Research

13 pages, 1749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Vaccine- and Infection-Induced Systemic IgA Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Responses

by Natasha J. Norton, Danielle P. Ings, Kathleen E. Fifield, David A. Barnes, Keeley A. Barnable, Debbie O. A. Harnum, Kayla A. Holder, Rodney S. Russell and Michael D. Grant

Vaccines 2023, 11(9), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091462 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

Mucosal IgA is widely accepted as providing protection against respiratory infections, but stimulation of mucosal immunity, collection of mucosal samples and measurement of mucosal IgA can be problematic. The relationship between mucosal and circulating IgA responses is unclear, however, whole blood is readily [...] Read more.

Mucosal IgA is widely accepted as providing protection against respiratory infections, but stimulation of mucosal immunity, collection of mucosal samples and measurement of mucosal IgA can be problematic. The relationship between mucosal and circulating IgA responses is unclear, however, whole blood is readily collected and circulating antigen-specific IgA easily measured. We measured circulating IgA against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) to investigate vaccine- and infection-induced production and correlation with protection. Circulating IgA against ancestral (Wuhan-Hu-1) and Omicron (BA.1) S proteins was measured at different time points in a total of 143 subjects with varied backgrounds of vaccination and infection. Intramuscular vaccination induced circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgA. Subjects with higher levels of vaccine-induced IgA against SARS-CoV-2 S (p = 0.0333) or receptor binding domain (RBD) (p = 0.0266) were less likely to experience an Omicron breakthrough infection. The same associations did not hold for circulating IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 S levels. Breakthrough infection following two vaccinations generated stronger IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 S responses (p = 0.0002) than third vaccinations but did not selectively increase circulating IgA against Omicron over ancestral S, indicating immune imprinting of circulating IgA responses. Circulating IgA against SARS-CoV-2 S following breakthrough infection remained higher than vaccine-induced levels for over 150 days. In conclusion, intramuscular mRNA vaccination induces circulating IgA against SARS-CoV-2 S, and higher levels are associated with protection from breakthrough infection. Vaccination with ancestral S enacts imprinting within circulating IgA responses that become apparent after breakthrough infection with Omicron. Breakthrough infection generates stronger and more durable circulating IgA responses against SARS-CoV-2 S than vaccination alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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15 pages, 2227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Immunogenicity, Antibody Persistence, and Safety of Three Different COVID-19 Boosters between Individuals with Comorbidities and the Normal Population

by Fatemeh Ashrafian, Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri, Anahita Bavand, Mahsan Zali, Mona Sadat Larijani and Amitis Ramezani

Vaccines 2023, 11(8), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081376 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1111

Abstract

Data on immunogenicity, immune response persistency, and safety of COVID-19 boosters in patients with comorbidities are limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate three different boosters’ immunogenicity and safety in individuals with at least one underlying disease (UD) (obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) with [...] Read more.

Data on immunogenicity, immune response persistency, and safety of COVID-19 boosters in patients with comorbidities are limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate three different boosters’ immunogenicity and safety in individuals with at least one underlying disease (UD) (obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) with healthy ones (HC) who were primed with two doses of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine and received a booster shot of the same priming vaccine or protein subunit vaccines, PastoCovac Plus or PastoCovac. One hundred and forty subjects including sixty-three ones with a comorbidity and seventy-seven healthy ones were enrolled. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was assessed before the booster injection and 28, 60, 90, and 180 days after it. Moreover, the adverse events (AEs) were recorded on days 7 and 21 postbooster shot for evaluating safety outcomes. Significantly increased titers of antispike, antiRBD, and neutralizing antibodies were observed in both UD and HC groups 28 days after the booster dose. Nevertheless, the titer of antispike IgG and anti-RBD IgG was lower in the UD group compared to the HC group. The long-term assessment regarding persistence of humoral immune responses showed that the induced antibodies were detectable up to 180 days postbooster shots though with a declined titer in both groups with no significant differences (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference in antibody levels was observed between each UD subgroup and the HC group, except for neutralizing antibodies in the hypertension subgroup. PastoCovac Plus and PastoCovac boosters induced a higher fold rise in antibodies in UD individuals than BBIBP-CorV booster recipients. No serious AEs after the booster injection were recorded. The overall incidence of AEs after the booster injection was higher in the UD group than the HC group among whom the highest systemic rate of AEs was seen in the BBIBP-CorV booster recipients. In conclusion, administration of COVID-19 boosters could similarly induce robust and persistent humoral immune responses in individuals with or without UD primarily vaccinated with two doses of the BBIBP-CorV. Protein-based boosters with higher a higher fold rise in antibodies and lower AEs in individuals with comorbidities might be considered a better choice for these individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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10 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Anti-HBs Antibodies and Response to a Booster Dose in Medical Students Vaccinated at Childhood

