The ability of agriculture to fulfill the food demand of a growing world population is currently threatened by multiple factors, such as climate change, soil degradation, depletion, and pollution of water resources [
1]. As environmental issues and ecological sustainability gain more relevance and the research for environmentally friendly practices becomes increasingly important [
2,
3], agroforestry strategies are being explored with growing interest as sustainable approaches to land use. Agroforestry essentially refers to land use systems that, through the intercropping of trees and/or shrubs along with crops and/or animals, diversify and support production for greater socioeconomic and environmental benefits for land users [
4,
5]. Alley cropping represents a common agroforestry practice that consists of growing arable crops in alleys between widely spaced rows of trees or shrubs. This practice proved to benefit the agricultural systems by increasing overall productivity and resilience and promoting the rehabilitation of degraded soils [
6,
7]. However, some constraints may be related to a potential decrease in arable crop yield due to competition with trees, higher management needs, and greater labor demand [
8]. In particular, under-row weed control can represent a major issue. Weeds can compromise the success of new agroforestry planting establishment [
9]. Indeed, the optimal growth and survival of many tree species grown in temperate agroforestry systems can be hindered by weed competition [
9,
10,
11]. Schroeder and Naeem [
12] observed that weed control positively influenced the annual height increment, total basal diameter, and height of the tested agroforestry tree species. Furthermore, the risk that some weeds spread from the under-row area towards the crop in the alley, leading to yield losses, should be considered [
13,
14,
15]. To date, the most common methods used to manage under-row weeds in alley cropping systems are mulching, chemical applications, and mowing. Mulching can be achieved by applying straw or other recalcitrant and cheap plant material under the row or by applying plastic mulch [
16,
17]. However, generally, large-scale mulching is cost-intensive [
18]. The use of living mulch, i.e., cover crops planted in main crop stands and maintained as a living ground cover for part of or the whole growing season, provides many useful ecosystem services. Nevertheless, the proliferation of vegetation can create a too-competitive environment for the establishment and growth of trees [
19]. On the other hand, the application of chemicals (i.e., herbicides), despite their effectiveness, not only causes environmental pollution but can also damage trees, making it necessary to shield them before treatments [
12,
16]. Mowing represents another weed control method commonly adopted in alley cropping systems. This practice can effectively reduce the competitiveness and longevity of perennial weeds and prevent the production of seeds for many types of weeds avoiding their spread [
20,
21]. Chen et al. [
22] found that mowing effectively regulates the root amount and depth of mowed plants with consequent improvement of soil moisture. Furthermore, this practice can promote soil conservation by maintaining a permanent sod that helps to protect the soil from erosion [
23]. In the under-row area of alley cropping systems, mowing can be performed by operators with motorized mowers [
24], string trimmers, or with tractor-mounted mowers [
25]. The tractor-mounted flail mowers employed in these contexts perform a side shift movement through a hydraulic lateral transverse function or hydraulic arms, cutting weeds along the tree row and skipping trees [
26,
27]. However, the use of these machines for this purpose can be laborious, as the lateral movement occurs following the command of the operator. On the other hand, the use of machines with an automatic tree-skipping mechanism (by means of a feeler, for example, such as those for under-row weed control in orchards), would make the practice easier for the operator [
23]. Indeed, according to this tree-skipping mechanism, the mowing implement, due to the presence of a feeler rod, can enter the row in the working position and automatically exit whenever the feeler perceives the pressure of tree trunks. Among mowers, the rotary impact types are increasingly used due to their simplicity in construction and low maintenance cost [
28]. These mowers can be equipped with various types of cutting tools, and their performance is strictly related to cutting edge sharpness and cutting speed. Generally, as the rotation speed of the cutting tool increases and the working speed decreases, the effectiveness of the cutting tool increases [
29,
30,
31]. Furthermore, for tools that perform impact cutting, the cutting action is also linked to the plant inertia that, by conferring the opposing force, allows tools to penetrate the plant material. Thick stalks have higher inertia than thinner stalks, thus requiring lower cutting speed to be penetrated by the cutting tool [
29]. The environmental conditions in which mowing is performed can also influence its effectiveness. In the presence of moisture on the leaves’ surface, wet clippings, tending to easily bunch up, can cause the clogging of the mowers, thus jeopardizing the mowing operation [
32]. In forest scenarios, chain mowers are often employed for clearing operations [
33,
34,
35]. Chain mowers can effectively clear coarse plant material and are suitable for use in areas with high stoniness since chains simply bend over these obstacles whereas blades become frequently damaged [
34,
35,
36]. It is well-known that the longer a cutting tool lasts before wearing out and needing to be changed, the better it is for the user. The use of chain mowers could be advantageous for under-row management in alley cropping contexts since coarse plant material, tree residues (such as pruning materials), or stones may be present in this area. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no research testing a chain mower with an automatic tree-skipping mechanism for under-row weed control in alley cropping farming systems. In this research, a mower designed for under-row weed control in orchards was modified by replacing blades with chains with the aim of evaluating its performance in an alley cropping context. The weed control effect of the chain mower was evaluated in comparison with the commercial version equipped with blades. The performances of the two mower versions were assessed in relation to different settings of the working speed and rotation speed of the cutting tool, preliminarily in an open field and then in an alley cropping farming system.