Editorial

4 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Water Environment Pollution and Control in the Dual-Carbon Background

by Weiying Feng, Fang Yang and Jing Liu

Water 2023, 15(17), 3082; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173082 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 762

Water pollution and control are becoming increasingly important in the global context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 2867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences of Nitrogen Transformation Pathways and Their Functional Microorganisms in Water and Sediment of a Seasonally Frozen Lake, China

by Zhiqiang Tian, Sheng Zhang, Junping Lu, Xiaohong Shi, Shengnan Zhao, Biao Sun, Yanjun Wang, Guohua Li, Zhimou Cui, Xueru Pan, Guoguang Li and Zixuan Zhang

Water 2023, 15(13), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132332 - 23 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1732

Abstract

Nitrogen is one of the most important elements involved in ecosystem biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about the characteristics of nitrogen cycling during the ice-covered period in seasonally frozen lakes. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of subglacial water and sediment from [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is one of the most important elements involved in ecosystem biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about the characteristics of nitrogen cycling during the ice-covered period in seasonally frozen lakes. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of subglacial water and sediment from Lake Ulansuhai was performed to identify and compare nitrogen metabolism pathways and microbes involved in these pathways. In total, ammonia assimilation was the most prominent nitrogen transformation pathway, and Bacteria and Proteobacteria (at the domain and phylum levels, respectively) were the most abundant portion of microorganisms involved in nitrogen metabolism. Gene sequences devoted to nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, and ammonia assimilation were significantly higher in sediment than in surface and subsurface water. In addition, 15 biomarkers of nitrogen-converting microorganisms, such as Ciliophora and Synergistetes, showed significant variation between sampling levels. The findings of the present study improve our understanding of the nitrogen cycle in seasonally frozen lakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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14 pages, 3183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Problem of Selenium for Human Health—Removal of Selenium from Water and Wastewater

by Agata Witczak, Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak, Grzegorz Witczak, Jacek Cybulski and Aleksandra Aftyka

Water 2023, 15(12), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122230 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2033

Abstract

Selenium is a trace element that can be poisonous in small quantities. The aim of this study was to analyze the change in the content of selenium in drinking water, raw water, as well as treated and raw wastewater in an annual cycle [...] Read more.

Selenium is a trace element that can be poisonous in small quantities. The aim of this study was to analyze the change in the content of selenium in drinking water, raw water, as well as treated and raw wastewater in an annual cycle in the city of Szczecin. The concentration of Se in samples was determined using the spectrofluorometric method at a 518 nm emission wavelength and a 378 nm excitation wavelength. The amount of selenium in drinking water ranged from <LOD to 0.007 μg/mL, in raw water, from 0.001 to 0.006 μg/mL, in raw wastewater, from 0.001 to 0.008 μg/mL, and in treated wastewater, from 0.001 to 0.009 μg/mL. The selenium content did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), 0.010 μg/mL, in any of the water samples tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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16 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sources of Sedimentary Organic Matter Traced by Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes and Environmental Effects during the Past 60 Years in a Shallow Steppe Lake in Northern China

by Hongbin Gao, Yanru Fan, Gang Wang, Lin Li, Rui Zhang, Songya Li, Linpei Wang, Zhongfeng Jiang, Zhekang Zhang, Junfeng Wu and Xinfeng Zhu

Water 2023, 15(12), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122224 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1673

Abstract

The organic matter of lake sediment plays an important role in paleolimnological reconstruction. Here, we report a detailed study of organic matter components (C_org%, N%, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) in a dated sediment core of Hulun Lake in northern [...] Read more.

