Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

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2 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Technological Advances and Strategies for Arbovirus Vector Control

by Leonardo B. Koerich, Mauricio R. V. Sant’Anna and Ralph Huits

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(9), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090204 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1294

Abstract

In recent decades, we have seen the emergence and re-emergence of many arthropod-transmitted viruses (arboviruses) that pose important public health challenges worldwide [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

Research

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18 pages, 2676 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Strategies for Aedes aegypti Control Applied to Individual Houses: An Approach to Mitigate Vectorial Arbovirus Transmission

by Danielle Cristina Tenório Varjal de Melo, Eloína Maria de Mendonça Santos, Morgana Nascimento Xavier, Josimara do Nascimento, Victor Araújo Barbosa, André Luiz de Sá Oliveira, Marcos Vinícius Meiado, Maria Alice Varjal de Melo-Santos, Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva, Gabriel da Luz Wallau and Cláudia Maria Fontes de Oliveira

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9030053 - 24 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are vectors of different arboviruses that cause a large burden of disease in humans worldwide. A key step towards reducing the impact of arboviruses on humans can be achieved through integrated mosquito surveillance and control approaches. We [...] Read more.

Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are vectors of different arboviruses that cause a large burden of disease in humans worldwide. A key step towards reducing the impact of arboviruses on humans can be achieved through integrated mosquito surveillance and control approaches. We carried out an integrated approach of mosquito surveillance and control actions to reduce populations of these insects along with a viral surveillance in a neighborhood of Recife (Northeastern Brazil) with high mosquito densities and arbovirus transmission. The actions were carried out in 40 different houses in the Nova Descoberta neighborhood. The area was divided into two groups, the control group using tools to monitor the mosquito density (1 OVT; 1 Double BR-ovt; monthly capture of alates) and the experimental group with control actions using surveillance tools in an intensified way (2 OVTs; 2 Double BR-ovts; fortnightly capture of alates; toxic baits). We evaluated the study’s impact on the mosquito density via the Egg Density (ED) and Adult Density (AD) over a period of 12 cycles of 28 days each. The collected adult mosquitoes were processed via RT-qPCR for DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV and, subsequently, the Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) was calculated. After 12 cycles, we observed a 91% and 99% reduction in Aedes ED and AD in the monitored properties, as well as a 76% reduction in the AD of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the same properties. Moreover, we detected circulating arboviruses (DENV and ZIKV) in 19.52% of captured adult mosquitoes. We show that enhancing entomological surveillance tools can aid in the early detection of possible risk areas based on vector mosquito population numbers. Additionally, the detection of important arboviruses such as ZIKV and DENV raises awareness and allows for a better selection of risk areas and silent virus spread. It offers supplementary information for guiding emergency mosquito control measures in the target area. The goal is to minimize human–vector interactions and, subsequently, to lower the risk of transmitting circulating arboviruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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29 pages, 24945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Analysis of Dengue Clusters at Department, Municipality and Local Scales in the Southwest of Colombia, 2014–2019

by Catalina Marceló-Díaz, María Camila Lesmes, Erika Santamaría, José Alejandro Salamanca, Patricia Fuya, Horacio Cadena, Paola Muñoz-Laiton and Carlos Andrés Morales

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(5), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050262 - 02 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1950

Abstract

Dengue is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and is one of the 15 main public health problems in the world, including Colombia. Where limited financial resources create a problem for management, there is a need for the department to [...] Read more.

