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Toxics
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Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant...
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Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products and Diet Supplements

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2023) | Viewed by 16595

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kamil Jurowski

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Guest Editor
Institute of Medical Studies, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: regulatory toxicology; human health risk assessment; elemental impurities; safety of herbal medicinal products; safety of food; safety of pharmaceuticals; supplements
Prof. Dr. Mirosław Kros̈niak

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Guest Editor
Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Interests: determination of elements by ICP-MS and AAS technique in different samples (food; biological samples drugs; supplements; etc.)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products, Food, Diet Supplements and Cosmetics” will be an innovative and original proposition for articles (original and review) about currents trends and problems regarding toxicological risk assessment and the safety of: plant materials, herbal medicinal products, food, diet supplements and cosmetics, with special emphasis on human health risk assessment and environmental pollution.

This important Special Issue invites submissions of original articles, communications and also reviews, with special emphasis on human health risk assessment (HHRA), toxicological risk assessment (TRA), safety assessment (SA) and regulatory toxicology, pharmacology, foods and safety assessment of cosmetics ingredients and products. NGRA (next-generation risk assessment), QIVIVE (quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation), ISIVIVE (in silico in vitro in vivo extrapolation) and in vivitrosi (in vivo, in vitro and in silico) are special concepts in modern toxicology, which are welcome in this Special Issue. Manuscripts about risk assessment should include MoA (mode of action), PoT (pathways of toxicity) and/or AOP (adverse outcome pathway) in the discussion. Manuscripts covering the following topics are also welcome:

  • Application of physiologically based toxicokinetics (PBTK) in toxicological risk assessment;
  • Organ on a chip for toxicological purposes;
  • IATA (integrated approaches for testing and assessment);
  • ITS (integrated testing strategies) and DA (defined approaches).

Prof. Dr. Kamil Jurowski
Prof. Dr. Mirosław Kros̈niak
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • impurities
  • risk assessment
  • regulatory toxicology
  • pollutants
  • toxicological risk assessment
  • human health risk assessment
  • residues of impurities/pollutants

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 5281 KiB  
Article
Biological Responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as Influenced by Dietary Florfenicol
by Avishek Bardhan, Thangapalam J. Abraham, Ratnapriya Das and Prasanna K. Patil
Toxics 2022, 10(10), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100571 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1675
Abstract
Antibiotics are used in the treatment of bacterial diseases in commercial aquaculture. In this study, we the biological responses of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles upon dietary florfenicol (FFC) administration at 15 mg (1×) and 45 mg kg biomass−1 day−1 (3×) for 10 [...] Read more.
Antibiotics are used in the treatment of bacterial diseases in commercial aquaculture. In this study, we the biological responses of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles upon dietary florfenicol (FFC) administration at 15 mg (1×) and 45 mg kg biomass−1 day−1 (3×) for 10 days in terms of feed intake, survival, biomass, hematological, erythro-morphological, serum biochemical, and histopathological aberrations as compared with controls. FFC caused a dose-dependent reduction in feed intake, survival, and biomass, with marked variations in hematology, hematological indices, and erythrocytic cellular and nuclear abnormalities, suggesting its apparent cytotoxic and nucleotoxic effects. The serum biomarkers increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, except for calcium and chloride, which decreased significantly. The therapeutic dose (1×) group exhibited marked histopathological aberrations, such as renal tubular epithelial degeneration and a widened lumen in the kidney, as well as glycogen-type vacuolation and cytoplasmic degeneration in the liver during the dosing period. The extent of kidney and liver tissue damage was more prominent in the 3× group. The 1× serum biomarker levels became normal, with the exception of alkaline phosphatase, within 3 weeks of suspension of dosing. The recovery of the measured parameters and histopathological and erythro-morphological changes suggested that the therapeutic dietary biological responses induced by FFC are reversible and safe for O. niloticus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products and Diet Supplements)
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15 pages, 4202 KiB  
Article
Safety of the Oral Triphala Recipe from Acute and Chronic Toxicity Tests in Sprague-Dawley Rats
by Warangkana Arpornchayanon, Subhawat Subhawa, Kanjana Jaijoy, Nirush Lertprasertsuk, Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon and Seewaboon Sireeratawong
Toxics 2022, 10(9), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090514 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2231
Abstract
Background: The Indian Ayurvedic herbal formula Triphala (TPL) is known for its pharmacological properties for immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and anti-cancer. This study aimed to investigate the acute and chronic toxicities of the Triphala recipe in a rat model. Methods: To assess the acute [...] Read more.
Background: The Indian Ayurvedic herbal formula Triphala (TPL) is known for its pharmacological properties for immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and anti-cancer. This study aimed to investigate the acute and chronic toxicities of the Triphala recipe in a rat model. Methods: To assess the acute toxicities, 5000 mg/kg of TPL was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats. For chronic toxicities, different dose levels of TPL at 600, 1200, and 2400 mg/kg/day were given daily for 270 days. General health and behaviors and the body and organ weights of the rats were monitored. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were evaluated for hematology and biochemistry profiles. The evaluation of the internal organs’ appurtenance and necropsy was performed to confirm the tissue histopathology. Results: The results showed that there was no sign of acute toxicity in the TPL group with a decrease in sex organ weights. No significant differences in the rats’ behaviors, physical health, body, or organ weights were found between the controls and the rats receiving the 270/day of oral Triphala at 600, 1200, and 2400 mg/kg/day. However, some alterations in blood chemistries and hematology, including glucose, BUN, red blood cells, Hb, HCT, and MCV, were observed without abnormalities in histopathology. Conclusions: It has been demonstrated that the long-term use of TPL in rat models is safe. No toxic effects were found, suggesting possible safety for long-term use in humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products and Diet Supplements)
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Review

