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Vaccines
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Vaccines and Animal Health
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Vaccines and Animal Health

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 4605

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Matteo Legnardi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
Interests: molecular epidemiology; infectious bronchitis virus; infectious bursal disease virus; vaccination; phylogenetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Claudia Maria Tucciarone

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
Interests: infectious diseases; epidemiology; vaccine kinetics; viruses of companion animals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is no doubt that vaccines represent a crucial resource for veterinary medicine, allowing for effectively preventing burdensome infectious and parasitic diseases of both producing and companion animals, and aiding in the pursuit of the One Health vision. Nonetheless, research on animal vaccines is progressing continuously to cope with the emergence of novel epidemiological threats, changes in animal production, stronger link among owners and pets within the domestic environment and technological advancements.

This Special Issue is aimed at collecting original research articles and reviews on the applications of vaccines in all fields of animal health, further advancing the knowledge of already available preparations or proposing novel solutions and applications.

Dr. Matteo Legnardi
Dr. Claudia Maria Tucciarone
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • veterinary vaccines
  • parasitic diseases
  • vaccinology
  • infectious diseases
  • livestock
  • poultry
  • companion animals

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 7827 KiB  
Article
Intradermal Inoculation of Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Induced Effective Immune Responses Comparable to Conventional Intramuscular Injection in Pigs
by Simin Lee, Sameer ul Salam Mattoo, Chang-Gi Jeong, Seung-Chai Kim, Salik Nazki, Gyehan Lee, Yong-Soo Park, Sun Young Park, Myeon-Sik Yang, Bumseok Kim, Sang-Myeong Lee and Won-Il Kim
Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020190 - 13 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1209
Abstract
All pigs in the Republic of Korea are given the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine intramuscularly (IM) as part of the country’s vaccination policy. However, the IM administration of the FMDV vaccine to pig results in residual vaccine components in the muscle and [...] Read more.
All pigs in the Republic of Korea are given the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine intramuscularly (IM) as part of the country’s vaccination policy. However, the IM administration of the FMDV vaccine to pig results in residual vaccine components in the muscle and undesirable changes in muscle and soft tissues, causing economic losses in swine production. In this study, we evaluated whether intradermal (ID) vaccination could be proposed as an alternative to IM administration. ID vaccination (0.2 mL on each side of the neck muscle) and IM vaccination (2 mL on each side of the neck muscle) were performed twice, separated by 14 days, using a commercial FMD vaccine in specific-pathogen-free pigs. We observed growth performance, gross and microscopic lesions at the inoculation site, FMDV-specific antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies for 35 days after vaccination. Side effects on the skin grossly appeared following ID administration, but most were reduced within two weeks. All ID-vaccinated pigs showed inflammatory lesions limited to the dermis, but IM-vaccinated pigs had abnormal undesirable changes and pus in the muscle. ID-vaccinated pigs performed comparably to IM-vaccinated pigs in terms of growth, FMD virus-specific antibodies, protection capability against FMDV, and T-cell induction. This study demonstrated that the ID inoculation of the inactivated FMD vaccine induced immune responses comparable to an IM injection at 1/10 of the inoculation dose and that the inoculation lesion was limited to the dermis, effectively protecting against the formation of abnormal undesirable changes in muscle and soft tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Animal Health)
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12 pages, 847 KiB  
Article
Mineralization Reduces the Toxicity and Improves Stability and Protective Immune Response Induced by Toxoplasma gondii
by Ling Li, Yong-Chao Guan, Shao-Yuan Bai, Qi-Wang Jin, Jian-Ping Tao, Guo-Ding Zhu and Si-Yang Huang
Vaccines 2024, 12(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010035 - 28 Dec 2023
Viewed by 866
Abstract
Vaccination is an ideal strategy for the control and prevention of toxoplasmosis. However, the thermostability and effectiveness of vaccines limit their application. Here, calcium mineralization was used to fabricate Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites as immunogenic core–shell particles with improved immune response and thermostability. In [...] Read more.
Vaccination is an ideal strategy for the control and prevention of toxoplasmosis. However, the thermostability and effectiveness of vaccines limit their application. Here, calcium mineralization was used to fabricate Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites as immunogenic core–shell particles with improved immune response and thermostability. In the current study, T. gondii RH particles coated with mineralized shells were fabricated by calcium mineralization. The mineralized shells could maintain the T. gondii tachyzoites structural integrity for at least 12 months and weaken the virulence. Immunization of mice with mineralized tachyzoites induced high levels of T. gondii-specific antibodies and cytokines. The immunized mice were protected with a 100% survival rate in acute and chronic infection, and brain cyst burdens were significantly reduced. This study reported for the first time the strategy of calcium mineralization on T. gondii and proved that mineralized tachyzoites could play an immune protective role, thus expanding the application of biomineralization in T. gondii vaccine delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Animal Health)
