Performative Masculinity: A META-Ethnography of Experiences of Men in Academic and Clinical Nursing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Search Method and Outcomes
3.3. Assessment of Methodological Quality
3.4. Data Extraction and Synthesis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Characteristics of the Included Studies
4.2. Themes
4.2.1. Nursing Could Be a Gendered-Neutral Occupation Suitable to Both Genders
Proportion of Male Nurses Varies with Country
Relationship between Gender and Culture
4.2.2. Performative Masculinity
Avoiding the Stigma of Being a Homosexual or Sexual Deviant
Anti-Femininity or Distancing from Women
Soft Masculinity
4.2.3. Strategies for Providing Caring and Bodywork
Expanded Care Work: Discursively Relabeling the Occupation
Gender Segregation
5. Discussion
Limitations of the Review
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Year), Country | Aim | Participants/Settings | Methodology | Data Collection | Data Analysis Method | Quality Score (CASP) | Study Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ayala et al. (2014) [32] Chile | Comprehend the socialization of male nursing students and its relationship with masculine identity. | Individual (n = 22) and group (mixed gender, n = 6) with beginning and advanced nursing students separately from a Chilean University | Grounded theory | A standardized survey; Semi-structured interviews with individuals and groups. | Conceptual integration | 9/10 | A |
Dyck et al. (2009) [33] Canada | Explored the experiences of male nursing students and female nursing instructors in the context of classroom education. | Male nursing students (n = 6) who were participants in the classes and female nursing instructors (n = 6) who taught the classes. | Interpretive ethnographic study | Interviews | Structural analysis | 9/10 | B |
Evans, J.A. (2002) [25] Canada | Explored the experience of male nurses and the ways in which gender relations structure different work experiences for women and men in the same profession. | Male nurses (n = 8), 20–50 years of age. 7–30 years of nursing practice. Area of nursing practice included community health nursing, mental health nursing, medical-surgical and general duty nursing. 3 leadership, 2 baccalaureate degree; 6 married, 2 lived with partner (1 with a gay man). | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | Thematic analysis | 9/10 | C |
Fisher, M.J. (2009) [34] Australia | Report of a study examining the labor processes of male nurses in the conduct of bodywork; part of a broader study of social practices that configure masculinity through the lives of male nurses. | Male registered nurses (n = 21); 26–61 years of age; 4 identified as homosexual; 17 heterosexuals (16 married); 4 each from medical/surgical, mental health, critical care, maternal and child health, or gerontological, rehabilitation, and palliative care units. 1 military nurse. | Life history method | Semi-structured interviews | Structural analysis | 10/10 | D |
Harding, T. (2007) [35] New Zealand | Examine the construct of the stereotype of male nurses as gay, and to describe how this discourse impacts on a group of New Zealand male nurses. | Male nurses (n = 17): self-identified as gay (11), or heterosexual (6). Work places included clinical nursing, education, administration, midwifery, mental health and armed forces. | Qualitative | Individual interviews | Discourse analysis | 10/10 | E |
Hollup, O. (2014) [36] Mauritius | Description and analyses of how gender and cultural perceptions influenced the development of nursing in Mauritius. | Male nurses (n + 27) and female nurses (n = 20) from different grades, age, religions and ethnic backgrounds. | Qualitative | Individual interviews | Field notes | 9/10 | F |
Holyoake, D. (2002) [26] UK | Explore the cultural meaning associated with male mental health nurses. | Male nurses from 2 nursing units in Birmingham and 1 nursing unit in London. | Ethnographic observation | Participant observation and in-depth interviews | Develop domain, and taxonomies (lists of related folk terms) regarding male nurse’s issues | 7/10 | G |
Hsu, T. K. (2001) [37] Taiwan | Realize how male nurses redefine themselves and nursing | 54 Participants: male (n = 25), female (n = 29). 28 general nurses, 4 primary supervisors, 5 top management, 2 doctors, 5 turnover male nurses. Critical care, surgical care, psychiatric care, palliative care, nursing home. | Interpretive ethnographic | Individual interviews from Male, female nurses and their leaders Field observation | Field notes | 9/10 | H |
Huang, Y.S. & Yang, H.C. (2011) [38] Taiwan | Explore the masculinity experiences of four male nurses in psychiatric unit | Male nurses (n = 4) in acute psychiatric ward | Ethnography | Participant observation and in-depth interviews | Thematic analysis | 9/10 | I |
Kumpula, E. & Ekstrand, P. (2009) [39] Sweden | Analyze experiences of male nurses working with male caregivers and attending to male patients in forensic psychiatry. | Male nurses (n = 6) in psychiatric ward | Qualitative approach | Narrative interviews | Content analysis | 9/10 | J |
O’Connor, T. (2015) [16] Ireland. | Iinvestigate the gendered experiences of men choosing to be nurses | Male nurses (n = 6) in general(adult) hospital setting ward | Qualitative interpretive approach | Single in-depth interviews | Gender analysis | 9/10 | K |
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Liu, H.-Y.; Han, H.-M.; Chao, C.-Y.; Chen, H.-F.; Wu, S.-M. Performative Masculinity: A META-Ethnography of Experiences of Men in Academic and Clinical Nursing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214813
Liu H-Y, Han H-M, Chao C-Y, Chen H-F, Wu S-M. Performative Masculinity: A META-Ethnography of Experiences of Men in Academic and Clinical Nursing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214813
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Hsing-Yuan, Hui-Mei Han, Chun-Yen Chao, Hsiu-Fang Chen, and Sheau-Ming Wu. 2022. "Performative Masculinity: A META-Ethnography of Experiences of Men in Academic and Clinical Nursing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214813