Vaccines

Editorial

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6 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

First Year of Special Issue “New Insights in Vaccination and Public Health”: Opinions and Considerations

by Antonella Arghittu, Marco Dettori and Paolo Castiglia

Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030600 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

Disease prevention and control is the foundation of public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

4 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health: A Commentary from Special Issue Editors

by Paolo Castiglia and Antonella Arghittu

Vaccines 2022, 10(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020183 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Vaccination is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

17 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influenza Vaccination Uptake and Prognostic Factors among Health Professionals in Italy: Results from the Nationwide Surveillance PASSI 2015–2018

by Valentina Minardi, Rosaria Gallo, Valentina Possenti, Benedetta Contoli, Davide Di Fonzo, Elvira D’Andrea and Maria Masocco

Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071223 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055

Abstract

(1) Influenza causes a significant health and socio-economic burden every year, and health personnel (HP) are at higher risk of exposure to respiratory pathogens than the general population. (2) The study’s purpose was to describe and compare influenza vaccine uptake and its prognostic [...] Read more.

(1) Influenza causes a significant health and socio-economic burden every year, and health personnel (HP) are at higher risk of exposure to respiratory pathogens than the general population. (2) The study’s purpose was to describe and compare influenza vaccine uptake and its prognostic factors among Medical Doctors (MDs) and Non-Medical Health Personnel (NMHP) vs. Non-HP (NHP). We analyzed 2014–2018 data (n = 105,608) from the Italian Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System PASSI that, since 2008, has been collecting health-related information continuously in sampled adults. (3) MDs and NMHP represented, respectively, 1.1% and 4.6% of the sample. Among HP, 22.8% (CI 19.8–26.1%) of MDs and 8.5% (CI 7.5–9.5%) of NMHP reported to have been vaccinated vs. 6.3% (CI 6.1–6.5%) in NHP. This difference is confirmed in the three categories (MDs, NMHP, NHP), even more across age groups: in 18–34 yy, respectively, 9.9%, 4.4%, 3.4% vs. 28.4%, 13.9%, 10.6% in 50–64 yy. PASSI surveillance shows an increasing influenza vaccination uptake over time, especially among MDs (22.2% in 2014 vs. 30.5% in 2018). (4) Despite such an increase, especially among younger HP, influenza vaccination uptake is low. Even more under pandemic scenarios, these figures represent key information to address effective strategies for disease prevention and health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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13 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence and Public Health: Evaluating ChatGPT Responses to Vaccination Myths and Misconceptions

by Giovanna Deiana, Marco Dettori, Antonella Arghittu, Antonio Azara, Giovanni Gabutti and Paolo Castiglia

Vaccines 2023, 11(7), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071217 - 07 Jul 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3887

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, are the subject of intense debate regarding their possible applications in contexts such as health care. This study evaluates the Correctness, Clarity, and Exhaustiveness of the answers provided by ChatGPT on the topic of vaccination. The [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, are the subject of intense debate regarding their possible applications in contexts such as health care. This study evaluates the Correctness, Clarity, and Exhaustiveness of the answers provided by ChatGPT on the topic of vaccination. The World Health Organization’s 11 “myths and misconceptions” about vaccinations were administered to both the free (GPT-3.5) and paid version (GPT-4.0) of ChatGPT. The AI tool’s responses were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively, in reference to those myth and misconceptions provided by WHO, independently by two expert Raters. The agreement between the Raters was significant for both versions (p of K < 0.05). Overall, ChatGPT responses were easy to understand and 85.4% accurate although one of the questions was misinterpreted. Qualitatively, the GPT-4.0 responses were superior to the GPT-3.5 responses in terms of Correctness, Clarity, and Exhaustiveness (Δ = 5.6%, 17.9%, 9.3%, respectively). The study shows that, if appropriately questioned, AI tools can represent a useful aid in the health care field. However, when consulted by non-expert users, without the support of expert medical advice, these tools are not free from the risk of eliciting misleading responses. Moreover, given the existing social divide in information access, the improved accuracy of answers from the paid version raises further ethical issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

15 pages, 808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptation and Validation of a French Version of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) Scale

by Margot Eisenblaetter, Clarisse Madiouni, Yasmine Laraki, Delphine Capdevielle and Stéphane Raffard

Vaccines 2023, 11(5), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11051001 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1181

Abstract

Over the past decades, vaccination has proven to be largely beneficial to global health. Despite vaccine efficacy, the French population has been recently affected by more anti-vaccination attitudes and vaccine refusal, and it is therefore necessary to validate tools to study this health [...] Read more.

Over the past decades, vaccination has proven to be largely beneficial to global health. Despite vaccine efficacy, the French population has been recently affected by more anti-vaccination attitudes and vaccine refusal, and it is therefore necessary to validate tools to study this health issue. The Vaccination Attitudes Examination scale (VAX) is a 12-item questionnaire targeting adults that assesses general attitudes towards vaccination. The aims of the study were to translate and adapt the original English version of the scale into French and to test the psychometric properties of the scale in a French-population-based sample of adults. We included 450 French speaking adults that completed the French VAX and other questionnaires to assess convergent and divergent validities. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the French version of the VAX replicated the factorial structure of the original scale. Moreover, it demonstrated high internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validities, and excellent temporal stability. Furthermore, scores on the scale differentiated vaccinees from non-vaccinee respondents. Results on the scale provide us with insight into factors involved in vaccine hesitancy in France, therefore allowing French authorities and policy makers to address these specific concerns and improve vaccine acceptance rates in this country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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11 pages, 580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Predictors of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Uptake in Saudi Arabia Post COVID-19: A Web-Based Online Cross-Sectional Study

by Saeed Mastour Alshahrani and Yousef Zahrani

Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020353 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2334

Abstract

In the fall of 2022, the number of influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) in Saudi Arabia had significantly increased compared with the corresponding period in previous years. Concerns regarding the population’s seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) uptake rates have emerged. [...] Read more.