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18 pages, 2513 KiB  
Article
Protective Efficacy Induced by the Common Eimeria Antigen Elongation Factor 2 against Challenge with Three Eimeria Species in Chickens
by Yuxuan Mi, Wenxi Ding, Lixin Xu, Mingmin Lu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiangrui Li and Xiaokai Song
Vaccines 2024, 12(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010018 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 921
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis arises from co-infection involving multiple Eimeria species, which could give rise to substantial economic losses in the global poultry industry. As a result, multivalent anticoccidial vaccines containing common Eimeria antigens offer considerable promise for controlling co-infection in clinical practice. In our [...] Read more.
Avian coccidiosis arises from co-infection involving multiple Eimeria species, which could give rise to substantial economic losses in the global poultry industry. As a result, multivalent anticoccidial vaccines containing common Eimeria antigens offer considerable promise for controlling co-infection in clinical practice. In our previous study, Elongation factor 2 (EF2) was deemed as an immunogenic common antigen across various Eimeria species. This current investigation aimed to further assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of EF2 in recombinant subunit vaccine format against three Eimeria species. The EF2 gene cloned from Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) cDNA was designated as EF2 of E. maxima (EmEF2). The immunogenicity of the recombinant protein EmEF2 (rEmEF2) was assessed through Western blot analysis. The evaluation of the vaccine-induced immune response encompassed the determination of T lymphocyte subset proportions, cytokine mRNA transcription levels, and specific IgY concentrations in rEmEF2-vaccinated chickens using flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, the protective efficacy of rEmEF2 was evaluated through vaccination and challenge experiments. The findings demonstrated that rEmEF2 was effectively recognized by the His-tag monoclonal antibody and E. maxima chicken antiserum. Vaccination with rEmEF2 increased the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, elevated IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA transcription levels, and enhanced IgY antibody levels compared to the control groups. Moreover, compared to the control groups, vaccination with rEmEF2 led to decreased weight loss, reduced oocyst outputs, and alleviated enteric lesions. Furthermore, in the rEmEF2-immunized groups, challenges with E. maxima and E. acervulina resulted in anticoccidial index (ACI) scores of 166.35 and 185.08, showing moderate-to-excellent protective efficacy. Nevertheless, challenges with E. tenella and mixed Eimeria resulted in ACI scores of 144.01 and 127.94, showing low protective efficacy. In conclusion, EmEF2, a common antigen across Eimeria species, demonstrated the capacity to induce a significant cellular and humoral immune response, as well as partial protection against E. maxima, E. acervulina, and E. tenella. These results highlight EmEF2 as a promising candidate antigen for the development of multivalent vaccines targeting mixed infections by Eimeria species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Animal Health)
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18 pages, 3035 KiB  
Article
PLGA-Encapsulated Haemonchus contortus Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model
by Muhammad Waqqas Hasan, Muhammad Ehsan, Qiangqiang Wang, Muhammad Haseeb, Shakeel Ahmed Lakho, Ali Haider, Mingmin Lu, Lixin Xu, Xiaokai Song, Ruofeng Yan and Xiangrui Li
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121794 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 961
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal parasite that adversely impacts small ruminants, resulting in a notable reduction in animal productivity. In the current investigation, we developed a nanovaccine by encapsulating the recombinant protein rHcES-15, sourced from the excretory/secretory products of H. contortus, within [...] Read more.
Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal parasite that adversely impacts small ruminants, resulting in a notable reduction in animal productivity. In the current investigation, we developed a nanovaccine by encapsulating the recombinant protein rHcES-15, sourced from the excretory/secretory products of H. contortus, within biodegradable poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The development of this nanovaccine involved the formulation of PLGA NPs using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)verified the successful encapsulation of rHcES-15 within PLGA NPs, exhibiting a size range of 350–400 nm. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the antigen in the nanovaccine was determined to be 72%. A total of forty experimental mice were allocated into five groups, with the nanovaccine administered on day 0 and the mice euthanized at the end of the 14-day trial. The stimulation index (SI) from the mice subjected to the nanovaccine indicated heightened lymphocyte proliferation (*** p < 0.001) and a noteworthy increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17). Additionally, the percentages of T-cells (CD4+, CD8+) and dendritic cell phenotypes (CD83+, CD86+) were significantly elevated (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) in mice inoculated with the nanovaccine compared to control groups and the rHcES-15 group. Correspondingly, higher levels of antigen-specific serum immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2a, IgM) were observed in response to the nanovaccine in comparison to both the antigenic (rHcES-15) and control groups (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). In conclusion, the data strongly supports the proposal that the encapsulation of rHcES-15 within PLGA NPs effectively triggers immune cells in vivo, ultimately enhancing the antigen-specific adaptive immune responses against H. contortus. This finding underscores the promising potential of the nanovaccine, justifying further investigations to definitively ascertain its efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Animal Health)
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