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Vaccines
Special Issues
Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses
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Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 14202

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mukesh Verma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
Interests: immunomolecular mechanism at the cellular level

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will focus on immunological mechanisms in order to understand the development of vaccines and their side effects at the cellular level. Papers which discuss vaccine sustainability for different diseases and their adoptive and innate immunity are welcome. Moreover, this Special Issue will contain an editorial choice, a conference abstract presentation, in silico studies, regular review and prospective review papers and research articles.

Dr. Mukesh Verma
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immunology
  • epigenetic and molecular biology
  • cellular mechanisms
  • bioinformatics
  • inflammatory allergy disease and technology

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 660 KiB  
Article
An Epidemiological Study of Brucellosis in Different Animal Species from the Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
by Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini
Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030694 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2121
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial illness that affects humans and a variety of domestic animals, especially ruminants. It is mostly transmitted through the consumption of contaminated drinks, foods, undercooked meat, or unpasteurized milk or contact with infected animals. Therefore, the present study aimed [...] Read more.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial illness that affects humans and a variety of domestic animals, especially ruminants. It is mostly transmitted through the consumption of contaminated drinks, foods, undercooked meat, or unpasteurized milk or contact with infected animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels, sheep, and goat herds in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, using commonly used diagnostic serological procedures such as the Rose Bengal test (RBT), complement fixation test (CFT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels, sheep, and goats was determined in the selected areas using a cross-sectional study design and a total of 690 farm animals of both sexes of different ages from the three animal species (274 camels, 227 sheep, and 189 goats). According to RBT results, 65 sera were positive for brucellosis, including 15 (5.47%) for camels, 32 (14.09%) for sheep, and 18 (9.50%) for goats. CFT and c-ELISA were performed as confirmatory tests on positive samples resulting from RBT. With c-ELISA, 60 serum samples were confirmed positive, in 14 (5.10%), 30 (13.21%), and 16 (8.46%) camels, sheep, and goats, respectively. There were 59 serum samples confirmed as positive for CFT, including 14 (5.11%), 29 (12.77%), and 16 (8.46%) for camels, sheep, and goats, respectively. Overall, the highest seroprevalence of brucellosis was found in sheep while the least was found in camels from the three tests (RBT, c-ELISA, and CFT). The highest seroprevalence of brucellosis was found in sheep while the least seroprevalence was found in camels. There was also a higher seroprevalence of brucellosis among female animals than males as well as among old animals than young animals. The study, thus, demonstrates brucellosis seroprevalence among farm animals (camels, sheep, and goats) and the significance of intervention measures against brucellosis incidence in both humans and animals through the creation of public awareness and other relevant policy measures such as livestock vaccination, effective hygiene management, and adequate quarantine or serological analysis for newly introduced animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses)
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18 pages, 2418 KiB  
Article
GlnH, a Novel Antigen That Offers Partial Protection against Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection
by Conor Quinn, Julen Tomás-Cortázar, Oritsejolomi Ofioritse, Joanne Cosgrave, Claire Purcell, Catherine McAloon, Susanna Frost and Siobhán McClean
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010175 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2135 | Correction
Abstract
Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) causes zoonotic infections, with potentially devastating complications, and children under 5 years old are particularly susceptible. Antibiotic treatment is contraindicated, and due to the high proportion of infected children that suffer from severe and life-changing complications, there is an [...] Read more.
Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) causes zoonotic infections, with potentially devastating complications, and children under 5 years old are particularly susceptible. Antibiotic treatment is contraindicated, and due to the high proportion of infected children that suffer from severe and life-changing complications, there is an unmet need for a vaccine to prevent VTEC infections. Bacterial adhesins represent promising candidates for the successful development of a vaccine against VTEC. Using a proteomic approach to identify bacterial proteins interacting with human gastrointestinal epithelial Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, we identified eleven proteins by mass spectrometry. These included a glutamine-binding periplasmic protein, GlnH, a member of the ABC transporter family. The glnH gene was identified in 13 of the 15 bovine and all 5 human patient samples tested, suggesting that it is prevalent. We confirmed that GlnH is involved in the host cell attachment of an O157:H7 prototype E. coli strain to gastrointestinal cells in vitro. Recombinant GlnH was expressed and purified prior to the immunisation of mice. When alum was used as an adjuvant, GlnH was highly immunogenic, stimulating strong serological responses in immunised mice, and it resulted in a modest reduction in faecal shedding but did not reduce colonisation. GlnH immunisation with a T-cell-inducing adjuvant (SAS) also showed comparable antibody responses and an IgG1/IgG2a ratio suggestive of a mixed Th1/Th2 response but was partially protective, with a 1.25-log reduction in colonisation of the colon and caecum at 7 days relative to the adjuvant only (p = 0.0280). It is clear that future VTEC vaccine developments should consider the contribution of adjuvants in addition to antigens. Moreover, it is likely that a combined cellular and humoral response may prove more beneficial in providing protective interventions against VTEC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses)
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10 pages, 912 KiB  
Article
Safety of Live Immunization in DiGeorge Syndrome: A Retrospective Single-Center Study in Korea, 2005–2021
by Sung Min Lim, Je Hee Shin, Jee Yeon Baek, Ji Young Lee, Ji-Man Kang and Jong Gyun Ahn
Vaccines 2022, 10(12), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122165 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
Live immunization is contraindicated in patients with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). We retrospectively investigated the occurrence of adverse events after live immunization in patients with DGS in Korea. The data of patients matching the International Classification of Disease-10 code of DGS (D82.1) at Severance [...] Read more.
Live immunization is contraindicated in patients with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). We retrospectively investigated the occurrence of adverse events after live immunization in patients with DGS in Korea. The data of patients matching the International Classification of Disease-10 code of DGS (D82.1) at Severance Hospital Seoul, Korea, were extracted; patients without genetically diagnosed DGS were excluded. Based on T cell immunity status, the included patients were categorized into group A (CD3 < 500 or CD8 < 200 cells/mm3); group B (CD3 ≥ 500 and CD8 ≥ 200 cells/mm3); or group C (unknown). Among 94 patients, 38 (~40%, group A: 8 [21%]; group B: 30 [79%]) underwent immunological testing and 73 (~80%) received at least one live immunization (measles–mumps–rubella vaccination was most common [66/94, ~70%]). Fifty adverse events (fever [n = 29], upper respiratory infection [n = 9], diarrhea [n = 4], rash [n = 3], thrombocytopenia [n = 3], injection site pus [n = 1], and febrile convulsion [n = 1]) were observed; 13 (26%) occurred in group A, with no significant difference in incidence between groups A and B. Serious adverse events, including intensive care unit hospitalization or death, or diseases due to vaccine strains were not observed. In this study, live immunization was well tolerated by patients with partial DGS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses)
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Review