by Luca Coppeta, Cristiana Ferrari, Greta Verno, Giuseppina Somma, Marco Trabucco Aurilio, Luca Di Giampaolo, Michele Treglia, Andrea Magrini, Antonio Pietroiusti and Stefano Rizza

Vaccines 2023, 11(8), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081326 - 05 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1572

Abstract

The immune system in humans is regulated by the circadian rhythm. Published studies have reported that the time of vaccination is associated with the immune response to vaccine for some pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between time of dose administration [...] Read more.

The immune system in humans is regulated by the circadian rhythm. Published studies have reported that the time of vaccination is associated with the immune response to vaccine for some pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between time of dose administration of challenge HBV vaccine and seroconversion for anti-HBs in medical students vaccinated at birth who were found to be unprotected at pre-training screening. Humoral protection for HBV was assessed in 885 medical students vaccinated during childhood. In total, 359 (41.0%) of them showed anti-HBs titer < 10 UI/mL and received a challenge dose of HBV vaccine followed by post-vaccination screening 30–60 days later. The challenge dose elicited a protective immune response (anti-HBs IgG titer > 10 UI/mL) in 295 (83.8%) individuals. Seroconversion was significantly associated with female gender and time of vaccination after controlling for age group and nationality at logistic regression analysis. Students who received the booster dose in the morning had a higher response rate than those who received the vaccine in the afternoon (OR 1.93; 95% C.I. 1.047–3.56: p < 0.05). This finding suggests that morning administration of the HBV booster may result in a better immune response in susceptible individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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12 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Infection, Vaccination, and Antibody Levels: Investigating Correlations through a Cohort Study

by Gözde Akkuş Kayalı, Seyfi Durmaz, İrem Nur Şahin, Betül Akkul, Raika Durusoy, Funda Karbek Akarca, Sezgin Ulukaya and Candan Çiçek

Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071258 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Aim: The objective of this study was to explore the potential correlation between COVID-19 infection or vaccination and levels of anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) and anti-spike (anti-S) antibodies. Methods: Among 6050 healthcare workers at the Ege University Hospital, a cohort study with 162 participants divided [...] Read more.

Aim: The objective of this study was to explore the potential correlation between COVID-19 infection or vaccination and levels of anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) and anti-spike (anti-S) antibodies. Methods: Among 6050 healthcare workers at the Ege University Hospital, a cohort study with 162 participants divided into three arms with 54 participants each was conducted. The three groups were selected as follows: those diagnosed with COVID-19 and not vaccinated (group 1), those diagnosed with COVID-19 and subsequently vaccinated with CoronaVac (group 2), and those not diagnosed with COVID-19 but vaccinated with two doses of CoronaVac (group 3). Antibody levels measured at the sixth month of follow-up were defined as the primary outcome. Results: At the sixth month, all serum samples tested positive for anti-S. Anti-S levels were found to be significantly higher in group 2 than in the other groups (p < 0.001). There were no differences in antibody levels between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.080). Average antibody levels were found to be lower in office workers and males. Anti-N antibodies were found to be positive in 85.1% of subjects at the sixth month. In group 2, anti-N antibodies were detected in all samples at the sixth month. Anti-N antibody levels were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.165). Groups 1 and 2 had significantly higher antibody levels than group 3 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Vaccination or infection provide protection for at least 6 months. Those who have previously been diagnosed with COVID-19 do not need to be vaccinated in the early period before their antibody levels decrease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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13 pages, 868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Humoral Response after a Fourth Dose with mRNA-1273 in Healthcare Workers with and without a History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Previously Vaccinated with Two Doses of BBIBP-CorV Plus BNT162b2 Vaccine

by Juan C. Gómez de la Torre, Miguel Hueda-Zavaleta, José Alonso Cáceres-DelAguila, Cecilia Muro-Rojo, Nathalia De La Cruz-Escurra and Vicente A. Benítes-Zapata