In the fall of 2022, the number of influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) in Saudi Arabia had significantly increased compared with the corresponding period in previous years. Concerns regarding the population’s seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) uptake rates have emerged. In particular, the SIV uptake rates may have dropped post the COVID-19 pandemic compared with rates prior to the COVID-19 era. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of SIV uptake in Saudi Arabia post the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing an online survey platform. We mainly collected sociodemographic information and determined whether the respondent was a healthcare professional or had a chronic disease. The overall SIV uptake prevalence was 31.8%. A lower SIV uptake was observed among those aged 55 years or older, females, residents of the central region, non-health practitioners, and those without chronic diseases. Several factors were associated with SIV uptake. Those aged 35–44 were over three-fold more likely to receive an SIV than those aged 55 years or older (OR: 3.66; 95% CI: 1.33–10.05). In addition, males had 73% higher odds of SIV uptake than females (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.18–2.55). Health practitioners were more likely to receive an SIV than non-health practitioners (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.45–3.06). Similarly, those with chronic diseases had 86% higher odds of SIV uptake than those without chronic diseases (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.18–2.95). These findings can provide insights into the low prevalence and predictors of SIV uptake in Saudi Arabia. Future studies should be conducted to further explore the potential factors associated with such a low prevalence of SIV uptake post COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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13 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Elderly Influenza and Pneumococcal Immunization Programs in Beijing, China Using Health Economic Evaluations: A Modeling Study

by Zhenfei Pi, Kiyoshi Aoyagi, Kazuhiko Arima, Xiaoliang Wu, Zhaojia Ye and Yawen Jiang

Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010161 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1261

Abstract

(1) Background: Currently, residents ≥ 60 and ≥65 years old in Beijing, China, are eligible for free influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV23), respectively. The present study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of current and alternative strategies of dual influenza and PPSV23 vaccination [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Currently, residents ≥ 60 and ≥65 years old in Beijing, China, are eligible for free influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSV23), respectively. The present study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of current and alternative strategies of dual influenza and PPSV23 vaccination among the elderly in Beijing. (2) Methods: We developed a Markov state-transition model to compare the costs and the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) associated with four influenza and PPSV23 vaccination strategies among the elderly in Beijing. The strategies were as follows: (1) no vaccination; (2) only flu vaccine for people ≥ 60 years old; (3) flu vaccine for people ≥ 60 years old and PPSV23 for people ≥ 65 years old; and (4) dual influenza vaccines and PPSV23 for people ≥ 60 years old. Incremental costs and QALYs were quantified to determine the optimal option. If dominant strategies emerged, the Chinese gross domestic product per capita in 2021 (80,976 CNY) was used as the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold to covert QALYs into the monetary equivalent. (3) Results: The current program saved costs and increased QALYs compared to no vaccination or flu vaccine-only strategies. However, extending free PPSV23 to people ≥ 60 years old saved 0.35 CNY additionally while increasing QALYs marginally compared with the current policy. Results were robust in all sensitivity analyses. (4) Conclusion: Beijing’s current dual influenza and pneumococcal vaccination program was cost-effective among the elderly compared with the preceding policies of no vaccination and flu-only immunization programs. However, the program can further save money while enhancing the population health by extending PPSV23 to all people ≥ 60 years old. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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16 pages, 3081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthcare Practitioners Knowledge of Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA)

by Laura Jane Mackenzie, Jaquelin Anne Bousie, Phillip Newman, Janique Waghorn, John Edward Cunningham and Mary-Jessimine Ann Bushell

Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10121991 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3434

Abstract

Background: Vaccine pharmacovigilance is at the forefront of the public eye. Shoulder Injuries Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA) is a poorly understood Adverse Event Following Immunisation, with iatrogenic origins. Criteria for medicolegal diagnosis of SIRVA is conflicting, current literature and educational materials are [...] Read more.

Background: Vaccine pharmacovigilance is at the forefront of the public eye. Shoulder Injuries Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA) is a poorly understood Adverse Event Following Immunisation, with iatrogenic origins. Criteria for medicolegal diagnosis of SIRVA is conflicting, current literature and educational materials are lacking, and healthcare practitioner knowledge of the condition is unknown. Methods: A cross-sectional, convenience sampled survey, utilising a validated online questionnaire assessed practitioner knowledge of SIRVA, safe injecting, and upper limb anatomy, and preferred definition for SIRVA. Results: Mean scores were moderate for safe injecting knowledge (69%), and poor for knowledge of anatomy (42%) and SIRVA (55%). Non-immunising healthcare practitioners scored significantly (p = 0.01, and < 0.05, respectively) higher than immunising practitioners for anatomy (2.213 ± 1.52 vs. 3.12 ± 1.50), and safe injecting knowledge (6.70 ± 1.34 vs. 7.14 ± 1.27). Only 52% of authorised vaccinators accurately selected a 40 × 20 mm area recommended for safe injecting. Majority (91.7%) of respondents thought nerve injuries should be included in the diagnostic criteria for SIRVA. Discussion and conclusions: Greater education and awareness of SIRVA is needed in all healthcare disciplines. Consensus regarding SIRVA definition is paramount for accurate reporting and improved future understanding of all aspects of SIRVA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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10 pages, 676 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Correlates & Public Health Consequences of Prospective Vaccine Hesitancy among Individuals Who Received COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters in the U.S.

by Matt Motta

Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111791 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1323

Abstract

Supplemental “booster” vaccines may prove vital in combating variant waves of endemic COVID-19. Given relatively low levels of booster vaccine uptake, Americans’ willingness to receive a second booster shot is unclear. In a demographically representative survey of N = 3950 US adults (limited [...] Read more.

