Sustainability

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4 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community

by Mi Jeong Kim and Han Jong Jun

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031022 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1951

Abstract

Sustainability has been a popular topic among researchers in various disciplines since its value is critical to the development of user-centered environments and populations’ wellbeing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

Research

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14 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Yoga Program in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Workers of Small Workplaces: A Pilot Test

by Won Ju Hwang, Jin Ah Kim and Ji Sun Ha

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 10038; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310038 - 01 Dec 2020

Viewed by 2138

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a yoga program provided to workers in small businesses to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. A nonequivalent control group pre/post-test design was used. The experimental group (n = 31) was assigned [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a yoga program provided to workers in small businesses to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. A nonequivalent control group pre/post-test design was used. The experimental group (n = 31) was assigned a yoga program consisting of yoga postures designed for meditation, strengthening, stretching, and balancing, given twice weekly for 12 weeks. The control group (n = 38) was given no other intervention. The mean age was 48.1 years old in the experimental group and 47.7 years old in the control group. Three trained investigators collected the questionnaires and one month after completing the 12-week yoga program, the same questionnaires that were administered at baseline were again administered. Psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms and job stress), health promotion behaviors, and body measurements (weight and waist circumference) were measured for the program evaluation. The yoga program was effective in improving waist circumference (from 81.8 to 79.2, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (from 81.0 to 79.1, p = 0.004) as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group’s job stress score decreased from 1.38 to 1.02, but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.240). A yoga program could be a useful intervention for workers with CVD risk factors, but it was not effective in psychological factors such as job stress and depression. A long-term intervention approach is important to confirm the psychosocial effect. Therefore, future research is needed to investigate the long-term outcomes of such interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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21 pages, 11618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategy of Water Distribution for Sustainable Community: Who Owns Water in Divided Cyprus?

by Eun Joo Park

Sustainability 2020, 12(21), 8978; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218978 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2930

Abstract

Although it is completely surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Cyprus has long suffered from water problems arising from irregular rainfall, leading to sustained political conflict conditions for a long period. Water scarcity is likely to become a major issue, thus [...] Read more.

Although it is completely surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Cyprus has long suffered from water problems arising from irregular rainfall, leading to sustained political conflict conditions for a long period. Water scarcity is likely to become a major issue, thus a range of options for water catchments should be examined and trialed. This article explores the connection between ownership of water and water management in a divided territory to gain an understanding of how politics are involved in water conflict. By investigating the water situation in Cyprus, this study aims to evaluate the strategies that can ensure the sustainability of new water networks for domestic and irrigation needs. This understanding can be used to minimize the gap between water supply and demand to provide water stressed countries with sufficient, safe, and reliable water for their domestic and irrigation needs. The research proposes a reinterpretation of the extraterritorial conditions of contemporary Cyprus and a plan to realign the island’s water system through the creation of a new post-national territory. Thus, the study presents a vision for a sustainable water supply. In addition, the study discusses strategies and actions for water distribution networks with consideration of political and social issues to provide a potential new vision for future urbanization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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26 pages, 2014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework of Smart-Home Service for Elderly’s Biophilic Experience

by Eun Ji Lee and Sung Jun Park

Sustainability 2020, 12(20), 8572; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208572 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4470

Abstract

Smart-home technology and related services can reinforce a person’s experiential nature, promoting sustainable living among the elderly. It is crucial in the housing industry that support “Aging in Place”, contributing to the contact, control, and simulation of nature at home as well as [...] Read more.

Smart-home technology and related services can reinforce a person’s experiential nature, promoting sustainable living among the elderly. It is crucial in the housing industry that support “Aging in Place”, contributing to the contact, control, and simulation of nature at home as well as the creation of a high-quality living space instead of mechanical achievement. Further, biophilic experience, the strengthening of inherent human propensity to nature for optimal health and well-being, supports the elderly’s physical, mental, and sociological health. However, despite the continuing emphasis on the benefits of residential nature experiences for the elderly, the application of smart-home technology and services is insufficient. This study presents a theoretical basis for combining biophilia and smart-home technology, providing a framework for smart-home services to ensure elderly residents can have biophilic experiences. In this study, smart-home components and related studies that can support the biophilic experience and the corresponding technology are analyzed. The results suggest the type and content of smart-home service for ensuring a biophilic experience, while also indicating the configuration of supportive input and output devices according to the service framework. Moreover, we recommend the interaction characteristics of smart-home devices from the perspective of residents, space, efficient service provision, and physical application. This paper broadens our understanding of the sustainable, residential-environment nature experience and informs the expansion of the aged-friendly smart-home industry, contributing to smart-home services trends and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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26 pages, 12215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Design Alternatives and Energy Efficiency for Public Rental Housing in Korea

by So-Young Lee and Myoung-Won Oh

Sustainability 2020, 12(20), 8456; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208456 - 14 Oct 2020

Viewed by 2115

Abstract

The orientation and shape of a building can influence energy efficiency in both heating and cooling mechanisms. Given the climatic conditions of Korea, many people are concerned about housing orientation and prefer south-oriented locations. As such, many housing complexes consist of a series [...] Read more.