Vaccines 2023, 11(5), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050894 - 25 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

There is limited information on the kinetics of the humoral response elicited by a fourth dose with a heterologous mRNA1273 booster in patients who previously received a third dose with BNT162b2 and two doses of BBIBP-CorV as the primary regimen. We conducted a [...] Read more.

There is limited information on the kinetics of the humoral response elicited by a fourth dose with a heterologous mRNA1273 booster in patients who previously received a third dose with BNT162b2 and two doses of BBIBP-CorV as the primary regimen. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the humoral response using Elecsys^® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (anti-S-RBD) of 452 healthcare workers (HCWs) in a private laboratory in Lima, Peru at 21, 120, 210, and 300 days after a third dose with a BNT162b2 heterologous booster in HCW previously immunized with two doses of BBIBP-CorV, depending on whether or not they received a fourth dose with the mRNA1273 heterologous vaccine and on the history of previous SARS infection -CoV-2. Of the 452 HCWs, 204 (45.13%) were previously infected (PI) with SARS-CoV-2, and 215 (47.57%) received a fourth dose with a heterologous mRNA-1273 booster. A total of 100% of HCWs presented positive anti-S-RBD 300 days after the third dose. In HCWs receiving a fourth dose, GMTs 2.3 and 1.6 times higher than controls were observed 30 and 120 days after the fourth dose. No statistically significant differences in anti-S-RBD titers were observed in those HCWs PI and NPI during the follow-up period. We observed that HCWs who received a fourth dose with the mRNA1273 and those previously infected after the third dose with BNT162b2 (during the Omicron wave) presented higher anti-S-RBD titers (5734 and 3428 U/mL, respectively). Further studies are required to determine whether patients infected after the third dose need a fourth dose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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16 pages, 1032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Six Different SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines during a Six-Month Follow-Up and Five COVID-19 Waves in Brazil and Mexico

by Maria Elena Romero-Ibarguengoitia, Diego Rivera-Salinas, Riccardo Sarti, Riccardo Levi, Maximiliano Mollura, Arnulfo Garza-Silva, Andrea Rivera-Cavazos, Yodira Guadalupe Hernández-Ruíz, Irene Antonieta Barco-Flores, Arnulfo González-Cantú, Miguel Ángel Sanz-Sánchez, Milton Henriques Guimarães Júnior, Chiara Pozzi, Riccardo Barbieri, Devany Paola Morales-Rodriguez, Mauro Martins Texeira and Maria Rescigno

Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040842 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

Comparisons among the different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are important to understand which type of vaccine provides more protection. This study aimed to evaluate the real-life efficacy through symptomatic infection and the humoral response of six different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2—BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S, CoronaVac, Ad26.COV2, [...] Read more.

Comparisons among the different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are important to understand which type of vaccine provides more protection. This study aimed to evaluate the real-life efficacy through symptomatic infection and the humoral response of six different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2—BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S, CoronaVac, Ad26.COV2, and Ad5-nCoV. This multicentric observational longitudinal study involved hospitals from Mexico and Brazil in which volunteers who received complete vaccination schemes were followed for 210 days after the last dose. SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1–2 IgG levels were taken before receiving the first vaccine, 21 days after each dose, and the last sample at six months (+/−1 month) after the last dose. A total of 1132 individuals exposed to five COVID-19 waves were included. All vaccines induced humoral responses, and mRNA vaccines had the highest antibody levels during follow-up. At six months, there was a decline in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1–2 IgG antibody titers of 69.5% and 36.4% in subjects with negative and positive history of infection respectively. Infection before vaccination and after complete vaccination scheme correlated with higher antibody titers. The predictors of infection were vaccination with CoronaVac compared to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-S. In the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or dyslipidemia, CoronaVac lowered the risk of infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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13 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Blocking Immunity Post Natural Infection: The Role of Vitamin D

by Rami Abu Fanne, Mahmud Moed, Aviv Kedem, Ghalib Lidawi, Emad Maraga, Fady Mohsen, Ariel Roguin and Simcha-Ron Meisel

Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020475 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

Objective and Aim: The extent of the protection against SARS-CoV-2 conferred by natural infection is unclear. Vitamin D may have a role in the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the evolving acquired immunity against it. We tested the correlation between baseline 25(OH) D [...] Read more.