Supplemental “booster” vaccines may prove vital in combating variant waves of endemic COVID-19. Given relatively low levels of booster vaccine uptake, Americans’ willingness to receive a second booster shot is unclear. In a demographically representative survey of N = 3950 US adults (limited to a “boosted” subsample of N = 1551 who had not yet received a second booster), 49% [95% CI: 47, 51] of Americans report having received an initial booster shot, while just 34% [33, 36] report that they would be “very likely” to do so again. Concerns about missing work to vaccinate (−10%; B = 0.53, p = 0.05) and being unconvinced that additional boosters will be necessary (−47%; B = 2.24, p < 0.01) are significantly and negatively associated with being very likely to receive a second COVID-19 booster. These findings can help inform discussions about policies aimed at increasing vaccine uptake in the U.S., and broaden researchers’ understanding of vaccine reluctance among those who might otherwise hold positive views toward vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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15 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spanish Facebook Posts as an Indicator of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Texas

by Ana Aleksandric, Henry Isaac Anderson, Sarah Melcher, Shirin Nilizadeh and Gabriela Mustata Wilson

Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101713 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

Vaccination represents a major public health intervention intended to protect against COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations. However, vaccine hesitancy due to misinformation/disinformation, especially among ethnic minority groups, negatively impacts the effectiveness of such an intervention. The aim of this study is to provide an [...] Read more.

Vaccination represents a major public health intervention intended to protect against COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations. However, vaccine hesitancy due to misinformation/disinformation, especially among ethnic minority groups, negatively impacts the effectiveness of such an intervention. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of how information gleaned from social media can be used to improve attitudes toward vaccination and decrease vaccine hesitancy. This work focused on Spanish-language posts, and will highlight the relationship between vaccination rates across different Texas counties and the sentiment and emotional content of Facebook data, the most popular platform among the Hispanic population. The analysis of this valuable dataset indicates that vaccination rates among this minority group are negatively correlated with negative sentiment and fear, meaning that a higher prevalence of negative and fearful posts indicates lower vaccination rates in these counties. This first study investigating vaccine hesitancy in the Hispanic population suggests that observation of social media can be a valuable tool for measuring attitudes toward public health interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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13 pages, 1954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge and Awareness of Algerian Students about Cervical Cancer, HPV and HPV Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Djihad Bencherit, Rania Kidar, Saadia Otmani, Malik Sallam, Kamel Samara, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi and Mohamed Lounis

Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091420 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3367

Abstract

Cervical cancer is one of the most recurrent and dangerous female cancers in Algeria and worldwide. It is mainly caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can induce other cancers as well. Although it can be fatal, cervical cancer is one of the most [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer is one of the most recurrent and dangerous female cancers in Algeria and worldwide. It is mainly caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can induce other cancers as well. Although it can be fatal, cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and manageable cancers. While HPV vaccination is the key weapon to win the battle against this pathology, it is still not approved in Algeria. Therefore, we set up a cross-sectional survey to assess the knowledge and awareness of students from Algerian universities concerning cervical cancer and HPV and to understand their attitudes towards HPV vaccination. The results reveal that, out of 715 students, the majority of students were aware of cervical cancer (84.6%). However, only 46.2% of students had heard about HPV. Furthermore, willingness to get the HPV vaccine was estimated at 26.7% among students with prior knowledge of HPV, and 21.5% of these students claimed to be willing to pay to get the HPV vaccine if available. Nevertheless, HPV vaccine hesitancy was estimated at 37.5% among the students aware of HPV. The main causes of HPV vaccine reluctance were: complacency (30.6%), refusal of vaccination in general (20.2%) and belief in the rarity of HPV-induced infections in Algeria (19.4%). Moreover, the embrace of vaccine conspiracy beliefs among students were significantly related with their HPV vaccine rejection. Overall, these findings encourage the establishment of a social education policy concerning the fight against HPV-induced cancers, particularly that of the cervix, and the implementation of a national HPV vaccination program targeting young people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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22 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Psychological Factors and Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs in Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake among Jordanian Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Malik Sallam, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Khaled Al-Salahat, Kholoud Al-Mahzoum, Nadin Mohammad AlHadidi, Huda Eid, Nariman Kareem, Eyad Al-Ajlouni, Rawan Batarseh, Nidaa A. Ababneh, Mohammed Sallam, Mariam Alsanafi, Srikanth Umakanthan, Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi, Faris G. Bakri, Harapan Harapan, Azmi Mahafzah and Salah T. Al Awaidy

Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081355 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5181

Abstract

Vaccination to prevent influenza virus infection and to lessen its severity is recommended among healthcare workers (HCWs). Health professionals have a higher risk of exposure to viruses and could transmit the influenza virus to vulnerable patients who are prone to severe disease and [...] Read more.