The orientation and shape of a building can influence energy efficiency in both heating and cooling mechanisms. Given the climatic conditions of Korea, many people are concerned about housing orientation and prefer south-oriented locations. As such, many housing complexes consist of a series of long narrow units that are south-facing. The purpose of this study is to investigate design alternatives for the layout of a building complex, size of households, width to depth ratios of floorplans, and design and type of façade; to examine energy efficiency using energy simulation programs; and to suggest diverse design alternatives for public rental housing, as well as energy-efficient options. The alternative housing units, which are more square-shaped than the typical long and rectangular type, resulted in higher energy costs. Simulation results show that as the solar radiation load increases or the window area increases due to plan alteration, there is simultaneously a significant increase and decrease in the cooling and heating loads, respectively. The performance of the suggested layout alteration greatly increased the heating load and slightly decreased the cooling load with similar total energy costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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13 pages, 485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Workplace Disability Facilities on Job Retention Wishes among People with Physical Disabilities in South Korea

by Eun Jung Kim, Inhan Kim and Mi Jeong Kim

Sustainability 2020, 12(18), 7489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187489 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3016

Abstract

The 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to end poverty “in all forms” and achieve sustainable development by 2030, while ensuring that “no one is left behind”, including people with disabilities. Disability is referenced eleven times in the Agenda. Disabled people face [...] Read more.

The 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to end poverty “in all forms” and achieve sustainable development by 2030, while ensuring that “no one is left behind”, including people with disabilities. Disability is referenced eleven times in the Agenda. Disabled people face high risks of poverty because of barriers such as lack of workplace disability facilities. The goal of the study was to examine how workplace disability facilities affect job retention plans among workers with physical disabilities in South Korea and how perceived workplace safety and work satisfaction act as mediators. The 2018 Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled was used, and we examined 1023 workers with physical disabilities. Path analysis was used to examine the relationships. Results showed that workers whose workplaces provided more disability facilities were significantly more likely to perceive their workplaces as safe and had higher work satisfaction; hence, they were more likely to wish to maintain their present jobs than those whose workplaces offered fewer facilities. However, many workplaces in Korea did not provide any disability facilities. The study provides empirical evidence to support development of policies for improved workplace facilities and work environments for disabled people, in accordance with the UN Agenda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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24 pages, 6530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Eye-Tracking Technology to Measure Environmental Factors Affecting Street Robbery Decision-Making in Virtual Environments

by Jae weon Yang, Dowoo Kim and Sungwon Jung

Sustainability 2020, 12(18), 7419; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187419 - 09 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3144

Abstract

There is a lack of quantitative data regarding how offenders make decisions about committing a crime or how situational factors influence such decisions. Detailed crime data on decision-making among criminals are required to improve the accuracy of research. Demonstrating a new methodology for [...] Read more.

There is a lack of quantitative data regarding how offenders make decisions about committing a crime or how situational factors influence such decisions. Detailed crime data on decision-making among criminals are required to improve the accuracy of research. Demonstrating a new methodology for assessing the factors impacting criminal decision-making among street robbery offenders, this study identifies visual data that influence criminal decision-making, and verifies the significance of the measured data. To this end, this study first identified and organized the physical aspects affecting criminal decision-making based on the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) literature. Next, participants were informed of a street crime scenario and asked to replicate the behaviors of criminals in the virtual environment of Grand Theft Auto 5. Factors affecting criminals’ decision-making were then quantitatively assessed using eye-tracking technology. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to verify the significance of the measured data. Results show that windows placed adjacent to the street, balconies and verandas, and signs indicating territoriality have a significant effect on criminals’ decision-making. Confirming the influence of CPTED factors on the occurrence of street robbery, this study advances a new way of acquiring quantitative data through eye-tracker technology, a method hitherto unexplored by existing research on street robbery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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17 pages, 6816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Human Behavior Simulation on Usability Factors of Social Sustainability in Architectural Design Education

by Seung Wan Hong, Hwanjin Kim, Yongjun Song, Sung Hoon Yoon and Jaewook Lee

Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 7111; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177111 - 31 Aug 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2560

Abstract

While the social sustainability of built environments is an essential aspect of architectural design education, systemic experiments still lack empirical pedagogy. Therefore, factors of social sustainability are hardly reflected in students’ projects seamlessly. To overcome such limitations, this study investigates the applicability and [...] Read more.

