Editorial

6 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management

by Fi-John Chang, Li-Chiu Chang and Jui-Fa Chen

Water 2023, 15(10), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101846 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5818

The sustainable management of water cycles is crucial in the context of climate change and global warming. It involves managing global, regional, and local water cycles—as well as urban, agricultural, and industrial water cycles—to conserve water resources and their relationships with energy, food, [...] Read more.

The sustainable management of water cycles is crucial in the context of climate change and global warming. It involves managing global, regional, and local water cycles—as well as urban, agricultural, and industrial water cycles—to conserve water resources and their relationships with energy, food, microclimates, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and anthropogenic activities. Hydrological modeling is indispensable for achieving this goal, as it is essential for water resources management and mitigation of natural disasters. In recent decades, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in hydrology and water resources management has made notable advances. In the face of hydro-geo-meteorological uncertainty, AI approaches have proven to be powerful tools for accurately modeling complex, non-linear hydrological processes and effectively utilizing various digital and imaging data sources, such as ground gauges, remote sensing tools, and in situ Internet of Things (IoTs). The thirteen research papers published in this Special Issue make significant contributions to long- and short-term hydrological modeling and water resources management under changing environments using AI techniques coupled with various analytics tools. These contributions, which cover hydrological forecasting, microclimate control, and climate adaptation, can promote hydrology research and direct policy making toward sustainable and integrated water resources management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

Research

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19 pages, 2925 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Develop a Smart Microclimate Control System for Greenhouses through System Dynamics and Machine Learning Techniques

by Ting-Hsuan Chen, Meng-Hsin Lee, I-Wen Hsia, Chia-Hui Hsu, Ming-Hwi Yao and Fi-John Chang

Water 2022, 14(23), 3941; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233941 - 03 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3020

Abstract

Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Greenhouse farming is recognized as a promising measure against climate change. Nevertheless, greenhouse farming frequently encounters environmental adversity, especially greenhouses built to protect against typhoons. Short-term microclimate prediction is challenging because meteorological variables are strongly interconnected [...] Read more.

Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Greenhouse farming is recognized as a promising measure against climate change. Nevertheless, greenhouse farming frequently encounters environmental adversity, especially greenhouses built to protect against typhoons. Short-term microclimate prediction is challenging because meteorological variables are strongly interconnected and change rapidly. Therefore, this study proposes a water-centric smart microclimate-control system (SMCS) that fuses system dynamics and machine-learning techniques in consideration of the internal hydro-meteorological process to regulate the greenhouse micro-environment within the canopy for environmental cooling with improved resource-use efficiency. SMCS was assessed by in situ data collected from a tomato greenhouse in Taiwan. The results demonstrate that the proposed SMCS could save 66.8% of water and energy (electricity) used for early spraying during the entire cultivation period compared to the traditional greenhouse-spraying system based mainly on operators’ experiences. The proposed SMCS suggests a practicability niche in machine-learning-enabled greenhouse automation with improved crop productivity and resource-use efficiency. This will increase agricultural resilience to hydro-climate uncertainty and promote resource preservation, which offers a pathway towards carbon-emission mitigation and a sustainable water–energy–food nexus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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22 pages, 10541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Step Ahead Probabilistic Forecasting of Daily Streamflow Using Bayesian Deep Learning: A Multiple Case Study

by Fatemeh Ghobadi and Doosun Kang

Water 2022, 14(22), 3672; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223672 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2747

Abstract

In recent decades, natural calamities such as drought and flood have caused widespread economic and social damage. Climate change and rapid urbanization contribute to the occurrence of natural disasters. In addition, their destructive impact has been altered, posing significant challenges to the efficiency, [...] Read more.