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22 pages, 2667 KiB  
Review
Engineering Non-Human RNA Viruses for Cancer Therapy
by Vicent Tur-Planells, Adolfo García-Sastre, Sara Cuadrado-Castano and Estanislao Nistal-Villan
Vaccines 2023, 11(10), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101617 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1410
Abstract
Alongside the development and progress in cancer immunotherapy, research in oncolytic viruses (OVs) continues advancing novel treatment strategies to the clinic. With almost 50 clinical trials carried out over the last decade, the opportunities for intervention using OVs are expanding beyond the old-fashioned [...] Read more.
Alongside the development and progress in cancer immunotherapy, research in oncolytic viruses (OVs) continues advancing novel treatment strategies to the clinic. With almost 50 clinical trials carried out over the last decade, the opportunities for intervention using OVs are expanding beyond the old-fashioned concept of “lytic killers”, with promising breakthrough therapeutic strategies focused on leveraging the immunostimulatory potential of different viral platforms. This review presents an overview of non-human-adapted RNA viruses engineered for cancer therapy. Moreover, we describe the diverse strategies employed to manipulate the genomes of these viruses to optimize their therapeutic capabilities. By focusing on different aspects of this particular group of viruses, we describe the insights into the promising advancements in the field of virotherapy and its potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses)
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34 pages, 1812 KiB  
Review
An Overview of the Public Health Challenges in Diagnosing and Controlling Human Foodborne Pathogens
by Ayman Elbehiry, Adil Abalkhail, Eman Marzouk, Ahmed Elnadif Elmanssury, Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini, Hani Alfheeaid, Mohammed T. Alshahrani, Nasser Huraysh, Mai Ibrahem, Feras Alzaben, Farhan Alanazi, Mohammed Alzaben, Sulaiman Abdulaziz Anagreyyah, Abdulraheem Mousa Bayameen, Abdelmaged Draz and Akram Abu-Okail
Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040725 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6170
Abstract
Pathogens found in food are believed to be the leading cause of foodborne illnesses; and they are considered a serious problem with global ramifications. During the last few decades, a lot of attention has been paid to determining the microorganisms that cause foodborne [...] Read more.
Pathogens found in food are believed to be the leading cause of foodborne illnesses; and they are considered a serious problem with global ramifications. During the last few decades, a lot of attention has been paid to determining the microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses and developing new methods to identify them. Foodborne pathogen identification technologies have evolved rapidly over the last few decades, with the newer technologies focusing on immunoassays, genome-wide approaches, biosensors, and mass spectrometry as the primary methods of identification. Bacteriophages (phages), probiotics and prebiotics were known to have the ability to combat bacterial diseases since the turn of the 20th century. A primary focus of phage use was the development of medical therapies; however, its use quickly expanded to other applications in biotechnology and industry. A similar argument can be made with regards to the food safety industry, as diseases directly endanger the health of customers. Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to bacteriophages, probiotics and prebiotics most likely due to the exhaustion of traditional antibiotics. Reviewing a variety of current quick identification techniques is the purpose of this study. Using these techniques, we are able to quickly identify foodborne pathogenic bacteria, which forms the basis for future research advances. A review of recent studies on the use of phages, probiotics and prebiotics as a means of combating significant foodborne diseases is also presented. Furthermore, we discussed the advantages of using phages as well as the challenges they face, especially given their prevalent application in food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Aspect regarding Vaccine Development and Uses)
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