Objective and Aim: The extent of the protection against SARS-CoV-2 conferred by natural infection is unclear. Vitamin D may have a role in the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the evolving acquired immunity against it. We tested the correlation between baseline 25(OH) D content and both the reinfection rate and the anti-spike protein antibody titer following COVID-19 infection. Methods A retrospective observational survey that included a large convalescent COVID-19 population of subjects insured by the Leumit HMO was recorded between 1 February 2020 and 30 January 2022. Inclusion criteria required at least one available 25(OH)D level prior to enlistment. The association between 25(OH)D levels, the rate of breakthrough infection, and the anti-spike protein antibody titer was evaluated. Results A total of 10,132 COVID-19 convalescent subjects were included, of whom 322 (3.3%) sustained reinfection within a one-year follow-up. In the first 8 months after recovery, the reinfected patients were characterized by a higher incidence of low 25(OH)D levels (<30 ng/mL, 92% vs. 84.8%, p < 0.05), while during the following three months, the incidence of low 25(OH)D levels was non-significantly higher among PCR-negative convalescent subjects compared to those reinfected (86% vs. 81.7, p = 0.15). By multivariate analysis, age > 44 years (OR-0.39, 95% CI: 0.173–0.87, p = 0.02) and anti-spike protein antibody titer > 50 AU/mL (0.49, 95% CI: 0.25–0.96, p = 0.04) were inversely related to reinfection. No consistent correlation with vitamin D levels was observed among the 3351 available anti-spike protein antibody titers of convalescent subjects. However, the median anti-spike protein antibody titers tended to increase over time in the vitamin D-deficient group. Conclusion Higher pre-infection 25(OH)D level correlated with protective COVID-19 immunity during the first 8 months following COVID-19 infection, which could not be explained by anti-spike protein antibody titers. This effect dissipated beyond this period, demonstrating a biphasic 25(OH)D association that warrants future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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13 pages, 3806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Booster Shot and SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Anti-Spike Antibody Concentration One Year after the First COVID-19 Vaccine Dose Administration

by Jakub Swadźba, Tomasz Anyszek, Andrzej Panek, Agnieszka Chojęta, Anna Piotrowska-Mietelska and Emilia Martin

Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020278 - 28 Jan 2023

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Abstract

This study pictures the humoral response of 100 vaccinees to Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine over a year, with particular focus on the influence of a booster shot administered around 10 months after the primary immunization. The response to the vaccination was assessed with Diasorin’s [...] Read more.

This study pictures the humoral response of 100 vaccinees to Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine over a year, with particular focus on the influence of a booster shot administered around 10 months after the primary immunization. The response to the vaccination was assessed with Diasorin’s SARS-CoV-2 TrimericSpike IgG. Abbott’s SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgG immunoassay was used to identify SARS-CoV-2 contact, even asymptomatic. In contrast to the gradual decline of the anti-spike IgG between 30 and 240 days after the first dose, an increase was noted between days 240 and 360 in the whole cohort. However, a statistically significant rise was seen only in boosted individuals, and this effect of the booster decreased over time. An increase was also observed in non-boosted but recently infected participants and a decrease was reported in non-boosted, non-infected subjects. These changes were not statistically significant. On day 360, a percentage of new SARS-CoV-2 infections was statistically lower in the boosted vs. non-boosted subgroups. The booster immunization is the most efficient way of stimulating production of anti-spike, potentially neutralizing antibodies. The response is additionally enhanced by the natural contact with the virus. Individuals with a low level of anti-spike antibodies may benefit the most from the booster dose administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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15 pages, 2593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Characterization of a Neutralizing and Total Antibody Response in Patients with Severe COVID-19 and Fatal Outcomes

by Ricardo Serna-Muñoz, Alejandra Hernández-Terán, Maribel Soto-Nava, Daniela Tapia-Trejo, Santiago Ávila-Ríos, Fidencio Mejía-Nepomuceno, Emma García, Manuel Castillejos-López, Anjarath Lorena Higuera-Iglesias, Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez, Ireri Thirion-Romero, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, José Leopoldo Aguilar-Faisal and Joel Armando Vázquez-Pérez

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122063 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1413

Abstract

The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in severe COVID-19 cases. Until now, the importance of developing a neutralizing antibody response in the acute phase and its relationship with progression to severe [...] Read more.