Vaccination to prevent influenza virus infection and to lessen its severity is recommended among healthcare workers (HCWs). Health professionals have a higher risk of exposure to viruses and could transmit the influenza virus to vulnerable patients who are prone to severe disease and mortality. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the levels of influenza vaccine acceptance and uptake as well as its determinants, among Jordanian HCWs over the last influenza season of 2021/2022. This study was based on a self-administered electronic survey that was distributed in March 2022. Psychological determinants of influenza vaccine acceptance and vaccine conspiracy beliefs were assessed using the previously validated 5C scale questionnaire (confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation and collective responsibility) and the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale. The study sample comprised a total of 1218 HCWs: nurses (n = 412, 33.8%), physicians (n = 367, 30.1%), medical technicians (n = 182, 14.9%), pharmacists (n = 161, 13.2%) and dentists (n = 87, 7.1%), among others. About two-thirds of the study sample expressed willingness to receive influenza vaccination if provided free of charge (n = 807, 66.3%), whereas less than one-third were willing to pay for the vaccine (n = 388, 31.9%). The self-reported uptake of the influenza vaccine in the last influenza season was 62.8%. The following factors were significantly associated with higher acceptance of influenza vaccination if provided freely, as opposed to vaccine hesitancy/rejection: male sex; physicians and dentists among HCW categories; higher confidence and collective responsibility; and lower complacency, constraints and calculation. Higher influenza vaccine uptake was significantly correlated with nurses and physicians among HCW categories, older age, a higher monthly income, higher confidence and collective responsibility, lower complacency and constraints and lower embrace of general vaccine conspiracy beliefs. The results of the current study can provide helpful clues to improve influenza vaccine coverage among HCWs in Jordan. Consequently, this can help to protect vulnerable patient groups and reserve valuable resources in healthcare settings. Psychological determinants appeared to be the most significant factors for vaccine acceptance and uptake, whereas the embrace of general vaccine conspiracy beliefs was associated with lower rates of influenza vaccine uptake, which should be considered in educational and interventional measures aiming to promote influenza vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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12 pages, 872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acceptance Rates of COVID-19 Vaccine Highlight the Need for Targeted Public Health Interventions

by Vered Shkalim Zemer, Zachi Grossman, Herman Avner Cohen, Moshe Hoshen, Maya Gerstein, Noga Yosef, Moriya Cohen and Shai Ashkenazi

Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081167 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1428

Abstract

We aimed to examine rates of COVID-19 vaccination to elucidate the need for targeted public health interventions. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical files of all adults registered in a central district in Israel from 1 January 2021 to 31 March 2022. The [...] Read more.

We aimed to examine rates of COVID-19 vaccination to elucidate the need for targeted public health interventions. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical files of all adults registered in a central district in Israel from 1 January 2021 to 31 March 2022. The population was characterized by vaccination status against COVID-19 and the number of doses received. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to identify predictors of low vaccination rates that required targeted interventions. Of the 246,543 subjects included in the study, 207,911 (84.3%) were vaccinated. The minority groups of ultra-Orthodox Jews and Arabs had lower vaccination rates than the non-ultra-Orthodox Jews (68.7%, 80.5% and 87.7%, respectively, p < 0.001). Adults of low socioeconomic status (SES) had lower vaccination rates compared to those of high SES (74.4% vs. 90.8%, p < 0.001). Adults aged 20–59 years had a lower vaccination rate than those ≥60 years (80.0% vs. 92.1%, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified five independent variables that were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with low vaccination rates: minority groups of the ultra-Orthodox sector and Arab population, and underlying conditions of asthma, smoking and diabetes mellitus (odds ratios: 0.484, 0.453, 0.843, 0.901 and 0.929, respectively). Specific targeted public health interventions towards these subpopulations with significantly lower rates of vaccination are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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9 pages, 752 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Public Vaccination Reluctance: What Makes Us Change Our Minds? Results of A Longitudinal Cohort Survey

by Paweł Waszkiewicz, Piotr Lewulis, Michał Górski, Adam Czarnecki and Wojciech Feleszko

Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071081 - 05 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

The paper presents a longitudinal cohort survey on the public acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination and real vaccination levels. A survey on a representative sample of adult Polish citizens (n = 1066) was conducted in June 2020 and, one year later, the same [...] Read more.

The paper presents a longitudinal cohort survey on the public acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination and real vaccination levels. A survey on a representative sample of adult Polish citizens (n = 1066) was conducted in June 2020 and, one year later, the same group was approached to compare the hypothetical declarations with the real vaccination decisions (n = 438). A significant part of the group that declared reluctance and hesitation toward COVID-19 vaccination before that vaccination was available actually got vaccinated or plans to get vaccinated. Those respondents were asked about the reasons for changing their attitudes. Among the previously vaccine-reluctant individuals, the main reasons included concern about their health and safety (50%) and their desire to travel (26.6%). Vaccine-hesitant individuals also indicated health and safety as their primary concern (69%), as well as the pursuit of herd immunity and a notion of common social safety (12.6%). The main factors helping to increase vaccination acceptance are based on a self-centered pursuit of safety and freedom from restrictions. The survey results may help to prepare a more effective vaccination campaign. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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13 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prioritization of Vaccines for Inclusion into China’s Expanded Program on Immunization: Evidence from Experts’ Knowledge and Opinions

by Chao Ma, Junhong Li, Nan Wang, Yamin Wang, Yudan Song, Xiang Zeng, Canjun Zheng, Zhijie An, Lance Rodewald and Zundong Yin

Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071010 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

Background: Vaccine developers in China have made an increasing number of infectious diseases preventable through vaccination. An appropriate decision-making procedure is necessary for making wise decisions on whether to introduce new vaccines into the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). When there are several [...] Read more.

