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Water
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Advances in River Mixing Analysis
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Advances in River Mixing Analysis

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 6164

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Kyong Oh Baek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, Korea
Interests: environmental hydraulics, diffusion and dispersion, river engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on the analysis of river mixing, which involves the advection, diffusion, and dispersion of contaminants in open channels, i.e., creeks, streams, and rivers. The diffusion process is defined as the scattering of particles by turbulent and random molecular motions, which can be described by Fick’s law. On the contrary, the dispersion process is represented by mixing that results from spatial variations of velocity. In most rivers, the dispersive mixing capacity is much greater than that of diffusion. Thus, the sum of the dispersion coefficient and the diffusion coefficient can be approximated solely by the dispersion coefficient after the initial period.

River mixing analyses have mainly been conducted using one-dimensional approaches based on longitudinal dispersion, assuming that the pollutant rapidly becomes well-mixed across the cross-section. However, a multi-dimensional analysis should be conducted in cases focusing on the mixing of tributary inflows or waste discharge near a water intake. Many industrial and environmental projects require the ability to predict contaminant transport in open channels, ranging from accidental spills of chemicals to the transport of non-point sources.

In this Special Issue, we encourage experimental studies at the laboratory and field scale, as well as modeling studies of river mixing processes.

Prof. Dr. Kyong Oh Baek
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • diffusion
  • dispersion
  • open channel
  • one-dimensional approach
  • multi-dimensional analysis
  • mixing of tributary inflows
  • accidental spill
  • experimental study
  • numerical modelling

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5833 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Effect of Hyporheic Flow on Solute Residence Time Distributions in Surface Water
by Sung Hyun Jung and Jun Song Kim
Water 2023, 15(11), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112038 - 27 May 2023
Viewed by 1357
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of hyporheic flow is important for managing water resources, since this interfacial flow exchange affects the fate and transport of contaminants in rivers. This study numerically quantifies the effect of hyporheic exchange on solute residence times in surface water systems [...] Read more.
Understanding the dynamics of hyporheic flow is important for managing water resources, since this interfacial flow exchange affects the fate and transport of contaminants in rivers. This study numerically quantifies the effect of hyporheic exchange on solute residence times in surface water systems by simulating solute transport in unified turbulent open-channel and hyporheic zone systems. Interfacial hyporheic fluxes (qint) increase with increased Reynolds number (Re) that produces an enhanced bottom pressure gradient over the ripple bed. Heavy-tailed breakthrough curves emerge when hyporheic flow is considered in transport simulation. This reveals that hyporheic flow is a dominant driver of non-Fickian transport in surface water as this interfacial flow exchange delays solute transport with slow porewater flows. Furthermore, the increase in Re extends the longitudinal spreading of solute tracers because a higher surface flow velocity intensifies the magnitude of hyporheic flow and associated storage effects. This can be confirmed by the ratio of the maximum residence time to the peak arrival time that increases with the increase in Re, following a power-law relationship with both Re and qint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in River Mixing Analysis)
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16 pages, 4986 KiB  
Article
An Explicit Solution for Characterizing Non-Fickian Solute Transport in Natural Streams
by Byunguk Kim, Siyoon Kwon and Il Won Seo
Water 2023, 15(9), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091702 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220
Abstract
One-dimensional solute transport modeling is fundamental to enhance understanding of river mixing mechanisms, and is useful in predicting solute concentration variation and fate in rivers. Motivated by the need of more adaptive and efficient model, an exact and efficient solution for simulating breakthrough [...] Read more.
One-dimensional solute transport modeling is fundamental to enhance understanding of river mixing mechanisms, and is useful in predicting solute concentration variation and fate in rivers. Motivated by the need of more adaptive and efficient model, an exact and efficient solution for simulating breakthrough curves that vary with non-Fickian transport in natural streams was presented, which was based on an existing implicit advection-dispersion equation that incorporates the storage effect. The solution for the Gaussian approximation with a shape-free boundary condition was derived using a routing procedure, and the storage effect was incorporated using a stochastic concept with a memory function. The proposed solution was validated by comparison with analytical and numerical solutions, and the results were efficient and exact. Its performance in simulating non-Fickian transport in streams was validated using field tracer data, and good agreement was achieved with 0.990 of R2. Despite the accurate reproduction of the overall breakthrough curves, considerable errors in their late-time behaviors were found depending upon the memory function formulae. One of the key results was that the proper formula for the memory function is inconsistent according to the data and optimal parameters. Therefore, to gain a deeper understanding of non-Fickian transport in natural streams, identifying the true memory function from the tracer data is required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in River Mixing Analysis)
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18 pages, 8590 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Mixing Patterns of River Confluences through 3D Spatial Interpolation of Sensor Measurement Data
by Chang Hyun Lee, Kyung Dong Kim, Siwan Lyu, Dong Su Kim and Young Do Kim
Water 2023, 15(5), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050925 - 27 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1592
Abstract
Aquatic environmental problems, such as algae, turbid water, and poor oxygen content, have become increasingly common. In river analysis, hydrological and water quality characteristics are used for evaluating aquatic ecological health, which necessitates continuous monitoring. In addition, because measurements are conducted using a [...] Read more.
Aquatic environmental problems, such as algae, turbid water, and poor oxygen content, have become increasingly common. In river analysis, hydrological and water quality characteristics are used for evaluating aquatic ecological health, which necessitates continuous monitoring. In addition, because measurements are conducted using a fixed measurement method, the hydrological and water quality characteristics are not investigated for the entire river. Furthermore, obtaining high-resolution data is tedious, and the measurement area and time are limited. Hence, low-resolution data acquisition is generally preferred; however, this requires an appropriate interpolation method to obtain a wide range of data. Therefore, a 3D interpolation method for river data is proposed herein. The overall hydraulic and water quality information of a river is presented by visualizing the low-resolution measurements using spatial interpolation. The Kriging technique was applied to the river mapping to improve the mapping precision through data visualization and quantitative evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in River Mixing Analysis)
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12 pages, 3179 KiB  
Article
Modifying Elder’s Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient for Two-Dimensional Solute Mixing Analysis in Open-Channel Bends
by Kyong Oh Baek and II Won Seo
Water 2022, 14(19), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14192962 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1347
Abstract
Elder’s equation for the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in two-dimensional solute transport analysis cannot be applied to curved channels because the vertical distribution of the longitudinal velocity does not obey the logarithmic law in the bends of an open channel. In this study, a [...] Read more.
Elder’s equation for the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in two-dimensional solute transport analysis cannot be applied to curved channels because the vertical distribution of the longitudinal velocity does not obey the logarithmic law in the bends of an open channel. In this study, a two-dimensional longitudinal dispersion coefficient based on an equation that can appropriately describe the vertical distribution of flow velocity in open-channel bends is derived theoretically. The proposed equations for the vertical velocity distribution and dispersion coefficient are compared and verified with values measured from two different types of open channels, i.e., a laboratory channel and a natural-like channel. The increase in the longitudinal dispersion coefficient based on the difference in the vertical distribution of the flow velocity is evaluated quantitatively. In terms of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, no significant difference is observed between the observed dispersion coefficient based on the concentration data and the coefficient value calculated using the equation proposed in this study. The dispersion equation proposed in this study can be easily applied to assign the value of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient for the two-dimensional mixing modelling in bends using basic hydraulic factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in River Mixing Analysis)
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