The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in severe COVID-19 cases. Until now, the importance of developing a neutralizing antibody response in the acute phase and its relationship with progression to severe disease or fatal outcome among hospitalized patients remains unclear. In this study, we aim to characterize and compare longitudinally the primary humoral immune host response in the early stages of the disease, looking for an association between neutralization, antibody titers, infective viral lineage, and the clinical outcome in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. A total of 111 patients admitted at INER from November 2021 to June 2022 were included. We found that patients with negative or low neutralization showed a significant reduction in survival probability compared to patients with medium or high neutralization. We observed a significant decrease in the median of neutralization in patients infected with viral variants with changes in RBD of the spike protein. Our results suggest that developing an early and robust neutralizing response against SARS-CoV-2 may increase survival probability in critical patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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16 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral Immune Responses after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Hospital Healthcare Workers

by Maryam Golshani, Ludmila Maffei Svobodová, Lubomír Štěpánek, Jan Zeman, Petra Nytrová, Helena Posová, Petra Petrásková, Olga Novotná, Michaela Nováková, Viktor Černý, Jiří Beneš, Libuše Kolářová, Martin Vokurka and Jiří Hrdý

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122038 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has led to a loss of human life in millions and devastating socio-economic consequences worldwide. So far, vaccination is the most effective long-term strategy to control and prevent severe COVID-19 disease. The aim of the current study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has led to a loss of human life in millions and devastating socio-economic consequences worldwide. So far, vaccination is the most effective long-term strategy to control and prevent severe COVID-19 disease. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the humoral immune responses raised against the BNT162b2 vaccine in hospital healthcare workers. Methods: Total number of 173 healthcare workers enrolled in the study. Their blood samples were collected in three different time intervals after the second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and evaluated by the ELISA method to detect anti-spike protein IgM and IgG antibodies. The baseline characteristics of all participants were collected using questionnaires and were evaluated for finding any significant data. Results: Our results demonstrated that the levels of antibodies were higher in the young group (21–30 years old) and also among male participants. Moreover, the highest levels of antibodies were detected from the group that received the third shot vaccination. Conclusions: Our results indicate that age, gender and third-dose vaccination can affect the levels of humoral immune responses against the BNT162b2 vaccine in healthcare workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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12 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Broodstock with Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Inactivated Vaccines Elicits Protective Antibody and Passive Maternal Antibody Transfer

by Thao Thu Mai, Pattanapon Kayansamruaj, Chayanit Soontara, Pattarawit Kerddee, Dinh-Hung Nguyen, Saengchan Senapin, Janina Z. Costa, Jorge del-Pozo, Kim D. Thompson, Channarong Rodkhum and Ha Thanh Dong

Vaccines 2022, 10(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020167 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4999

Abstract

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a major pathogen of farmed tilapia, is known to be vertically transmitted. Here, we hypothesize that Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock immunized with a TiLV inactivated vaccine can mount a protective antibody response and passively transfer maternal [...] Read more.