Background: Vaccine developers in China have made an increasing number of infectious diseases preventable through vaccination. An appropriate decision-making procedure is necessary for making wise decisions on whether to introduce new vaccines into the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). When there are several vaccines that could potentially be considered, a scientifically justifiable mechanism is needed for prioritizing and sequencing vaccines for consideration. Methods: We used a modified Delphi technique (MDT) to develop and refine an indicator system to prioritize vaccines and make policy recommendations concerning their introduction into China’s EPI system. From January through May 2021, thirty-nine experts were recruited and participated in a two-round Delphi survey that was based on a set of candidate indicators obtained through a literature review and reference to the WHO vaccine introduction recommendations. Using the resulting indicator system, we conducted a third consultation with a multi-disciplinary group of experts who scored five program-eligible candidate vaccines to determine prioritization and sequencing for consideration of inclusion into the EPI. Results: Response rates of the thirty-nine experts were 100% and 97.4% across the two rounds. Authority coefficients from rounds one to three were over 0.70, reflecting the high accuracy and reliability of the consultation. Coordination coefficients of importance scores for primary, secondary, and tertiary indicators were 0.486, 0.356, 0.275 in round one, and 0.405, 0.340, and 0.236 in round two. According to the scores from 30 experts using our indicator system, the sequence and scores (1–10 scale, 10 highest) of 5 candidate vaccines were varicella (6.91), meningococcal conjugate AC (6.83), Hib (6.74), influenza (6.56), and EV71 (6.17) vaccines. Conclusions: A modified Delphi technique effectively built a scientific, rational, comprehensive, and systematic indicator system for prioritizing vaccine candidates for consideration of inclusion into the EPI. The rank order will be used by the technical working groups of China’s National Immunization Advisory Committee to sequentially develop and present Evidence-to-Recommendation tables for making policy recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

13 pages, 447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Knowledge Gap regarding Influenza and Influenza Vaccination in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China

by Huimin Yin, Qingqing You, Jing Wu and Lianji Jin

Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060957 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1975

Abstract

In the context of the COVID-19 global pandemic, promoting influenza knowledge and vaccine helps reduce the risk of dual pandemics and relieve the pressure on healthcare systems. Due to the low rate of influenza vaccination in China, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to [...] Read more.

In the context of the COVID-19 global pandemic, promoting influenza knowledge and vaccine helps reduce the risk of dual pandemics and relieve the pressure on healthcare systems. Due to the low rate of influenza vaccination in China, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to investigate whether a knowledge gap regarding influenza and influenza vaccine exists between Chinese groups of different socioeconomic statuses and then explore the possible factors influencing knowledge level. A total of 951 valid questionnaires were collected online in this study. Variance analysis shows a knowledge gap regarding influenza and influenza vaccination between different socioeconomic status groups. Correlation analysis shows that internet media, social media, public communication, and interpersonal communication are positively associated with the knowledge level. Multilevel regression analysis shows a significant interaction between internet media and educational level. This study finds that internet media use helps narrow the knowledge gap between groups with different education levels. This article recommends a multi-channel promotion of influenza and vaccine knowledge and better pertinence between contents and readers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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9 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Reactogenicity among Healthcare Workers: Results from an Active Survey in a Pediatric Hospital from Bucharest, January–February 2021

by Maria-Dorina Crăciun, Gabriela Viorela Nițescu, Mihaela Golumbeanu, Alina-Andreea Tănase, Daniela Pițigoi, Oana Săndulescu, Petru Crăciun, Bianca Georgiana Enciu, Radu Ninel Bălănescu and Alexandru Ulici

Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060836 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

In Romania, health and social workers were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination. We aimed to describe the vaccine adverse events identified through an active survey (using an electronic questionnaire) conducted among the staff of a pediatric hospital from Bucharest, vaccinated with the mRNA Pfizer-BioNTech [...] Read more.

In Romania, health and social workers were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination. We aimed to describe the vaccine adverse events identified through an active survey (using an electronic questionnaire) conducted among the staff of a pediatric hospital from Bucharest, vaccinated with the mRNA Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Data on the frequency and duration of adverse events were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Epi Info, and MedCalc. The questionnaire was sent to 426 persons. The participation rate was 81.2% after 1st dose and 63.8% after the 2nd dose. Overall, 81.9% were women, median age 42 (IQR 32–50 years). A total of 48 respondents (14.8%) reported no adverse event after the 1st dose and 35 (14.1) after the 2nd dose. No anaphylaxis was reported. The most frequent adverse event was pain at injection site, being reported by 261 responders (80.3%) after 1st dose and 187 (75.1%) after 2nd dose. Fatigue and headache were reported significantly less frequently in our study compared with data provided by the vaccine manufacturer. The current study has shown higher local reactogenicity after the first dose of the vaccine and higher systemic reactogenicity after the second dose. This real-world knowledge of the reactogenicity and safety profile may increase the vaccine’s acceptance rate among healthcare workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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25 pages, 2728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Social Network Analysis of Tweets Related to Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination in Poland

by Rafał Olszowski, Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz, Sebastian Baran, Piotr Pięta and Wasim Ahmed

Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050750 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4966

Abstract

Poland’s efforts to combat COVID-19 were hindered by endemic vaccination hesitancy and the prevalence of opponents to pandemic restrictions. In this environment, the policy of a COVID-19 vaccination mandate faces strong resistance in the public debate. Exploring the discourse around this resistance could [...] Read more.