Dengue is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and is one of the 15 main public health problems in the world, including Colombia. Where limited financial resources create a problem for management, there is a need for the department to prioritize target areas for public health implementation. This study focuses on a spatio-temporal analysis to determine the targeted area to manage the public health problems related to dengue cases. To this end, three phases at three different scales were carried out. First, for the departmental scale, four risk clusters were identified in Cauca (RR ≥ 1.49) using the Poisson model, and three clusters were identified through Getis-Ord Gi* hotspots analysis; among them, Patía municipality presented significantly high incidence rates in the time window (2014–2018). Second, on the municipality scale, altitude and minimum temperature were observed to be more relevant than precipitation; considering posterior means, no spatial autocorrelation for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo was found (Moran test ˂ 1.0), and convergence was reached for b₁–b₁₀₅ with 20,000 iterations. Finally, on the local scale, a clustered pattern was observed for dengue cases distribution (nearest neighbour index, NNI = 0.202819) and the accumulated number of pupae (G = 0.70007). Two neighbourhoods showed higher concentrations of both epidemiological and entomological hotspots. In conclusion, the municipality of Patía is in an operational scenario of a high transmission of dengue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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14 pages, 3093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Isolation and Genome Sequence Analysis of West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in Brazil

by Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto, Lúcia Aline Moura Reis, Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas, Bruna Laís Sena do Nascimento, Liliane Leal das Chagas, Hernan Hermes Monteiro da Costa, Jéssica Cecília Pinheiro Rodrigues, Camila Margalho Braga, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Sandro Patroca Silva and Lívia Caricio Martins

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040237 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

West Nile virus is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly of the genus Culex. In Brazil, serological studies have already indicated the circulation of the virus since 2003, with the first human case detected in 2014. The objective of the present paper [...] Read more.

West Nile virus is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly of the genus Culex. In Brazil, serological studies have already indicated the circulation of the virus since 2003, with the first human case detected in 2014. The objective of the present paper is to report the first isolation of WNV in a Culex (Melanoconion) mosquito. Arthropods were collected by protected human attraction and CDC light bait, and taxonomically identified and analyzed by viral isolation, complement fixation and genomic sequencing tests. WNV was isolated from samples of Culex (Melanoconion) mosquitoes, and the sequencing analysis demonstrated that the isolated strain belonged to lineage 1a. The finding of the present study presents the first evidence of the isolation and genome sequencing of WNV in arthropods in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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10 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of the Xanthi Chryso-like Virus in New Geographical Area and a Novel Arthropod Carrier

by Marko Jankovic, Valentina Cirkovic, Gorana Stamenkovic, Ana Loncar, Marija Todorovic, Maja Stanojevic and Marina Siljic

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040225 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Here, we report on a serendipitous finding of a chryso-like virus associated with Culex pipiens mosquitos in the course of study aimed to detect and characterize West Nile virus (WNV) circulating in mosquitos in Serbia, Southern Europe. Upon initial detection of unexpected product [...] Read more.

Here, we report on a serendipitous finding of a chryso-like virus associated with Culex pipiens mosquitos in the course of study aimed to detect and characterize West Nile virus (WNV) circulating in mosquitos in Serbia, Southern Europe. Upon initial detection of unexpected product in a PCR protocol for partial WNV NS5 gene amplification, further confirmation and identification was obtained through additional PCR and Sanger sequencing experiments. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis identified the obtained sequences as Xanthi chryso-like virus (XCLV). The finding is particular for the fact that it associates XCLV with a new potential vector species and documents a novel geographical area of its distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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13 pages, 3660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vector Competence of Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil for West Nile Virus

by Lúcia Aline Moura Reis, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Daniel Damous Dias, Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas, Rossela Damasceno Caldeira, Pedro Arthur da Silva Araújo, Fábio Silva da Silva, José Wilson Rosa Junior, Roberto Carlos Feitosa Brandão, Bruna Laís Sena do Nascimento, Lívia Caricio Martins and Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040217 - 06 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

West Nile virus is characterized as a neurotropic pathogen, which can cause West Nile fever and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. In 2018, the Instituto Evandro Chagas performed the first isolation of a WNV strain in Brazil from a [...] Read more.