The organic matter of lake sediment plays an important role in paleolimnological reconstruction. Here, we report a detailed study of organic matter components (C_org%, N%, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) in a dated sediment core of Hulun Lake in northern China. Multiple mixing models based on the stoichiometric ratios and stable isotopic compositions were applied to quantify the contributions of organic matter sources in lake sediment. The results show that the organic matter in the sediments from Hulun Lake mainly comes from terrestrial organic matter: the proportion of terrestrial organic matter is more than 80%. The results of the SIAR mixing model further reveal that the proportions of terrestrial C₃ plants-derived organic matter, soil organic matter, and lake plankton-derived organic matter were 76.0%, 13.9%, and 10.1%, respectively. The organic matter content of lake sediment from terrestrial sources began to increase significantly from 1980 onward, which is consistent with the growth in overgrazing in the Hulun Lake basin. The content of organic matter from endogenous lake-derived sources began to increase significantly after 2000 due to the nutrients gradually becoming concentrated in lake water, indicating that the reduction in rivers’ discharge and the downgrade of the lake water level were the immediate causes of the lake’s environmental deterioration during this period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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12 pages, 1592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate and Fluoride in the Groundwater of Central Saudi Arabia

by Talal Alharbi and Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy

Water 2023, 15(12), 2220; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122220 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1657

Abstract

High nitrate and fluoride contamination in groundwater cause a variety of disorders, including methemoglobinemia, teratogenesis, and dental and skeletal fluorosis. The present work assesses the non-carcinogenic health risks posed by nitrate and fluoride in infants, children, and adults using the daily water intake [...] Read more.

High nitrate and fluoride contamination in groundwater cause a variety of disorders, including methemoglobinemia, teratogenesis, and dental and skeletal fluorosis. The present work assesses the non-carcinogenic health risks posed by nitrate and fluoride in infants, children, and adults using the daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI). Groundwater samples were collected from 36 wells and boreholes in three central Saudi Arabian study areas for nitrate and fluoride analysis using ionic chromatography and fluoride selective electrode, respectively. Nitrate concentrations varied from 0.70 to 47.00 mg/L. None of the 36 studied boreholes had nitrate levels that exceeded WHO guidelines (50.00 mg/L). Fluoride ranged from 0.63 to 2.00 mg/L, and 30.55% of the fluoride samples (11 out of 36) exceeded the WHO recommendations for acceptable drinking water (1.5 mg/L). The average hazard index (HI) values for adults, children, and infants were 0.99, 2.59, and 2.77, respectively. Water samples surpassed the safety level of 1 for adults, children, and infants at 44.44, 97.22, and 100%, respectively. Accordingly, water samples from Jubailah and a few from Wadi Nisah may expose infants, children, and adults to non-cancer health concerns. Infants and children are more vulnerable to non-carcinogenic health risks than adults, possibly due to their lower body weight. Immediate attention and remedial measures must be implemented to protect residents from the adverse effects of F- in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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17 pages, 3589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Driving Mechanism of Water Environment Evolution and Algal Bloom Warning Signals in Tai Lake

by Cuicui Li and Wenliang Wu

Water 2023, 15(6), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061245 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

Understanding the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of eutrophic lake ecosystems, especially over long time scales, remains a challenge. Little research on lake ecosystem mutation has been conducted using long-term time series data. In this study, long-term water quality indicators, as well as [...] Read more.

Understanding the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of eutrophic lake ecosystems, especially over long time scales, remains a challenge. Little research on lake ecosystem mutation has been conducted using long-term time series data. In this study, long-term water quality indicators, as well as ecological indexes, natural meteorological factors, and socio-economic indexes, were collected for Tai Lake to enable us to study the environmental evolution of the lake ecosystem. The key time nodes and early warning signals of the steady-state transformation of Tai Lake were also identified, which could provide a theoretical basis for early indication of the transformation of lake ecosystems. Furthermore, the characteristics and driving mechanism of the lake’s ecosystem evolution were analyzed based on the physical and chemical indexes of its sediments and its long-term water quality indexes. The results show that the early warning signals (variance, autocorrelation, and skewness) of ecosystem mutation included abnormal changes 10 years before the steady-state change, and the evolution of Tai Lake was driven by the complex nonlinear effects of biological, physical, chemical, and socio-economic factors in the lake basin. These results have important theoretical and practical value for pollution control and the management of eutrophic lakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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11 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Green and Sustainable Tool for Assessing Nitrite and Nitrate Amounts in a Variety of Environmental Waters

by H. R. Robles-Jimarez, N. Jornet-Martínez and P. Campíns-Falcó

Water 2023, 15(5), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050945 - 01 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

This paper aims to provide improved selectivity and sensitivity with a short analysis time of about 10 min and low residues for quantitation of nitrite and nitrate in waters by liquid chromatography. Ion-pair formation and ion exchange retention mechanisms were considered. The optimized [...] Read more.