Poland’s efforts to combat COVID-19 were hindered by endemic vaccination hesitancy and the prevalence of opponents to pandemic restrictions. In this environment, the policy of a COVID-19 vaccination mandate faces strong resistance in the public debate. Exploring the discourse around this resistance could help uncover the motives and develop an understanding of vaccination hesitancy in Poland. This paper aims to conduct a social network analysis and content analysis of Twitter discussions around the intention of the Polish Ministry of Health to introduce mandatory vaccinations for COVID-19. Twitter was chosen as a platform to study because of the critical role it played during the global health crisis. Twitter data were retrieved from 26 July to 9 December 2021 through the API v2 for Academic Research, and analysed using NodeXL and Gephi. When conducting social network analysis, nodes were ranked by their betweenness centrality. Clustering analysis with the Clauset–Newman–Moore algorithm revealed two important groups of users: advocates and opponents of mandatory vaccination. The temporal trends of tweets, the most used hashtags, the sentiment expressed in the most popular tweets, and correlations with epidemiological data were also studied. The results reveal a substantial degree of polarisation, a high intensity of the discussion, and a high degree of involvement of Twitter users. Vaccination mandate advocates were consistently more numerous, but less engaged and less mobilised to “preach” their own stances. Vaccination mandate opponents were vocal and more mobilised to participate: either as original authors or as information diffusers. Our research leads to the conclusion that systematic monitoring of the public debate on vaccines is essential not only in counteracting misinformation, but also in crafting evidence-based as well as emotionally motivating narratives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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10 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seroprevalence of Varicella in Pregnant Women and Newborns in a Region of Colombia

by Viviana Lenis-Ballesteros, Jesús Ochoa, Doracelly Hincapié-Palacio, Alba León-Álvarez, Felipe Vargas-Restrepo, Marta C. Ospina, Seti Buitrago-Giraldo, Francisco J. Díaz and Denise Gonzalez-Ortíz

Vaccines 2022, 10(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010052 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1557

Abstract

We estimate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to varicella zoster virus (VZV) based on the first serological study in a cohort of pregnant women and newborns from the Aburrá Valley (Antioquia-Colombia) who attended delivery in eight randomly chosen hospitals. An indirect enzyme immunoassay [...] Read more.

We estimate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to varicella zoster virus (VZV) based on the first serological study in a cohort of pregnant women and newborns from the Aburrá Valley (Antioquia-Colombia) who attended delivery in eight randomly chosen hospitals. An indirect enzyme immunoassay was used to determine anti-VZV IgG antibodies. Generalized linear models were constructed to identify variables that modify seropositivity. In pregnant women, seropositivity was 85.8% (95% CI: 83.4–85.9), seronegativity was 12.6% (95% CI: 10.8–14.6), and concordance with umbilical cord titers was 90.0% (95% CI: 89–91). The seropositivity of pregnant women was lower in those who lived in rural areas (IRR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.7), belonged to the high socioeconomic status (IRR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.7), and had studied 11 years or more (IRR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.8). Among newborns, seropositivity was lower in those who weighed less than 3000 g (IRR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6–1.0). The high seropositivity and seronegativity pattern indicates the urgent need to design preconception consultation and vaccination reinforcement for women of childbearing age according to their sociodemographic conditions, to prevent infection and complications in the mother and newborn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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11 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Attitude toward Booster Doses among US Healthcare Workers

by Suman Pal, Rahul Shekhar, Saket Kottewar, Shubhra Upadhyay, Mriganka Singh, Dola Pathak, Devika Kapuria, Eileen Barrett and Abu Baker Sheikh

Vaccines 2021, 9(11), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111358 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 9296

Abstract

Vaccine reluctance among healthcare workers (HCW) can have widespread negative ramifications, including modeling behavior for the general population and challenges with maintaining a healthy workforce so we can respond to a resurgence of the pandemic. We previously reported that only one-third of HCW [...] Read more.

Vaccine reluctance among healthcare workers (HCW) can have widespread negative ramifications, including modeling behavior for the general population and challenges with maintaining a healthy workforce so we can respond to a resurgence of the pandemic. We previously reported that only one-third of HCW were willing to take the vaccine as soon as it became available prior to its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Here, we re-examine the attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines among HCW several months after the vaccines have been made widely available. In this study, only 7.9% (n = 107) of respondents were hesitant to take the first or second dose of the vaccine. Younger age (18–40 years) and lower level of education attainment (GED or less) were associated with higher vaccine hesitancy, whereas self-identified Asian racial identity was associated with greater acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. Among the vaccine-hesitant group, more respondents noted mistrust of regulatory authorities (45.3%), government (48.6%), and pharmaceutical companies (50%) than mistrust of doctors (25.4%). Nearly two-thirds of respondents were concerned that vaccination may be ineffective against new strains and booster doses may be required; however, vaccine-hesitant respondents’ acceptance of a hypothetical booster dose was only 14.3%. Overall, vaccine hesitancy was observed to have demographic predictors similar to those previously reported; the hesitancy of some US HCW to receive booster doses may reflect a general hesitancy to receive other forms of vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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Review

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12 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vaccination Campaign against Hepatitis B Virus in Italy: A History of Successful Achievements

by Tommaso Stroffolini and Giacomo Stroffolini

Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101531 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 946

Abstract

In Italy, the vaccination campaign against hepatitis B virus has been characterized by two phases. In the first phase (1984–1991), vaccination with plasma-derived vaccines was first recommended for the high-risk group. In the second phase (1991–nowadays), recombinant vaccine targeted, by law, infants 2 [...] Read more.