West Nile virus is characterized as a neurotropic pathogen, which can cause West Nile fever and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. In 2018, the Instituto Evandro Chagas performed the first isolation of a WNV strain in Brazil from a horse brain sample. The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of orally infected Cx. quinquefasciatus from the Amazon region of Brazil to become infected and transmit the WNV strain isolated in 2018. Oral infection was performed with blood meal artificially infected with WNV, followed by analysis of infection, dissemination, and transmission rates, as well as viral titers of body, head, and saliva samples. At the 21st dpi, the infection rate was 100%, the dissemination rate was 80%, and the transmission rate was 77%. These results indicate that Cx. quinquefasciatus is susceptible to oral infection by the Brazilian strain of WNV and may act as a possible vector of the virus since it was detected in saliva from the 21st dpi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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12 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Behavior of Adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Kinshasa, DRC, and the Implications for Control

by Emile Zola Manzambi, Guillaume Binene Mbuka, Gillon Ilombe, Richard Mundeke Takasongo, Francis Wat’senga Tezzo, Maria del Carmen Marquetti, Emery Metelo, Veerle Vanlerberghe and Wim Van Bortel

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040207 - 30 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2446

Abstract

Yellow fever and chikungunya outbreaks—and a few dengue cases—have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in recent years. However, little is known about the ecology and behavior of the adult disease vector species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, [...] Read more.

Yellow fever and chikungunya outbreaks—and a few dengue cases—have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in recent years. However, little is known about the ecology and behavior of the adult disease vector species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in DRC. Preliminary studies showed important differences in Aedes behavior in DRC and Latin-American sites. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the host-seeking and resting behaviors of female Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and their densities in four communes of Kinshasa (Kalamu, Lingwala, Mont Ngafula and Ndjili). Two cross-sectional surveys were carried out, one in the dry season (July 2019) and one in the rainy season (February 2020). We used three different adult vector collection methods: BG-Sentinel 2, BG-GAT, and prokopack. Both Aedes species were clearly exophagic, exophilic, and sought breeding sites outdoors. The adult house index for Ae. aegypti exceeded 55% in all communes except Lingwala, where it was only 27%. The Adult Breteau Index (ABI) for Ae. aegypti was 190.77 mosquitoes per 100 houses inspected in the rainy season and 6.03 in the dry season. For Ae. albopictus, the ABI was 11.79 and 3.52 in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Aedes aegypti showed unimodal host-seeking activity between 6 h and 21 h. The exophagic and exophilic behaviors of both species point to the need to target adult mosquitoes outdoors when implementing vector control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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12 pages, 2348 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reduction in Anti-Dengue Virus IgG Antibody Levels with the Use of a Larvicide for Vector Control in Rural Lao People’s Democratic Republic

by Pheophet Lamaningao, Seiji Kanda, Takaki Shimono, Mariko Kuroda, Somchit Inthavongsack, Thonelakhanh Xaypangna and Toshimasa Nishiyama

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010020 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

The Lao People’s Democratic Republic is an endemic area of dengue, with cases reported in urban and rural areas every year. In this study, we indirectly evaluated the efficacy of a larvicide (SumiLarv^TM 2MR discs) that was used for vector control against [...] Read more.

The Lao People’s Democratic Republic is an endemic area of dengue, with cases reported in urban and rural areas every year. In this study, we indirectly evaluated the efficacy of a larvicide (SumiLarv^TM 2MR discs) that was used for vector control against Aedes mosquitoes. Villages in a rural area of Lao PDR were selected as study areas, non-intervention and intervention villages. At the intervention village, the larvicide was used to treat refillable water containers for 27 months (October 2017 to February 2020), while at the non-intervention villages were no treatment. The serum samples of villagers from both villages were randomized to collect in the pre-intervention and in post-intervention periods. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine anti-dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibody levels in serum samples. Recombinant DENV serotype 2 non-structural protein1 was used as an antigen for the ELISA, the optical density (OD) values were analyzed for comparison. The results showed that the OD values decreased significantly (p < 0.01) between the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods at the intervention site. The treatment of water storage containers in rural areas with SumiLarv^TM 2MR discs may help to protect residents from Aedes mosquito bites, and hence, reduce DENV infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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11 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Mosquito Populations in the Caribbean Region of Colombia with Important Public Health Implications

by Eder Cano-Pérez, Martha González-Beltrán, Julia S. Ampuero, Doris Gómez-Camargo, Amy C. Morrison and Helvio Astete