In recent decades, natural calamities such as drought and flood have caused widespread economic and social damage. Climate change and rapid urbanization contribute to the occurrence of natural disasters. In addition, their destructive impact has been altered, posing significant challenges to the efficiency, equity, and sustainability of water resources allocation and management. Uncertainty estimation in hydrology is essential for water resources management. By quantifying the associated uncertainty of reliable hydrological forecasting, an efficient water resources management plan is obtained. Moreover, reliable forecasting provides significant future information to assist risk assessment. Currently, the majority of hydrological forecasts utilize deterministic approaches. Nevertheless, deterministic forecasting models cannot account for the intrinsic uncertainty of forecasted values. Using the Bayesian deep learning approach, this study developed a probabilistic forecasting model that covers the pertinent subproblem of univariate time series models for multi-step ahead daily streamflow forecasting to quantify epistemic and aleatory uncertainty. The new model implements Bayesian sampling in the Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network by using variational inference to approximate the posterior distribution. The proposed method is verified with three case studies in the USA and three forecasting horizons. LSTM as a point forecasting neural network model and three probabilistic forecasting models, such as LSTM-BNN, BNN, and LSTM with Monte Carlo (MC) dropout (LSTM-MC), were applied for comparison with the proposed model. The results show that the proposed Bayesian long short-term memory (BLSTM) outperforms the other models in terms of forecasting reliability, sharpness, and overall performance. The results reveal that all probabilistic forecasting models outperformed the deterministic model with a lower RMSE value. Furthermore, the uncertainty estimation results show that BLSTM can handle data with higher variation and peak, particularly for long-term multi-step ahead streamflow forecasting, compared to other models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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22 pages, 8207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Continuous Multisite Multivariate Generator for Daily Temperature Conditioned by Precipitation Occurrence

by Joel Hernández-Bedolla, Abel Solera, Javier Paredes-Arquiola, Sonia Tatiana Sanchez-Quispe and Constantino Domínguez-Sánchez

Water 2022, 14(21), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213494 - 01 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Temperature is one of the most influential weather variables necessary for numerous studies, such as climate change, integrated water resources management, and water scarcity, among others. The temperature and precipitation are relevant in river basins because they may be particularly affected by modifications [...] Read more.

Temperature is one of the most influential weather variables necessary for numerous studies, such as climate change, integrated water resources management, and water scarcity, among others. The temperature and precipitation are relevant in river basins because they may be particularly affected by modifications in the variability, for example, due to climate change. We developed a stochastic model for daily precipitation occurrences and their influence on maximum and minimum temperatures with a straightforward approach. The Markov model has been used to determine everyday occurrences of rainfall. Moreover, we developed a multisite multivariate autoregressive model to represent the short-term memory of daily temperature, called MASCV. The reduction of parameters is an essential factor addressed in this approach. For this reason, the normalization of the temperatures was performed through different nonparametric transformations. The case study is the Jucar River Basin in Spain. The multisite multivariate stochastic model of two states and a lag-one accurately represents both occurrences as well as maximum and minimum temperature. The simulation and generation of occurrences and temperature is considered a continuous multivariate stochastic process. Additionally, time series of multiple correlated climate variables are completed. Therefore, we simplify the complexity and reduce the computational time for the simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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24 pages, 3189 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Deep Learning Algorithms for Intermittent Streamflow Prediction in the Headwaters of the Colorado River, Texas

by Farhang Forghanparast and Ghazal Mohammadi

Water 2022, 14(19), 2972; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14192972 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

Predicting streamflow in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), particularly those in climate hotspots such as the headwaters of the Colorado River in Texas, is a necessity for all planning and management endeavors associated with these ubiquitous and valuable surface water resources. In [...] Read more.

