tourist entertainment income (CNY) | 0.1100 | + |
Type | Cropland | Woodland | Grassland | Water | Wetland | Bare Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil safety | 0.437 | 1.949 | 1.235 | 0.781 | 1.940 | 0.017 |
Biodiversity | 0.143 | 1.781 | 1.126 | 2.142 | 6.611 | 0.017 |
Index | Year | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
OEP | 1.591 | 1.646 | 1.715 | 1.788 | 1.787 | 1.941 | 1.999 | 2.149 | 2.287 | 2.117 | 2.386 |
EEP | 0.912 | 0.900 | 0.888 | 0.882 | 0.890 | 0.913 | 0.926 | 0.947 | 0.974 | 1.028 | 1.055 |
EMP | 0.310 | 0.370 | 0.429 | 0.461 | 0.452 | 0.471 | 0.416 | 0.476 | 0.489 | 0.543 | 0.561 |
ECP | 0.369 | 0.376 | 0.398 | 0.445 | 0.445 | 0.556 | 0.658 | 0.727 | 0.824 | 0.545 | 0.770 |
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Peng, W.; Yuchi, X.; Sun, Y.; Shan, Z. The Spatial Protection and Governance of Territories Based on the Ecological Product Supply: A Case Study in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China. Land 2023, 12, 2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122130
Peng W, Yuchi X, Sun Y, Shan Z. The Spatial Protection and Governance of Territories Based on the Ecological Product Supply: A Case Study in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China. Land. 2023; 12(12):2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122130
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Wenying, Xiaojuan Yuchi, Yue Sun, and Ziyi Shan. 2023. "The Spatial Protection and Governance of Territories Based on the Ecological Product Supply: A Case Study in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China" Land 12, no. 12: 2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122130