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010011 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3673

Abstract

Mosquito studies are important for understanding their role in the transmission of pathogens including arboviruses, parasites, and protozoa. This study characterized the prevalence of Culicidae fauna in rural and peri-urban areas with human populations in the Colombian Caribbean region to establish the risk [...] Read more.

Mosquito studies are important for understanding their role in the transmission of pathogens including arboviruses, parasites, and protozoa. This study characterized the prevalence of Culicidae fauna in rural and peri-urban areas with human populations in the Colombian Caribbean region to establish the risk of transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. From 2016 to 2017, adult mosquitos were collected in Turbaco (Bolívar), Sabanalarga (Atlántico) and Pueblo Bello (Cesar). The collections in rural areas were in the forest fragments using CDC, Shannon, and human bait traps. In peri-urban areas, Prokopack aspirator collections were used inside households. Entomological and ecological indicators were also calculated. A total of 11,566 mosquito specimens, from 13 genera and 63 species, were collected. The forests fragments of Sabanalarga and Turbaco had the highest species abundance and richness. Turbaco had the highest adult Aedes aegypti index. Arbovirus vectors were among the identified species, including Ae. aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Haemagogus janthinomys, Sabethes chloropterus, Aedes angustivittatus, Mansonia titillans, Coquillettidia venezuelensis and the subgenera Culex Melanoconion. Overall, the diversity and abundance of mosquitoes present in these municipalities establish a potential disease transmission risk by these vectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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13 pages, 1246 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimating the Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Vectors in Australia Using Ecological Niche Modelling

by Morgan Furlong, Andrew Adamu, Roslyn I. Hickson, Paul Horwood, Maryam Golchin, Andrew Hoskins and Tanya Russell

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(12), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120393 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2758

Abstract

Recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus’ novel emergence in this region. Here, the geographic distribution of mosquito species known to be competent JEV vectors in the country was estimated by combining [...] Read more.

Recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in southeastern Australia have sparked interest into epidemiological factors surrounding the virus’ novel emergence in this region. Here, the geographic distribution of mosquito species known to be competent JEV vectors in the country was estimated by combining known mosquito occurrences and ecological drivers of distribution to reveal insights into communities at highest risk of infectious disease transmission. Species distribution models predicted that Culex annulirostris and Culex sitiens presence was mostly likely along Australia’s eastern and northern coastline, while Culex quinquefasciatus presence was estimated to be most likely near inland regions of southern Australia as well as coastal regions of Western Australia. While Culex annulirostris is considered the dominant JEV vector in Australia, our ecological niche models emphasise the need for further entomological surveillance and JEV research within Australia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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16 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pattern of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Associated with Human Exposure to Dengue Virus in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

by Kennedy Makola Mbanzulu, Roger Wumba, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Jean-Marie Ntumba Kayembe, Danoff Engbu, Michael Mondjo Bojabwa, Josué Kikana Zanga, Gerald Misinzo and Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(11), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110392 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1794

Abstract

Dengue is a worldwide public health concern. The current study assessed the extent of human exposure to the dengue virus in relation to the distribution pattern of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Kinshasa. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2021 and 2022. [...] Read more.