Predicting streamflow in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), particularly those in climate hotspots such as the headwaters of the Colorado River in Texas, is a necessity for all planning and management endeavors associated with these ubiquitous and valuable surface water resources. In this study, the performance of three deep learning algorithms, namely Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Self-Attention LSTM models, were evaluated and compared against a baseline Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) model for monthly streamflow prediction in the headwaters of the Texas Colorado River. The predictive performance of the models was assessed over the entire range of flow as well as for capturing the extreme hydrologic events (no-flow events and extreme floods) using a suite of model evaluation metrics. According to the results, the deep learning algorithms, especially the LSTM-based models, outperformed the ELM with respect to all evaluation metrics and offered overall higher accuracy and better stability (more robustness against overfitting). Unlike its deep learning counterparts, the simpler ELM model struggled to capture important components of the IRES flow time-series and failed to offer accurate estimates of the hydrologic extremes. The LSTM model (K.G.E. > 0.7, R² > 0.75, and r > 0.85), with better evaluation metrics than the ELM and CNN algorithm, and competitive performance to the SA–LSTM model, was identified as an appropriate, effective, and parsimonious streamflow prediction tool for the headwaters of the Colorado River in Texas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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13 pages, 14282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Networks and Multiple Linear Regression for Filling in Missing Daily Rainfall Data

by Ioannis Papailiou, Fotios Spyropoulos, Ioannis Trichakis and George P. Karatzas

Water 2022, 14(18), 2892; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182892 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2324

Abstract

As demand for more hydrological data has been increasing, there is a need for the development of more accurate and descriptive models. A pending issue regarding the input data of said models is the missing data from observation stations in the field. In [...] Read more.

As demand for more hydrological data has been increasing, there is a need for the development of more accurate and descriptive models. A pending issue regarding the input data of said models is the missing data from observation stations in the field. In this paper, a methodology utilizing ensembles of artificial neural networks is developed with the goal of estimating missing precipitation data in the extended region of Chania, Greece on a daily timestep. In the investigated stations, there have been multiple missing data events, as well as missing data prior to their installation. The methodology presented aims to generate precipitation time series based on observed data from neighboring stations and its results have been compared with a Multiple Linear Regression model as the basis for improvements to standard practice. For each combination of stations missing daily data, an ensemble has been developed. According to the statistical indexes that were calculated, ANN ensembles resulted in increased accuracy compared to the Multiple Linear Regression model. Despite this, the training time of the ensembles was quite long compared to that of the Multiple Linear Regression model, which suggests that increased accuracy comes at the cost of calculation time and processing power. In conclusion, when dealing with missing data in precipitation time series, ANNs yield more accurate results compared to MLR methods but require more time for producing them. The urgency of the required data in essence dictates which method should be used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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16 pages, 3533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Optimal Deep Learning Model for Dam Inflow Prediction

by Beom-Jin Kim, You-Tae Lee and Byung-Hyun Kim

Water 2022, 14(17), 2766; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172766 - 05 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

In the midst of climate change, the need for accurate predictions of dam inflow to reduce flood damage along with stable water supply from water resources is increasing. In this study, the process and method of selecting the optimal deep learning model using [...] Read more.

In the midst of climate change, the need for accurate predictions of dam inflow to reduce flood damage along with stable water supply from water resources is increasing. In this study, the process and method of selecting the optimal deep learning model using hydrologic data over the past 20 years to predict dam inflow were shown. The study area is Andong Dam and Imha Dam located upstream of the Nakdong River in South Korea. In order to select the optimal model for predicting the inflow of two dams, sixteen scenarios (2 × 2 × 4) are generated considering two dams, two climatic conditions, and four deep learning models. During the drought period, the RNN for Andong Dam and the LSTM for Imha Dam were selected as the optimal models for each dam, and the difference between observations was the smallest at 4% and 2%, respectively. In typhoon conditions, the GRU for Andong Dam and the RNN for Imha Dam were selected as optimal models. In the case of Typhoon Maemi, the GRU and the RNN showed a difference of 2% and 6% from the observed maximum inflow, respectively. The optimal recurrent neural network-based models selected in this study showed a closer prediction to the observed inflow than the SFM, which is currently used to predict the inflow of both dams. For the two dams, different optimal models were selected according to watershed characteristics and rainfall under drought and typhoon conditions. In addition, most of the deep learning models were more accurate than the SFM under various typhoon conditions, but the SFM showed better results under certain conditions. Therefore, for efficient dam operation and management, it is necessary to make a rational decision by comparing the inflow predictions of the SFM and deep learning models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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15 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Monthly and Seasonal Multi-Model Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts in Southwest Asia Using Machine Learning Algorithms

