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Vaccines
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Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections
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Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccine Adjuvants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 February 2021) | Viewed by 34005

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Vladimir Temchura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology of the Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Interests: B-cell targeting nanoparticle vaccines; HIV vaccines; vaccine adjuvants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite great progress in the field of vaccine development, outbreaks of emerging pathogens and insufficient immunogenicity of some licensed vaccines are calling for novel technologies in rational vaccine design. In the last decade, nanoparticles of different origin (virus-like particles, liposomes, polymers, inorganic nanoparticles etc.) have been increasingly tested in various vaccine formulations in order to improve humoral and cellular immune responses. The native properties of virus-like particles together with modern genetic and biochemical tools turn nanoparticle-based vaccines into a flexible platform for modulation of both strength and quality of the antiviral immune responses on demand.

The scope of this Special Issue is to bring together the latest scientific and technical developments made in the field of antiviral virus-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines. I sincerely hope this exchange would contribute to the conception of novel nano-vaccines with desirable properties.

Dr. Vladimir Temchura
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Virus-like particles
  • Synthetic nanoparticles
  • Nanoparticulate systems
  • Administration routes for nanoparticle vaccines
  • Functionalization of nanoparticles with antigens and adjuvants
  • Therapeutic antiviral nano-vaccines
  • Prophylactic antiviral nano-vaccines
  • Modulation of the immune response

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 175 KiB  
Editorial
Decorated and Encapsulated: Virus-Like Particles Against Viral Infections
by Vladimir Temchura
Vaccines 2021, 9(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030273 - 18 Mar 2021
Viewed by 1493
Abstract
Despite great progress in the field of vaccine development, outbreaks of emerging pathogens and insufficient immunogenicity of some licensed vaccines call for the development of novel technologies in rational vaccine design [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