This paper aims to provide improved selectivity and sensitivity with a short analysis time of about 10 min and low residues for quantitation of nitrite and nitrate in waters by liquid chromatography. Ion-pair formation and ion exchange retention mechanisms were considered. The optimized option was in-tube solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME) by means of a silica capillary of 14 cm length and 0.32 mm id, coupled online with a capillary anion exchange analytical column (Inertsil AX 150 × 0.5 mm id, 5 µm) and the use of their native absorbance. Precision of the retention times expressed as % relative standard deviation (RSD) were <1% for both, nitrite (t_R = 5.8 min) and nitrate (t_R = 10.5 min). Well, river, channel, lake, sea, tap and bottled waters and several matrices of a drinking water treatment plant were analysed, and no matrix effect was observed for all of them. Inorganic anions and several organic acids were tested as possible interferences and suitable selectivity was obtained. Precision expressed as % relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 0.9 and 3%. Low detection limits of 0.9 and 9 μg/L for nitrite and nitrate were obtained, respectively, and low residue generation near 100 µL per run was also achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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18 pages, 5411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Adsorption Behaviors and Mechanisms of Anionic Azo Dyes on Polydopamine–Polyethyleneimine Modified Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanofiber Membranes

by Jiaoxia Sun, Yao Zhou, Xueting Jiang and Jianxin Fan

Water 2022, 14(23), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233865 - 27 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Considering the notable mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polydopamine–polyethyleneimine (PEI) -modified TPU nanofiber membranes (PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs) have been developed successfully for removal of anionic azo dyes. The adsorption capacity of PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs was evaluated using three anionic dyes: congo red (CR), sunset [...] Read more.

Considering the notable mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polydopamine–polyethyleneimine (PEI) -modified TPU nanofiber membranes (PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs) have been developed successfully for removal of anionic azo dyes. The adsorption capacity of PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs was evaluated using three anionic dyes: congo red (CR), sunset yellow (SY), and methyl orange (MO). Interestingly, it exhibited different adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of CR on PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs compared with SY and MO. With the decrease in pH, leading to more positive charges on the PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs, the adsorption capacity of SY and MO increased, indicating electrostatic interaction as a main mechanism for SY and MO adsorption. However, wide pH range adaptability and superior adsorption have been observed during the CR adsorption process compared to SY and MO, suggesting a synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, likely as a critical factor. The adsorption kinetics revealed that chemical interactions predominate in the CR adsorption process, and multiple stages control the adsorption process at the same time. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of CR, SY and MO were reached 263, 17 and 23 mg/g, respectively. After six iterations of adsorption–desorption, the adsorption performance of the PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs did not decrease significantly, which indicated that the PDA/PEI-TPU NFMs have a potential application for the removal of CR molecules by adsorption from wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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16 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution, Sources, and Risk of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Largest Irrigation Area in the Yellow River Basin

by Qi Zhang, Yafang Li, Qingfeng Miao, Guoxia Pei, Yanxia Nan, Shuyu Yu, Xiaole Mei and Weiying Feng

Water 2022, 14(21), 3472; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213472 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1648

Abstract

To investigate the contamination of PCBs in agricultural soils irrigated chronically with polluted water and the distribution and migration of PCBs under long-term irrigation, 100 farmland soil profile samples were collected in the Yellow River irrigation area in Inner Mongolia, China, to determine [...] Read more.

To investigate the contamination of PCBs in agricultural soils irrigated chronically with polluted water and the distribution and migration of PCBs under long-term irrigation, 100 farmland soil profile samples were collected in the Yellow River irrigation area in Inner Mongolia, China, to determine PCB content. Cluster analysis was used to identify possible sources of PCBs products, and the USEPA Health Risk Evaluation Model assessed the health risks posed by PCBs to humans. The results showed that the detection rates of eight monomers in the different soil layers of each sample site ranged from 5% to 90%, and the concentration ranged from not detected to 87.71 ng·g⁻¹. The PCBs content showed a vertical distribution rule of accumulation in the shallow layer, sudden decrease in the middle layer. Low-chlorinated PCBs were dominant in each soil profile. Source identification indicated that PCB pollution in the study area originated mainly from the Aroclor1242, Aroclor1248, Aroclor1016, Aroclor1232, and Aroclor1221 industrial products and domestic transformer oil. Finally, a health risk assessment demonstrated that child and adult groups in study area were exposed to negligible carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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13 pages, 2152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Spectral Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Relationship with Phytoplankton of Eutrophic Shallow Lakes in Spring and Summer