by Morteza Pakdaman, Iman Babaeian and Laurens M. Bouwer

Water 2022, 14(17), 2632; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172632 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Southwest Asia has different climate types including arid, semiarid, Mediterranean, and temperate regions. Due to the complex interactions among components of the Earth system, forecasting precipitation is a difficult task in such large regions. The aim of this paper is to propose a [...] Read more.

Southwest Asia has different climate types including arid, semiarid, Mediterranean, and temperate regions. Due to the complex interactions among components of the Earth system, forecasting precipitation is a difficult task in such large regions. The aim of this paper is to propose a learning approach, based on artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF) algorithms for post-processing the output of forecasting models, in order to provide a multi-model ensemble forecasting of monthly precipitation in southwest Asia. For this purpose, four forecasting models, including GEM-NEMO, NASA-GEOSS2S, CanCM4i, and COLA-RSMAS-CCSM4, included in the North American multi-model ensemble (NMME) project, are considered for the ensemble algorithms. Since each model has nine different lead times, a total of 108 different ANN and RF models are trained for each month of the year. To train the proposed ANN an RF models, the ERA5 reanalysis dataset is employed. To compare the performance of the proposed algorithms, four performance evaluation criteria are calculated for each model. The results indicate that the performance of the ANN and RF post-processing is better than that of the individual NMME models. Moreover, RF outperformed ANN for all lead times and months of the year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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28 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Reinforcement Learning Ensemble for Detecting Anomaly in Telemetry Water Level Data

by Thakolpat Khampuengson and Wenjia Wang

Water 2022, 14(16), 2492; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162492 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2711

Abstract

Water levels in rivers are measured by various devices installed mostly in remote locations along the rivers, and the collected data are then transmitted via telemetry systems to a data centre for further analysis and utilisation, including producing early warnings for risk situations. [...] Read more.

Water levels in rivers are measured by various devices installed mostly in remote locations along the rivers, and the collected data are then transmitted via telemetry systems to a data centre for further analysis and utilisation, including producing early warnings for risk situations. So, the data quality is essential. However, the devices in the telemetry station may malfunction and cause errors in the data, which can result in false alarms or missed true alarms. Finding these errors requires experienced humans with specialised knowledge, which is very time-consuming and also inconsistent. Thus, there is a need to develop an automated approach. In this paper, we firstly investigated the applicability of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The testing results show that whilst they are more accurate than some other machine learning models, particularly in identifying unknown anomalies, they lacked consistency. Therefore, we proposed an ensemble approach that combines DRL models to improve consistency and also accuracy. Compared with other models, including Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), our ensemble models are not only more accurate in most cases, but more importantly, more reliable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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19 pages, 5817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generating Continuous Rainfall Time Series with High Temporal Resolution by Using a Stochastic Rainfall Generator with a Copula and Modified Huff Rainfall Curves

by Dinh Ty Nguyen and Shien-Tsung Chen

Water 2022, 14(13), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132123 - 03 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

In this study, a stochastic rainfall generator was developed to create continuous rainfall time series with a high temporal resolution of 10 min. The rainfall-generation process involved Monte Carlo simulation for stochastically generating rainfall parameters such as rainfall quantity, duration, inter-event time, and [...] Read more.