36 pages, 4030 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity of HIV-1-Based Virus-Like Particles with Increased Incorporation and Stability of Membrane-Bound Env
by Christopher A. Gonelli, Hannah A. D. King, Charlene Mackenzie, Secondo Sonza, Rob J. Center and Damian F. J. Purcell
Vaccines 2021, 9(3), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030239 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3402
Abstract
An optimal prophylactic vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission should elicit protective antibody responses against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Replication-incompetent HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) offer the opportunity to present virion-associated Env with a native-like structure during vaccination that closely resembles [...] Read more.
An optimal prophylactic vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission should elicit protective antibody responses against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Replication-incompetent HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) offer the opportunity to present virion-associated Env with a native-like structure during vaccination that closely resembles that encountered on infectious virus. Here, we optimized the incorporation of Env into previously designed mature-form VLPs (mVLPs) and assessed their immunogenicity in mice. The incorporation of Env into mVLPs was increased by replacing the Env transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains with those of influenza haemagglutinin (HA-TMCT). Furthermore, Env was stabilized on the VLP surface by introducing an interchain disulfide and proline substitution (SOSIP) mutations typically employed to stabilize soluble Env trimers. The resulting mVLPs efficiently presented neutralizing antibody epitopes while minimizing exposure of non-neutralizing antibody sites. Vaccination of mice with mVLPs elicited a broader range of Env-specific antibody isotypes than Env presented on immature VLPs or extracellular vesicles. The mVLPs bearing HA-TMCT-modified Env consistently induced anti-Env antibody responses that mediated modest neutralization activity. These mVLPs are potentially useful immunogens for eliciting neutralizing antibody responses that target native Env epitopes on infectious HIV-1 virions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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8 pages, 726 KiB  
Communication
The Use of Nanobiotechnology in Immunology and Vaccination
by Reza Keikha, Karim Daliri and Ali Jebali
Vaccines 2021, 9(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020074 - 21 Jan 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3857
Abstract
Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of nanostructures with a size of 1 to 200 nanometers. Different nanoparticles have shown great promise for the production of new vaccines and drugs. Nanostructures can be used to deliver immunological compounds more effectively than microstructures to target [...] Read more.
Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of nanostructures with a size of 1 to 200 nanometers. Different nanoparticles have shown great promise for the production of new vaccines and drugs. Nanostructures can be used to deliver immunological compounds more effectively than microstructures to target sites. Different nanostructures can be applied to form a new generation of vaccines, adjuvants, and immune system drugs. The goal of nanotechnology is to better respond to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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14 pages, 3080 KiB  
Article
Promotion of Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Immunization with Virus-Like Particles Encapsulated in Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Liposomes
by Woo Sik Kim, Yong Zhi, Huichen Guo, Eui-Baek Byun, Jae Hyang Lim and Ho Seong Seo
Vaccines 2020, 8(4), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040633 - 31 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2728
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising vaccine candidates against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, such vaccines provide a relatively low level of protection against FMD virus (FMDV) because of their poor immunogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to design effective vaccine strategies that induce [...] Read more.
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising vaccine candidates against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). However, such vaccines provide a relatively low level of protection against FMD virus (FMDV) because of their poor immunogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to design effective vaccine strategies that induce more potent immunogenicity. In order to investigate the means to improve FMD VLP vaccine (VLPFMDV) immunogenicity, we encapsulated VLPs (MPL/DDA-VLPFMDV) with cationic liposomes based on dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and/or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, TLR4 agonist) as adjuvants. Unlike inactivated whole-cell vaccines, VLPFMDV were successfully encapsulated in this MPL/DDA system. We found that MPL/DDA-VLPFMDV could induce strong cell-mediated immune responses by inducing not only VLP-specific IFN-γ+CD4+ (Th1), IL-17A+CD4+ (Th17), and IFN-γ+CD8+ (activated CD8 response) T cells, but also the development of VLP-specific multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells co-expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2. In addition, the MPL/DDA-VLPFMDV vaccine markedly induced VLP-specific antibody titers; in particular, the vaccine induced greater Th1-predominant IgG responses than VLPFMDV only and DDA-VLPFMDV. These results are expected to provide important clues for the development of an effective VLPFMDV that can induce cellular and humoral immune responses, and address the limitations seen in current VLP vaccines for various diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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12 pages, 1241 KiB  
Article
A Zika Vaccine Generated Using the Chimeric Insect-Specific Binjari Virus Platform Protects against Fetal Brain Infection in Pregnant Mice
by Jessamine E. Hazlewood, Daniel J. Rawle, Bing Tang, Kexin Yan, Laura J. Vet, Eri Nakayama, Jody Hobson-Peters, Roy A. Hall and Andreas Suhrbier
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030496 - 02 Sep 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3769
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is the etiological agent of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), a spectrum of birth defects that can lead to life-long disabilities. A range of vaccines are in development with the target population including pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. Using [...] Read more.
Zika virus (ZIKV) is the etiological agent of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), a spectrum of birth defects that can lead to life-long disabilities. A range of vaccines are in development with the target population including pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. Using a recently described chimeric flavivirus vaccine technology based on the novel insect-specific Binjari virus (BinJV), we generated a ZIKV vaccine (BinJ/ZIKA-prME) and illustrate herein its ability to protect against fetal brain infection. Female IFNAR−/− mice were vaccinated once with unadjuvanted BinJ/ZIKA-prME, were mated, and at embryonic day 12.5 were challenged with ZIKVPRVABC59. No infectious ZIKV was detected in maternal blood, placenta, or fetal heads in BinJ/ZIKA-prME-vaccinated mice. A similar result was obtained when the more sensitive qRT PCR methodology was used to measure the viral RNA. BinJ/ZIKA-prME vaccination also did not result in antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection or disease. BinJ/ZIKA-prME thus emerges as a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention of CSZ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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17 pages, 5181 KiB  
Article
A Vaccine Displaying a Trimeric Influenza-A HA Stem Protein on Capsid-Like Particles Elicits Potent and Long-Lasting Protection in Mice
by Susan Thrane, Kara-Lee Aves, Ida E. M Uddbäck, Christoph M. Janitzek, Julianna Han, Yuhe R. Yang, Andrew B. Ward, Thor G. Theander, Morten A. Nielsen, Ali Salanti, Allan R. Thomsen, Jan P. Christensen and Adam F. Sander
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030389 - 15 Jul 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5396
Abstract
Due to constant antigenic drift and shift, current influenza-A vaccines need to be redesigned and administered annually. A universal flu vaccine (UFV) that provides long-lasting protection against both seasonal and emerging pandemic influenza strains is thus urgently needed. The hemagglutinin (HA) stem antigen [...] Read more.
Due to constant antigenic drift and shift, current influenza-A vaccines need to be redesigned and administered annually. A universal flu vaccine (UFV) that provides long-lasting protection against both seasonal and emerging pandemic influenza strains is thus urgently needed. The hemagglutinin (HA) stem antigen is a promising target for such a vaccine as it contains neutralizing epitopes, known to induce cross-protective IgG responses against a wide variety of influenza subtypes. In this study, we describe the development of a UFV candidate consisting of a HAstem trimer displayed on the surface of rigid capsid-like particles (CLP). Compared to soluble unconjugated HAstem trimer, the CLP-HAstem particles induced a more potent, long-lasting immune response and were able to protect mice against both homologous and heterologous H1N1 influenza challenge, even after a single dose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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Review

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21 pages, 695 KiB  
Review
Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses
by Nicholas W. Lukacs and Carrie-Anne Malinczak
Vaccines 2020, 8(4), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040783 - 21 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8661
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease [...] Read more.
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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20 pages, 1376 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Development of Virus-Like Particle-Based Flavivirus Vaccines
by Naru Zhang, Chaoqun Li, Shibo Jiang and Lanying Du
Vaccines 2020, 8(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030481 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3849
Abstract
Flaviviruses include several medically important viruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). They have expanded in geographic distribution and refocused international attention in recent years. Vaccination is one of the most effective [...] Read more.
Flaviviruses include several medically important viruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). They have expanded in geographic distribution and refocused international attention in recent years. Vaccination is one of the most effective public health strategies for combating flavivirus infections. In this review, we summarized virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines against the above four mentioned flaviviruses. Potential strategies to improve the efficacy of VLP-based flavivirus vaccines were also illustrated. The applications of flavivirus VLPs as tools for viral detection and antiviral drug screening were finally proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle & Nanoparticle Vaccines against Viral Infections)
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