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a major pathogen of farmed tilapia, is known to be vertically transmitted. Here, we hypothesize that Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock immunized with a TiLV inactivated vaccine can mount a protective antibody response and passively transfer maternal antibodies to their fertilized eggs and larvae. To test this hypothesis, three groups of tilapia broodstock, each containing four males and eight females, were immunized with either a heat-killed TiLV vaccine (HKV), a formalin-killed TiLV vaccine (FKV) (both administered at 3.6 × 10⁶ TCID₅₀ per fish), or with L15 medium. Booster vaccination with the same vaccines was given 3 weeks later, and mating took place 1 week thereafter. Broodstock blood sera, fertilized eggs and larvae were collected from 6–14 weeks post-primary vaccination for measurement of TiLV-specific antibody (anti-TiLV IgM) levels. In parallel, passive immunization using sera from the immunized female broodstock was administered to naïve tilapia juveniles to assess if antibodies induced in immunized broodstock were protective. The results showed that anti-TiLV IgM was produced in the majority of both male and female broodstock vaccinated with either the HKV or FKV and that these antibodies could be detected in the fertilized eggs and larvae from vaccinated broodstock. Higher levels of maternal antibody were observed in fertilized eggs from broodstock vaccinated with HKV than those vaccinated with FKV. Low levels of TiLV-IgM were detected in some of the 1–3 day old larvae but were undetectable in 7–14 day old larvae from the vaccinated broodstock, indicating a short persistence of TiLV-IgM in larvae. Moreover, passive immunization proved that antibodies elicited by TiLV vaccination were able to confer 85% to 90% protection against TiLV challenge in naïve juvenile tilapia. In conclusion, immunization of tilapia broodstock with TiLV vaccines could be a potential strategy for the prevention of TiLV in tilapia fertilized eggs and larvae, with HKV appearing to be more promising than FKV for maternal vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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Review

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14 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessReview

Maternal COVID-19 Vaccine May Reduce the Risk of MIS-C in Infants: A Narrative Review

by Chetna Mangat, Siva Naga Srinivas Yarrarapu, Gagandeep Singh and Pankaj Bansal

Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091454 - 02 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1840

Abstract

COVID-19 infection in the pediatric population usually leads to a mild illness; however, a rare but serious complication of MIS-C has been seen in children. MIS-C usually presents 2–4 weeks after COVID-19 infection or exposure, and rare reports have been documented in neonates. [...] Read more.

COVID-19 infection in the pediatric population usually leads to a mild illness; however, a rare but serious complication of MIS-C has been seen in children. MIS-C usually presents 2–4 weeks after COVID-19 infection or exposure, and rare reports have been documented in neonates. Vaccinations for COVID-19 have been approved for children aged 6 months and above in the United States, and recent reports suggest significantly low prevalence and risk of complications of Multi-organ Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) in vaccinated children compared to unvaccinated children. Vaccinations for COVID-19 are safe and recommended during pregnancy and prevent severe maternal morbidity and adverse birth outcomes. Evidence from other vaccine-preventable diseases suggests that through passive transplacental antibody transfer, maternal vaccinations are protective against infections in infants during the first 6 months of life. Various studies have demonstrated that maternal COVID-19 vaccination is associated with the presence of anti-spike protein antibodies in infants, persisting even at 6 months of age. Further, completion of a 2-dose primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy is associated with reduced risk for COVID-19–associated hospitalization among infants aged 6 months or less. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that maternal COVID-19 vaccination can reduce the risk of and severity of MIS-C in infants. In this article, we review the literature to support this hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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7 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections after Third Doses Boost IgG Specific Salivary and Blood Antibodies

by María Noel Badano, Matias J. Pereson, Florencia Sabbione, Irene Keitelman, Natalia Aloisi, Roberto Chuit, María M. E. de Bracco, Susana Fink and Patricia Baré

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030534 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, associated with waning immunity, increase systemic antibody levels. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the infection timing on the magnitude of the systemic humoral response and whether breakthrough infections also boost antibody levels in the salivary compartment. We [...] Read more.

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, associated with waning immunity, increase systemic antibody levels. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the infection timing on the magnitude of the systemic humoral response and whether breakthrough infections also boost antibody levels in the salivary compartment. We observed that the combination of infection plus vaccination, regardless of infection timing, produced a sharp increase in systemic antibodies, which were higher in subjects infected after third doses. Moreover, despite high systemic antibody levels, breakthrough infections after dose three occurred and boosted antibody levels in the salivary compartment. These results suggest that current vaccination strategies against COVID-19 should be improved. Results also showed that determination of salivary antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 could be a valuable tool in disease prevalence studies, for the follow-up of vaccinated individuals, and to assist vaccination strategies against COVID-19, especially in settings where blood sampling cannot be fulfilled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination)

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