In Italy, the vaccination campaign against hepatitis B virus has been characterized by two phases. In the first phase (1984–1991), vaccination with plasma-derived vaccines was first recommended for the high-risk group. In the second phase (1991–nowadays), recombinant vaccine targeted, by law, infants 2 months old and teenagers 12 years old (limited to the first 12 years of campaign); screening for HBsAg became compulsory for all pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Successful achievements have been attained: No acute HBV case has been observed in the age group targeted by vaccination, the pool of chronic HBsAg carriers is strongly reduced, perinatal HBV transmission is under control, and acute delta virus hepatitis cases are nearly eliminated. The key point of this success has been the peculiar vaccination policy adopted. The combined vaccination of teenagers has generated an early immune cohort of youths, who are no longer at risk of acquiring HBV infection by sources of exposure (i.e., drug use and unsafe sex practices) typical of the young adults. Vaccination of household contacts with HBsAg-positive subjects represents an area of improvement; providing migrants and refugees access to healthcare services is also a focal point. In 2020, Italy became the first country in Europe to achieve the WHO’s regional hepatitis targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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21 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Tools and Measures Investigating Vaccine Hesitancy in a Ten Year Period: A Scoping Review

by Elizabeth O. Oduwole, Elizabeth D. Pienaar, Hassan Mahomed and Charles S. Wiysonge

Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081198 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

The challenge of vaccine hesitancy, a growing global concern in the last decade, has been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for monitoring vaccine sentiments and early detection of vaccine hesitancy in a population recommended by the WHO calls for the availability [...] Read more.

The challenge of vaccine hesitancy, a growing global concern in the last decade, has been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The need for monitoring vaccine sentiments and early detection of vaccine hesitancy in a population recommended by the WHO calls for the availability of contextually relevant tools and measures. This scoping review covers a ten year-period from 2010–2019 which included the first nine years of the decade of vaccines and aims to give a broad overview of tools and measures, and present a summary of their nature, similarities, and differences. We conducted the review using the framework for scoping reviews by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and reported it following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews’ guidelines. Of the 26 studies included, only one was conducted in the WHO African Region. Measures for routine childhood vaccines were found to be the most preponderant in the reviewed literature. The need for validated, contextually relevant tools in the WHO Africa Region is essential, and made more so by the scourge of the ongoing pandemic in which vaccination is critical for curtailment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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14 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessReview

Monitoring and Evaluation of National Vaccination Implementation: A Scoping Review of How Frameworks and Indicators Are Used in the Public Health Literature

by Manar Marzouk, Maryam Omar, Kanchanok Sirison, Aparna Ananthakrishnan, Anna Durrance-Bagale, Chatkamol Pheerapanyawaranun, Charatpol Porncharoen, Nopphadol Pimsarn, Sze Tung Lam, Mengieng Ung, Zeenathnisa Mougammadou Aribou, Saudamini V. Dabak, Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai and Natasha Howard

Vaccines 2022, 10(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040567 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5053

Abstract

An effective Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework helps vaccination programme managers determine progress and effectiveness for agreed indicators against clear benchmarks and targets. We aimed to identify the literature on M&E frameworks and indicators used in national vaccination programmes and synthesise approaches and [...] Read more.

An effective Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework helps vaccination programme managers determine progress and effectiveness for agreed indicators against clear benchmarks and targets. We aimed to identify the literature on M&E frameworks and indicators used in national vaccination programmes and synthesise approaches and lessons to inform development of future frameworks. We conducted a scoping review using Arksey and O’Malley’s six-stage framework to identify and synthesise sources on monitoring or evaluation of national vaccination implementation that described a framework or indicators. The findings were summarised thematically. We included 43 eligible sources of 4291 screened. Most (95%) were in English and discussed high-income (51%) or middle-income (30%) settings, with 13 in Europe (30%), 10 in Asia-Pacific (23%), nine in Africa (21%), and eight in the Americas (19%), respectively, while three crossed regions. Only five (12%) specified the use of an M&E framework. Most (32/43; 74%) explicitly or implicitly included vaccine coverage indicators, followed by 12 including operational (28%), five including clinical (12%), and two including cost indicators (5%). The use of M&E frameworks was seldom explicit or clearly defined in our sources, with indicators rarely fully defined or benchmarked against targets. Sources focused on ways to improve vaccination programmes without explicitly considering ways to improve assessment. Literature on M&E framework and indicator use in national vaccination programmes is limited and focused on routine childhood vaccination. Therefore, documentation of more experiences and lessons is needed to better inform vaccination M&E beyond childhood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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7 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vaccinations and Healthy Ageing: How to Rise to the Challenge Following a Life-Course Vaccination Approach

by Francesca Scognamiglio, Maria Pia Fantini, Chiara Reno, Marco Montalti, Zeno Di Valerio, Giorgia Soldà, Aurelia Salussolia, Giusy La Fauci, Angelo Capodici and Davide Gori

Vaccines 2022, 10(3), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030375 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2492

Abstract

In the context of an ageing population, one of the major Public Health goals is to promote healthy ageing. To rise to this challenge, rethinking conventional prevention paradigms and implementing them with vaccination at all stages of life is necessary. Indeed, vaccinations are [...] Read more.

