Influencing Factors and Improvement Path of Academic Engagement among College Students in the Context of Epidemic Prevention and Control
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Raising of Questions
1.2. Research Hypothesis
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Research Subjects
2.2. Research Tools
- (1)
- Health Behavior Scale (HBS)
- (2)
- Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS)
- (3)
- The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale—Student
2.3. Data Analysis Method
3. Research Results
3.1. Testing of Research Instruments
- (1)
- Common method bias
- (2)
- Reliability test
- (3)
- Correlations between different variables and differences
- (4)
- Testing of structural equation model
3.2. Structural Equation Model Analysis
- (1)
- Path coefficient estimation and hypothesis testing
- ①
- In this study, the three observed variables of perceived social support—family support, friend support and other support—can all reflect perceived social support, and the standardized path coefficients between these observed variables and perceived social support are 0.725, 0.940 and 0.984, all of which are positive, indicating that in terms of college students’ perceptions of social support, the higher the degree of support that students receive from family, the stronger the support from friends and the more extensive other external support, the higher the perceived social support.
- ②
- In this study, the three observed variables of learning engagement—motivation, energy, and concentration—can all reflect learning engagement, and the standardized path coefficients between these observed variables and learning engagement are 0.879, 0.962 and 0.945, and all of them are positive, indicating that the higher motivation, energy and concentration are, the higher the level of college students’ learning engagement is.
- ③
- The following six variables of health behavior were observed in this study: the need for physical exercise to satisfy their own life and study; the degree of their interest and hobby in physical exercise; how the atmosphere of physical exercise is in their school; whether they will overcome some inertia for physical exercise; how they feel the effect of exercise and emotional experience after physical exercise; and whether they think physical exercise and the value of physical exercise are important to the health behavior of college students. The standardized coefficients were 0.833, 0.798, 0.740, 0.756, 0.755 and 0.780, respectively.
- (2)
- Test of mediating effect of comprehending social support
4. Analysis and Discussion
4.1. Current Situation and Characteristics of College Students’ Learning Engagement, Perceived Social Support and Health Behaviors during the Epidemic
4.2. The Relationship between Social Support, Health Behaviors and Learning Engagement among College Students during an Epidemic
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions and Suggestions
- (1)
- School level: Schools can organize regular recreational and sports activities in which students can participate to alleviate the negative emotions caused by the long-term closure of school and improve students’ learning engagement. In addition, the school can also build an online learning communication platform to facilitate learning exchanges between teachers and students, and timely online feedback from teachers can increase students’ learning experience.
- (2)
- Teacher level: Including sign-in and questioning during online classes can improve students’ classroom participation by guiding their active participation; at the same time, teachers should provide students with full support and affirmation so that students can learn in a pleasant environment and boost their learning confidence, thereby improving students’ motivation in class.
- (3)
- Student level: When performing physical exercise, they should pay attention to choosing the appropriate exercise intensity and exercise time to avoid blindly pursuing the exercise effect and neglecting their physical condition, which can damage their health.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Number | Effective Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 279 | 51.9 |
Female | 259 | 48.1 | |
Home location | Urban | 152 | 28.3 |
Rural | 386 | 71.7 | |
Grade | Freshman | 93 | 17.3 |
Sophomore | 134 | 24.9 | |
Junior | 50 | 9.3 | |
Senior | 261 | 48.5 | |
Type of specialization | Science and Engineering | 118 | 21.9 |
Others | 340 | 63.2 | |
Literature and History | 80 | 14.9 | |
Classes | Online | 132 | 24.5 |
Online and offline | 299 | 55.6 | |
Offline | 107 | 19.9 | |
Any new cases at the school site | Yes | 240 | 44.6 |
No | 298 | 55.4 |
Scale | Variables | Standardized Factor Loadings | CR | AVE | α | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | |||||
Learning Engagement | Motivation | 0.888 | 0.807 | 0.846 | 0.917 | 0.903 | 0.879 | 0.967 | 0.907 | 0.981 |
Energy | 0.898 | 0.885 | 0.886 | 0.941 | 0.922 | 0.936 | ||||
Dedication | 0.914 | 0.939 | 0.917 | 0.898 | 0.909 | - | ||||
Perceived Social Support | Family | 0.778 | 0.895 | 0.874 | 0.811 | - | - | 0.940 | 0.840 | 0.962 |
Friends | 0.937 | 0.921 | 0.934 | 0.908 | - | - | ||||
Others | 0.875 | 0.908 | 0.879 | 0.921 | - | - | ||||
Health Behavior | Intention | 0.832 | 0.799 | 0.737 | - | - | - | 0.902 | 0.605 | 0.901 |
Habits | 0.756 | 0.758 | 0.781 | - | - | - |