by Yimeng Zhang, Fang Yang, Haiqing Liao, Shugang Hu, Huibin Yu, Peng Yuan, Bin Li and Bing Cui

Water 2022, 14(19), 2999; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14192999 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1433

Abstract

The compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have important implications for lake water quality and aquatic ecology. Seasonal changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as well as phytoplankton abundance and composition in Shahu Lake from April to July were characterized by three-dimensional [...] Read more.

The compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have important implications for lake water quality and aquatic ecology. Seasonal changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as well as phytoplankton abundance and composition in Shahu Lake from April to July were characterized by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEMs) combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. The relationship between the response of components of the DOM and phytoplankton abundance were explored via Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis (RDA) in the overlying water. The results showed that the DOM was composed mainly of tryptophan-like (C2+C4), fulvic-acid-like (C3), humic-acid-like (C1), and tyrosine-like (C5) compounds that accounted for 44.47%, 20.18%, 20.04%, and 15.31%, respectively, of the DOM. The DOM was derived from both endogenous and terrestrial sources. With seasonal changes, endogenous DOM produced by phytoplankton growth and metabolism gradually increased. In spring and summer (April–July), Chl-a concentrations were significantly correlated with C3 (p < 0.01) and C5 (p < 0.05). The concentration of protein-like fractions (C2+C4, C5) were correlated with Cyanobacteria abundance, and the concentrations of humic-like component content (C1, C3) were correlated with the abundance of Xanthophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cryptophytes. Overall, phytoplankton density and Chl-a content increased by 125% and 197%, respectively, and the abundance of C3 and C5 in the DOM increased by 7.7% and 22.15% in parallel. Thus, seasonal phytoplankton growth had an important influence on the composition of the DOM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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13 pages, 5271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Removal of COD_Mn and Ammonium from Water by Potassium Ferrate-Enhanced Iron-Manganese Co-Oxide Film

by Yingming Guo, Ben Ma, Shengchen Yuan, Yuhong Zhang, Jing Yang, Ruifeng Zhang and Longlong Liu

Water 2022, 14(17), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172651 - 28 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1780

Abstract

Iron-manganese co-oxide film (MeO_x) has a high removal efficiency for ammonium (NH₄⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) in our previous studies, but it cannot effectively remove COD_Mn from water. In this study, the catalytic oxidation ability of [...] Read more.

Iron-manganese co-oxide film (MeO_x) has a high removal efficiency for ammonium (NH₄⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) in our previous studies, but it cannot effectively remove COD_Mn from water. In this study, the catalytic oxidation ability of MeO_x was enhanced by dosage with potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) to achieve the simultaneous removal of COD_Mn and NH₄⁺ from water in a pilot-scale experimental system. By adding 1.0 mg/L K₂FeO₄ to enhance the activity of MeO_x, the removal efficiencies of COD_Mn (20.0 mg/L) and NH₄⁺ (1.1 mg/L) were 92.5 ± 1.5% and 60.9 ± 1.4%, respectively, and the pollutants were consistently and efficiently removed for more than 90 days. The effects of the filtration rate, temperature and pH on the removal of COD_Mn were also explored, and excessive filtration rate (over 11 m/h), lower temperature (below 9.2 °C) and pH (below 6.20) caused a significant decrease in the removal efficiency of COD_Mn. The removal of COD_Mn was analyzed at different temperatures, which proved that the kinetics of COD_Mn oxidation was pseudo-first order. The mature sands (MeO_x) from column IV were taken at different times for microscopic characterization. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that some substances were formed on the surface of MeO_x and the ratio of C and O elements increased significantly, and the ratio of Mn and Fe elements decreased significantly on the surface of MeO_x by electron energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). However, the elemental composition of MeO_x would gradually recover to the initial state after the dosage of Mn²⁺. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the substance attached to the surface of MeO_x was [(-(CH₂)₄O-)_n], which fell off the surface of MeO_x after adding Mn²⁺. Finally, the mechanism of K₂FeO₄-enhanced MeO_x for COD_Mn removal was proposed by the analysis of the oxidation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