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33 pages, 4676 KiB  
Review
Antidotes in Clinical Toxicology—Critical Review
by Damian Kobylarz, Maciej Noga, Adrian Frydrych, Justyna Milan, Adrian Morawiec, Agata Glaca, Emilia Kucab, Julia Jastrzębska, Karolina Jabłońska, Klaudia Łuc, Gabriela Zdeb, Jakub Pasierb, Joanna Toporowska-Kaźmierak, Szczepan Półchłopek, Paweł Słoma, Magdalena Adamik, Mateusz Banasik, Mateusz Bartoszek, Aleksandra Adamczyk, Patrycja Rędziniak, Paulina Frączkiewicz, Michał Orczyk, Martyna Orzechowska, Paulina Tajchman, Klaudia Dziuba, Rafał Pelczar, Sabina Zima, Yana Nyankovska, Marta Sowińska, Wiktoria Pempuś, Maria Kubacka, Julia Popielska, Patryk Brzezicki and Kamil Jurowskiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Toxics 2023, 11(9), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090723 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8612
Abstract
Poisoning and overdose are very important aspects in medicine and toxicology. Chemical weapons pose a threat to civilians, and emergency medicine principles must be followed when dealing with patients who have been poisoned or overdosed. Antidotes have been used for centuries and modern [...] Read more.
Poisoning and overdose are very important aspects in medicine and toxicology. Chemical weapons pose a threat to civilians, and emergency medicine principles must be followed when dealing with patients who have been poisoned or overdosed. Antidotes have been used for centuries and modern research has led to the development of new antidotes that can accelerate the elimination of toxins from the body. Although some antidotes have become less relevant due to modern intensive care techniques, they can still save lives or reduce the severity of toxicity. The availability of antidotes is crucial, especially in developing countries where intensive care facilities may be limited. This article aims to provide information on specific antidotes, their recommended uses, and potential risks and new uses. In the case of poisoning, supportive therapies are most often used; however, in many cases, the administration of an appropriate antidote saves the patient’s life. In this review, we reviewed the literature on selected antidotes used in the treatment of poisonings. We also characterised the antidotes (bio)chemically. We described the cases in which they are used together with the dosage recommendations. We also analysed the mechanisms of action. In addition, we described alternative methods of using a given substance as a drug, an example of which is N-acetylcysteine, which can be used in the treatment of COVID-19. This article was written as part of the implementation of the project of the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, “Toxicovigilance, poisoning prevention, and first aid in poisoning with xenobiotics of current clinical importance in Poland”, grant number SKN/SP/570184/2023. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products and Diet Supplements)
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20 pages, 2608 KiB  
Review
The Skin Sensitisation of Cosmetic Ingredients: Review of Actual Regulatory Status
by Iwona Bialas, Sandra Zelent-Kraciuk and Kamil Jurowski
Toxics 2023, 11(4), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040392 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3225
Abstract
All cosmetics products must be safe under foreseeable conditions of use. Allergenic responses are one of the most frequent adverse reactions noted for cosmetics. Thus, the EU cosmetics legislation requires skin sensitisation assessment for all cosmetics ingredients, including the regulated ones (for which [...] Read more.
All cosmetics products must be safe under foreseeable conditions of use. Allergenic responses are one of the most frequent adverse reactions noted for cosmetics. Thus, the EU cosmetics legislation requires skin sensitisation assessment for all cosmetics ingredients, including the regulated ones (for which the full toxicological dossier needs to be analysed by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS)) and those (perceived as less toxic) which are assessed by industrial safety assessors. Regardless of who performs the risk assessment, it should be carried out using scientifically and regulatory body-accepted methods. In the EU, reference methods for chemical toxicity testing are defined in the relevant Annexes (VII–X) of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation. Recommendations for Skin Sensitization (Skin Sens) testing are provided in Annex VII, and this particular endpoint information is required for all EU-registered chemicals. Historically, in vivo animal and human methods have been used. Both raise ethical doubts, and some of them cause practical problems in the objective analysis of skin sensitising potency. Previous decades of huge effort have resulted in the regulatory acceptance of the alternative Skin Sens IATA (Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment) and NGRA (Next Generation Risk Assessment). Regardless of the testing issues, a serious sociological problem are observed within the market: the consumer assumes the presence of strong sensitisers in cosmetics formulations and insufficient risk management tools used by the industry. The present review aims to provide an overview of methods for assessing skin sensitisation. Additionally, it aims to answer the following question: what are the most potent skin sensitisers used in cosmetics? The answer considers the mechanistic background along with the actual regulatory status of ingredients and practical examples of responsible industry solutions in the area of risk management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products and Diet Supplements)
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