In this study, a stochastic rainfall generator was developed to create continuous rainfall time series with a high temporal resolution of 10 min. The rainfall-generation process involved Monte Carlo simulation for stochastically generating rainfall parameters such as rainfall quantity, duration, inter-event time, and type. A bivariate copula was used to preserve the correlation between rainfall quantity and rainfall duration in the generated rainfall series. A modified Huff curve method was used to overcome the drawbacks of rainfall type classification by using the conventional Huff curve method. The number of discarded rainfall events was lower in the modified Huff curve method than in the conventional Huff curve method. Moreover, the modified method includes a new rainfall type that better represents rainfall events with a relatively uniform temporal pattern. The developed rainfall generator was used to reproduce rainfall series for the Yilan River Basin in Taiwan. The statistical indices of the generated rainfall series were close to those of the observed rainfall series. The results obtained for rainfall type classification indicated the necessity and suitability of the proposed new rainfall type. Overall, the developed stochastic rainfall generator can suitably reproduce continuous rainfall time series with a resolution of 10 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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16 pages, 3949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Threshold Rainfall in Ungauged Areas Using Machine Learning

by Kyung-Su Chu, Cheong-Hyeon Oh, Jung-Ryel Choi and Byung-Sik Kim

Water 2022, 14(6), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060859 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2809

Abstract

In recent years, Korea has seen abnormal changes in precipitation and temperature driven by climate change. These changes highlight the increased risks of climate disasters and rainfall damage. Even with weather forecasts providing quantitative rainfall estimates, it is still difficult to estimate the [...] Read more.

In recent years, Korea has seen abnormal changes in precipitation and temperature driven by climate change. These changes highlight the increased risks of climate disasters and rainfall damage. Even with weather forecasts providing quantitative rainfall estimates, it is still difficult to estimate the damage caused by rainfall. Damaged by rainfalls differently for inch watershed, but there is a limit to the analysis coherent to the characteristic factors of the inch watershed. It is time-consuming to analyze rainfall and runoff using hydrological models every time it rains. Therefore, in fact, many analyses rely on simple rainfall data, and in coastal basins, hydrological analysis and physical model analysis are often difficult. To address the issue in this study, watershed characteristic factors such as drainage area (

A

), mean drainage elevation (

H

), mean drainage slope (

S

), drainage density (

D

), runoff curve number (

C N

), watershed parameter (

L_{p}

), and form factor (

R_{s}

) etc. and hydrologic factors were collected and calculated as independent variables, and the threshold rainfall calculated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) was calculated as a dependent variable and used in the machine learning technique. As for machine learning techniques, this study uses the support vector machine method (SVM), the random forest method, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). As a result, XGBoost showed good results in performance evaluation with RMSE 20, MAE 14, and RMSLE 0.28, and the threshold rainfall of the ungauged watersheds was calculated using the XGBoost technique and verified through past rainfall events and damage cases. As a result of the verification, it was confirmed that there were cases of damage in the basin where the threshold rainfall was low. If the application results of this study are used, it is judged that it is possible to accurately predict flooding-induced rainfall by calculating the threshold rainfall in the ungauged watersheds where rainfall-outflow analysis is difficult, and through this result, it is possible to prepare for areas vulnerable to flooding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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20 pages, 5953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using a Self-Organizing Map to Explore Local Weather Features for Smart Urban Agriculture in Northern Taiwan

by Angela Huang and Fi-John Chang

Water 2021, 13(23), 3457; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233457 - 06 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

Weather plays a critical role in outdoor agricultural production; therefore, climate information can help farmers to arrange planting and production schedules, especially for urban agriculture (UA), providing fresh vegetables to partially fulfill city residents’ dietary needs. General weather information in the form of [...] Read more.