27 pages, 8899 KiB

Open AccessReview

Geochemical Indicators for Paleolimnological Studies of the Anthropogenic Influence on the Environment of the Russian Federation: A Review

by Zakhar Slukovskii

Water 2023, 15(3), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030420 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2244

Abstract

Lake sediments are a reliable source of information about the past, including data of the origin of water bodies and their changes. Russia has more than 2 million lakes, so paleolimnological studies are relevant here. This review deals with the most significant studies [...] Read more.

Lake sediments are a reliable source of information about the past, including data of the origin of water bodies and their changes. Russia has more than 2 million lakes, so paleolimnological studies are relevant here. This review deals with the most significant studies of sequential accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals in recent lake sediments in Russia. The key areas are northwestern regions of Russia (Murmansk Region, the Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Region), the Urals (Chelyabinsk Region, the Republic of Bashkortostan), and Siberia. The review presents the data of pollutants accumulation, the sedimentation rate in lakes in the anthropogenic period, and the key sources of pollution of the environment in each of the mentioned regions. The article is divided into three parts (sections): industrial areas, urbanized areas, and background (pristine) areas so that readers might better understand the specifics of particular pollution and its impact on lake ecosystems. The impact of metallurgical plants, mining companies, boiler rooms, coal and mazut thermal power plants, transport, and other anthropogenic sources influencing geochemical characteristics of lakes located nearby or at a distance to these sources of pollution are considered. For instance, the direct influence of factories and transport was noted in the study of lake sediments in industrial regions and cities. In the background territories, the influence of long-range transport of pollutants was mainly noted. It was found that sedimentation rates are significantly lower in pristine areas, especially in the Frigid zone, compared to urbanized areas and industrial territories. In addition, the excess concentrations of heavy metals over the background are higher in the sediments of lakes that are directly affected by the source of pollution. At the end of the article, further prospects of the development of paleolimnological studies in Russia are discussed in the context of the continuing anthropogenic impact on the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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20 pages, 32734 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Groundwater Contamination in West Bank, Palestine: Quality, Sources, Risks, and Management

by Ashraf Zohud and Lubna Alam

Water 2022, 14(21), 3417; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213417 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4192

Abstract

The contamination and shortages of drinking water in the West Bank are among the most important challenges facing the Palestinian National Authority (PA) and the population residing in all sectors. In general, the contamination of water sources makes it difficult to obtain a [...] Read more.

The contamination and shortages of drinking water in the West Bank are among the most important challenges facing the Palestinian National Authority (PA) and the population residing in all sectors. In general, the contamination of water sources makes it difficult to obtain a sufficient quantity of drinking water of suitable quality, since contaminated water has a harmful effect on health, which profoundly impairs the quality of life. Despite knowledge of the adverse health effects of chemical and biological groundwater contamination, few studies have been conducted to suggest measures that can be taken to overcome the contamination and shortages of water. In our review, four levels of domains are used to evaluate the groundwater situation/condition in the West Bank, including (i) assessing the groundwater quality in the West Bank, (ii) identifying the sources of groundwater pollution, (iii) determining the degree of health risks associated with groundwater pollution, and (iv) determining the role of groundwater management in maintaining the quality and sustainability of these sources. To this end, the previous literature on groundwater status was reviewed for the past 27 years. In order to analyze the existing literature, a review matrix based on these four core domains was developed. Our findings revealed only 5 studies corresponding to the first nine years and 9 and 16 studies in the second and third periods, respectively. Furthermore, we found that only a few studies have examined the degree of health risk of groundwater in the West Bank. Although the government of Palestine has made access to safe drinking water a priority for its population, the PA struggles to provide sufficient and clean water to its residents, with a number suffering from water shortages, especially in dry seasons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Environment Pollution and Control)

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