In the context of an ageing population, one of the major Public Health goals is to promote healthy ageing. To rise to this challenge, rethinking conventional prevention paradigms and implementing them with vaccination at all stages of life is necessary. Indeed, vaccinations are able to both prevent pathogen specific diseases and all their downstream effects and to increase overall immune system plasticity and resilience. Our aim is to discuss the obstacles and opportunities in pursuing a “life-course vaccination approach” and to highlight the role of vaccines in healthy ageing. In doing so, we address the close connections between immunology and vaccinology advances and introduce the novel concept of immune fitness. Finally, we conclude that even though vaccinology is making giant steps towards tailored vaccination strategies, more studies are needed to investigate this topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Review

14 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Paediatric Check-Ups and Vaccinations in Germany

by Rudolf Lindinger, Hartmut Richter, Thorsten Christian Reuter and Tim Fischer

Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040720 - 23 Mar 2023

Viewed by 980

Abstract

Paediatric check-ups and vaccinations are provided and free of charge in Germany. Despite being hitherto generally well-received and adhered to, it is possible that the lockdown implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in delays or even cancellations of critical paediatric visits with [...] Read more.

Paediatric check-ups and vaccinations are provided and free of charge in Germany. Despite being hitherto generally well-received and adhered to, it is possible that the lockdown implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in delays or even cancellations of critical paediatric visits with healthcare providers. This study attempts to quantify the rate and time to follow-up for check-ups in Germany using the retrospective IQVIA^TM Disease Analyzer database. Additionally, timely administration of 4 vaccines (Hexavalent, pneumococcal, MMR-V, Rotavirus) was analysed to examine the impact of pandemic restrictions on vaccine uptake. The timeframes which were compared to determine the effects of COVID-19 were June 2018–December 2019 and March 2020–September 2021. The follow-up rates for paediatric check-ups were consistently lower in the COVID-19 phase, but generally ~90%. Follow-up rates for the vaccinations were distinctly higher during COVID-19. The time between events was almost unchanged for check-ups during the pandemic. For check-ups, age at initial event differed by less than a week between the phases. For vaccinations, the age differences were slightly higher, but exceeded one week in only two cases. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic had little effect on paediatric check-ups and vaccinations in Germany. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

13 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Adaptive Sampling to Reach Disadvantaged Populations for Immunization Programs and Assessments: A Systematic Review

by Aybüke Koyuncu, Atsuyoshi Ishizumi, Danni Daniels, Mohamed F. Jalloh, Aaron S. Wallace and Dimitri Prybylski

Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020424 - 13 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1825

Abstract

Vaccines prevent 4–5 million deaths every year, but inequities in vaccine coverage persist among key disadvantaged subpopulations. Under-immunized subpopulations (e.g., migrants, slum residents) may be consistently missed with conventional methods for estimating immunization coverage and assessing vaccination barriers. Adaptive sampling, such as respondent-driven [...] Read more.

Vaccines prevent 4–5 million deaths every year, but inequities in vaccine coverage persist among key disadvantaged subpopulations. Under-immunized subpopulations (e.g., migrants, slum residents) may be consistently missed with conventional methods for estimating immunization coverage and assessing vaccination barriers. Adaptive sampling, such as respondent-driven sampling, may offer useful strategies for identifying and collecting data from these subpopulations that are often “hidden” or hard-to-reach. However, use of these adaptive sampling approaches in the field of global immunization has not been systematically documented. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases to identify eligible studies published through November 2020 that used an adaptive sampling method to collect immunization-related data. From the eligible studies, we extracted relevant data on their objectives, setting and target population, and sampling methods. We categorized sampling methods and assessed their frequencies. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria out of the 3069 articles screened for eligibility. Peer-driven sampling was the most frequently used adaptive sampling method (57%), followed by geospatial sampling (30%), venue-based sampling (17%), ethnographic mapping (9%), and compact segment sampling (9%). Sixty-one percent of studies were conducted in upper-middle-income or high-income countries. Data on immunization uptake were collected in 65% of studies, and data on knowledge and attitudes about immunizations were collected in 57% of studies. We found limited use of adaptive sampling methods in measuring immunization coverage and understanding determinants of vaccination uptake. The current under-utilization of adaptive sampling approaches leaves much room for improvement in how immunization programs calibrate their strategies to reach “hidden” subpopulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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16 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of the Sex and Gender Reporting in COVID-19 Clinical Trials

by Shirin Heidari, Alice Palmer-Ross and Tracey Goodman

Vaccines 2021, 9(11), 1322; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111322 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4930

Abstract

Sex and gender have implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and adverse effects from the vaccine. As vaccination is one of the key responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital that sex and gender differences be acknowledged, measured, and analysed in clinical research. [...] Read more.

Sex and gender have implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and adverse effects from the vaccine. As vaccination is one of the key responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital that sex and gender differences be acknowledged, measured, and analysed in clinical research. Here, we systematically review published COVID-19 vaccine trials, both interventional and observational, to assess the quality of reporting of sex and gender. Of the 75 clinical trials on COVID-19 vaccines included in this review, only 24% presented their main outcome data disaggregated by sex, and only 13% included any discussion of the implications of their study for women and men. Considering the sex differences in adverse events after vaccination, and the gendered aspects of vaccine hesitancy, these oversights in clinical research on vaccines have implications for recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and for wider public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Vaccination and Public Health)

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