Variables | M | SD | Perceived Social Support | Learning Engagement | Health Behavior |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived Social Support | 5.2752 | 1.07415 | 0.916 | ||
Learning Engagement | 4.6054 | 1.18251 | 0.491 ** | 0.952 | |
Health Behavior | 3.8386 | 0.60291 | 0.286 ** | 0.319 ** | 0.778 |
Variables | Any New Cases at the School Site | t-test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | t | p | Cohen’s d | 1-β | ||
Learning Engagement | Motivation | 4.689 ± 1.049 | 5.054 ± 1.197 | −3.769 | <0.001 | 0.324 | 0.962 |
Energy | 4.106 ± 1.240 | 4.665 ± 1.313 | −5.029 | <0.001 | 0.438 | 0.999 | |
Dedication | 4.184 ± 1.215 | 4.736 ± 1.265 | −5.121 | <0.001 | 0.445 | 0.999 | |
Perceived Social Support | Family | 4.991 ± 1.207 | 5.244 ± 1.225 | −2.401 | 0.017 | 0.208 | 0.668 |
Friends | 5.205 ± 1.091 | 5.498 ± 1.147 | −3.011 | 0.003 | 0.262 | 0.854 | |
Others | 5.192 ± 1.095 | 5.436 ± 1.189 | −2.456 | 0.014 | 0.213 | 0.69 | |
Health Behavior | Intention | 3.753 ± 0.583 | 3.880 ± 0.652 | −2.394 | 0.017 | 0.205 | 0.657 |
Habits | 3.825 ± 0.600 | 3.870 ± 0.662 | −0.826 | 0.409 | 0.071 | 0.13 |
Evaluation Indicators | Indicators | Ideal Value | Actual Values | Standard Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute fitness evaluation | χ2 | As small as possible | 198.629 | Ming-Lung Wu: Structural Equation Modeling (2009) |
GFI | >0.90 | 0.943 | ||
AGFI | >0.90 | 0.913 | ||
RMSEA | <0.08 | 0.073 | ||
Value-added suitability evaluation | NFI | >0.90 | 0.962 | |
IFI | >0.90 | 0.971 | ||
CFI | >0.90 | 0.971 | ||
Minimalist suitability evaluation | χ2/df | <5 | 3.895 | |
PNFI | >0.50 | 0.743 | ||
PGFI | >0.50 | 0.617 |
Path Analysis | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. | St. Estimate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived Social Support | ← | Health Behavior | 0.526 | 0.082 | 6.419 *** | 0.289 |
Learning Engagement | ← | Health Behavior | 0.323 | 0.07 | 4.621 *** | 0.200 |
Learning Engagement | ← | Perceived Social Support | 0.36 | 0.038 | 9.572 *** | 0.406 |
Others’ Support | ← | Perceived Social Support | 1 | 0.984 | ||
Friends’ Support | ← | Perceived Social Support | 0.937 | 0.021 | 43.743 *** | 0.940 |
Family Support | ← | Perceived Social Support | 0.781 | 0.034 | 22.754 *** | 0.725 |
Motivation | ← | Learning Engagement | 1 | 0.879 | ||
Energy | ← | Learning Engagement | 1.249 | 0.035 | 35.915 *** | 0.962 |
Dedication | ← | Learning Engagement | 1.191 | 0.034 | 34.719 *** | 0.945 |
To meet their own life study needs physical exercise? | ← | Health Behavior | 1 | 0.833 | ||
The degree of their interest and hobby in physical exercise | ← | Health Behavior | 0.931 | 0.044 | 21.244 *** | 0.798 |
How is the physical activity atmosphere in their school? | ← | Health Behavior | 0.855 | 0.045 | 19.137 *** | 0.740 |
Will they overcome some inertia for physical exercise? | ← | Health Behavior | 0.902 | 0.046 | 19.705 *** | 0.756 |
How do they feel about the exercise effect and emotional experience after physical exercise? | ← | Health Behavior | 0.939 | 0.048 | 19.671 *** | 0.755 |
Do they think physical activity and the value of physical activity is important? | ← | Health Behavior | 0.922 | 0.045 | 20.555 *** | 0.780 |
Research Hypothesis | Path Relationships | St. Estimate (β) | p | Test Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | Health Behavior → Perceived Social Support | 0.289 | *** | Yes |
H2 | Perceived Social Support → Learning Engagement | 0.200 | ** | Yes |
H3 | Health Behavior → Learning Engagement | 0.406 | *** | Yes |
Paths | SE | SE–SE | β | Bias | SE-Bias | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived Social Support | ← | Health Behavior | 0.060 | 0.001 | 0.289 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Learning Engagement | ← | Health Behavior | 0.055 | 0.001 | 0.200 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Learning Engagement | ← | Perceived Social Support | 0.053 | 0.001 | 0.406 | −0.003 | 0.001 |
Effect Categories | Coefficient Multiplication Product | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S.E. | β | Bias-Corrected Method | Percentile Method | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Direct effect a | 0.060 | 0.289 | 0.162 | 0.402 | 0.167 | 0.407 |
Direct effect b | 0.055 | 0.406 | 0.295 | 0.505 | 0.292 | 0.502 |
Direct effect c′ | 0.053 | 0.200 | 0.089 | 0.303 | 0.092 | 0.308 |
Intermediary effect (ab) | 0.036 | 0.190 | 0.126 | 0.266 | 0.117 | 0.257 |
Total effect | 0.099 | 0.513 | 0.309 | 0.701 | 0.314 | 0.705 |
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Yin, X.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, M.; Qian, H. Influencing Factors and Improvement Path of Academic Engagement among College Students in the Context of Epidemic Prevention and Control. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912939
Yin X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang M, Qian H. Influencing Factors and Improvement Path of Academic Engagement among College Students in the Context of Epidemic Prevention and Control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912939
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Xiangju, Yiming Huang, Xin Zhang, Yuqian Chen, Mingyue Wang, and Hongwei Qian. 2022. "Influencing Factors and Improvement Path of Academic Engagement among College Students in the Context of Epidemic Prevention and Control" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912939