Weather plays a critical role in outdoor agricultural production; therefore, climate information can help farmers to arrange planting and production schedules, especially for urban agriculture (UA), providing fresh vegetables to partially fulfill city residents’ dietary needs. General weather information in the form of timely forecasts is insufficient to anticipate potential occurrences of weather types and features during the designated time windows for precise cultivation planning. In this research, we intended to use a self-organizing map (SOM), which is a clustering technique with powerful feature extraction ability to reveal hidden patterns of datasets, to explore the represented spatiotemporal weather features of Taipei city based on the observed data of six key weather factors that were collected at five weather stations in northern Taiwan during 2014 and 2018. The weather types and features of duration and distribution for Taipei on a 10-day basis were specifically examined, indicating that weather types #2, #4, and #7 featured to manifest the dominant seasonal patterns in a year. The results can serve as practical references to anticipate upcoming weather types/features within designated time frames, arrange potential/further measures of cultivation tasks and/or adjustments in response, and use water/energy resources efficiently for the sustainable production of smart urban agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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27 pages, 14673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Modeling for Estimating Real-Time Inundation Depths at Roadside IoT Sensors Using the ANN-Derived Model

by Shiang-Jen Wu, Chih-Tsu Hsu and Che-Hao Chang

Water 2021, 13(21), 3128; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213128 - 05 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4130

Abstract

This paper aims to develop a stochastic model (SM_EID_IOT) for estimating the inundation depths and associated 95% confidence intervals at the specific locations of the roadside water-level gauges, i.e., Internet of Things (IoT) sensors under the observed water levels/rainfalls and the precipitation forecasts [...] Read more.

This paper aims to develop a stochastic model (SM_EID_IOT) for estimating the inundation depths and associated 95% confidence intervals at the specific locations of the roadside water-level gauges, i.e., Internet of Things (IoT) sensors under the observed water levels/rainfalls and the precipitation forecasts given. The proposed SM_EID_IOT model is an ANN-derived one, a modified artificial neural network model (i.e., the ANN_GA-SA_MTF) in which the associated ANN weights are calibrated via a modified genetic algorithm with a variety of transfer functions considered. To enhance the reliability and accuracy of the proposed SM_EID_IOT model in the estimations of the inundation depths at the IoT sensors, a great number of the rainfall induced flood events as the training and validation datasets are simulated by the 2D hydraulic dynamic (SOBEK) model with the simulated rain fields via the stochastic generation model for the short-term gridded rainstorms. According to the results of model demonstration, Nankon catchment, located in northern Taiwan, the proposed SM_EID_IOT model can estimate the inundation depths at the various lead times with high reliability in capturing the validation datasets. Moreover, through the integrated real-time error correction method integrated with the proposed SM_EID_IOT model, the resulting corrected inundation-depth estimates exhibit a good agreement with the validated ones in time under an acceptable bias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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Review

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38 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessReview

Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) in the Integrated Hydrological and Fluvial Systems Modeling: Review of Current Applications and Trends

by Carlos Gonzales-Inca, Mikel Calle, Danny Croghan, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Hannu Marttila, Jari Silander and Petteri Alho

Water 2022, 14(14), 2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142211 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11032

Abstract

This paper reviews the current GeoAI and machine learning applications in hydrological and hydraulic modeling, hydrological optimization problems, water quality modeling, and fluvial geomorphic and morphodynamic mapping. GeoAI effectively harnesses the vast amount of spatial and non-spatial data collected with the new automatic [...] Read more.

This paper reviews the current GeoAI and machine learning applications in hydrological and hydraulic modeling, hydrological optimization problems, water quality modeling, and fluvial geomorphic and morphodynamic mapping. GeoAI effectively harnesses the vast amount of spatial and non-spatial data collected with the new automatic technologies. The fast development of GeoAI provides multiple methods and techniques, although it also makes comparisons between different methods challenging. Overall, selecting a particular GeoAI method depends on the application’s objective, data availability, and user expertise. GeoAI has shown advantages in non-linear modeling, computational efficiency, integration of multiple data sources, high accurate prediction capability, and the unraveling of new hydrological patterns and processes. A major drawback in most GeoAI models is the adequate model setting and low physical interpretability, explainability, and model generalization. The most recent research on hydrological GeoAI has focused on integrating the physical-based models’ principles with the GeoAI methods and on the progress towards autonomous prediction and forecasting systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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