Dengue is a worldwide public health concern. The current study assessed the extent of human exposure to the dengue virus in relation to the distribution pattern of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Kinshasa. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in 2021 and 2022. The baseline entomological survey involved 19 municipalities using a grid cell sampling approach. All containers holding water were inspected for the presence of larvae in each grid. The collected larvae were kept in an insectary until the adult emergence for morphological identification. Four hundred febrile patients attending the hospital were screened for the presence of dengue antibodies (IgG, IgM) and NS1 antigen using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) Biosynex®. Residences of positive cases were geo-referenced. We evaluated 1850 grid cells, of which 19.5% were positive for Aedes larvae. The positive grid cells were identified in the Ndjili (44.0%), Mont Ngafula (32.0%) and Ngaliema (26.0%), and Limete (32.0%) municipalities. The Ae. aegypti (11.2%) predominated in the northwestern, and Ae. albopictus (9.1%) appeared in the high vegetation coverage areas. Of 61 (15.3%) participants exposed to dengue, 8.3% presented acute dengue. Young, (6–17 years), male, and Mont Amba district participants were most exposed to dengue. In conclusion, dengue occurrence in Kinshasa overlaps somewhat the geographical and ecological distributions of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Both species are not homogenously distributed, likely due to environmental factors. These findings can assist the targeted control activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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Review

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21 pages, 2978 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dengue as a Disease Threatening Global Health: A Narrative Review Focusing on Latin America and Brazil

by Carlos Letacio Silveira Lessa, Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel, Marilda de Souza Gonçalves and Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(5), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050241 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8802

Abstract

Arboviruses constitute the largest known group of viruses. These viruses are the etiological agents of pathologies known as arboviruses, with dengue being one of the most prevalent. Dengue has resulted in important socioeconomic burdens placed on different countries around the world, including those [...] Read more.

Arboviruses constitute the largest known group of viruses. These viruses are the etiological agents of pathologies known as arboviruses, with dengue being one of the most prevalent. Dengue has resulted in important socioeconomic burdens placed on different countries around the world, including those in Latin America, especially Brazil. Thus, this work intends to carry out a narrative-based review of the literature, conducted using a study of the secondary data developed through a survey of scientific literature databases, and to present the situation of dengue, particularly its distribution in these localities. Our findings from the literature demonstrate the difficulties that managers face in controlling the spread of and planning a response against dengue, pointing to the high cost of the disease for public coffers, rendering the resources that are already limited even scarcer. This can be associated with the different factors that affect the spread of the disease, including ecological, environmental, and social factors. Thus, in order to combat the disease, it is expected that targeted and properly coordinated public policies need to be adopted not only in specific localities, but also globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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15 pages, 1151 KiB

Open AccessReview

Increasing Dengue Burden and Severe Dengue Risk in Bangladesh: An Overview

by Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Ibrahim Khalil, Michinori Kohara and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010032 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 12501

Abstract

Dengue is a prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. The geographic range of dengue is expanding, and much like in many other tropical regions of the world, dengue has become a major public health issue in Bangladesh. Until a large [...] Read more.

Dengue is a prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. The geographic range of dengue is expanding, and much like in many other tropical regions of the world, dengue has become a major public health issue in Bangladesh. Until a large epidemic dengue outbreak in 2000, sporadic outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh since 1964. After 2000, varying intensities of dengue activity were observed each year until 2018. However, in 2019, Bangladesh experienced the largest dengue epidemic in its history, with 101,354 dengue cases and 164 dengue-related deaths. Notably, this outbreak occurred in many regions that were previously considered free of the disease. As of 10 December 2022, a total of 60,078 dengue cases and 266 dengue-related deaths were reported in Bangladesh, with the 2022 outbreak being the second largest since 2000. There is an increased genetic diversity of the dengue virus (DENV) in Bangladesh and all four DENV serotypes are prevalent and co-circulating, which increases the risk for severe dengue owing to the antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Vector control remains the mainstay of dengue outbreak prevention; however, the vector control programs adopted in Bangladesh seem inadequate, requiring improved vector control strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of DENV infection and the risks for a severe dengue outbreak in Bangladesh. Additionally, we discuss different dengue vector control strategies, from which the most suitable and effective measures can be applied in the context of Bangladesh for tackling future dengue epidemics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Arbovirus Vectors)

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