While the social sustainability of built environments is an essential aspect of architectural design education, systemic experiments still lack empirical pedagogy. Therefore, factors of social sustainability are hardly reflected in students’ projects seamlessly. To overcome such limitations, this study investigates the applicability and effectiveness of human behavior simulation. To ensure authentic architectural design, the projects were equipped with autonomous, rational anthropomorphic computer agents called virtual users (VUsers). This study compared the performance scores on social sustainability factors, assessed by the students who conducted design projects both before (without) and after (with) using the simulation. A one-way analysis of variance indicated that human behavior simulation promoted the performance of projects with respect to the parameters of accessibility and safety, ergonomic usability for heterogeneous users and supportability of social interactions. However, the simulation was not found to be effective in promoting the physical attractiveness of built environments and in ensuring the completeness of design solutions. Based on previous studies, the present study interpreted the reasons why the operability of VUsers and built environments, representations of emerging interactions of VUsers and whole-and-part analytics promoted explicit experimentation, but the factors of physical attractiveness and completeness were irrelevant to the rational examinations in the use of the simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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24 pages, 5513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“SeoulHouse2Vec”: An Embedding-Based Collaborative Filtering Housing Recommender System for Analyzing Housing Preference

by Han Jong Jun, Jae Hee Kim, Deuk Young Rhee and Sun Woo Chang

Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 6964; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176964 - 26 Aug 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3742

Abstract

Housing preference is the subjective and relative preference of users toward housing alternatives and studies in the field have been conducted to analyze the housing preferences of groups with sharing the same socio-demographic attributes. However, previous studies may not suggest the preference of [...] Read more.

Housing preference is the subjective and relative preference of users toward housing alternatives and studies in the field have been conducted to analyze the housing preferences of groups with sharing the same socio-demographic attributes. However, previous studies may not suggest the preference of individuals. In this regard, this study proposes “SeoulHouse2Vec,” an embedding-based collaborative filtering housing recommendation system for analyzing atypical and nonlinear housing preference of individuals. The model maps users and items in each dense vector space which are called embedding layers. This model may reflect trade-offs between the alternatives and recommend unexpected housing items and thus improve rational housing decision-making. The model expanded the search scope of housing alternatives to the entire city of Seoul utilizing public big data and GIS data. The preferences derived from the results can be used by suppliers, individual investors, and policymakers. Especially for architects, the architectural planning and design process will reflect users’ perspective and preferences, and provide quantitative data in the housing decision-making process for urban planning and administrative units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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19 pages, 6163 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Deep-Learning-Based Stress-Ratio Prediction Model Using Virtual Reality with Electroencephalography Data

by Seung Yeul Ji, Se Yeon Kang and Han Jong Jun

Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 6716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176716 - 19 Aug 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3742

Abstract

The Reich Chancellery, built by Albert Speer, was designed with an overwhelming ambience to represent the worldview of Hitler. The interior of the Reich Chancellery comprised high-ceiling and low-ceiling spaces. In this study, the change in a person’s emotions according to the ceiling [...] Read more.

The Reich Chancellery, built by Albert Speer, was designed with an overwhelming ambience to represent the worldview of Hitler. The interior of the Reich Chancellery comprised high-ceiling and low-ceiling spaces. In this study, the change in a person’s emotions according to the ceiling height while moving was examined through brain wave experiments to understand the stress index for each building space. The Reich Chancellery was recreated through VR, and brain wave data collected per space were processed through a first and second analysis. In the first analysis, beta wave changes related to the stress index were calculated, and the space with the highest fluctuation was analyzed. In the second analysis, the correlation between 10 different types of brain waves and waveforms was analyzed; deep-learning algorithms were used to verify the accuracy and analyze spaces with a high stress index. Subsequently, a deep-learning platform for calculating such a value was developed. The results showed that the change in stress index scores was the highest when entering from the Mosaic Hall (15 m floor height) to the Führerbunker (3 m floor height), which had the largest floor height difference. Accordingly, a stress-ratio prediction model for selecting a space with a high stress level was established by monitoring the architectural space based on brain wave information in a VR space. In the architectural design process, the ratio can be used to reflect user sensibility in the design and improve the efficiency of the design process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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18 pages, 7099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualized Co-Simulation of Adaptive Human Behavior and Dynamic Building Performance: An Agent-Based Model (ABM) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Approach for Smart Architectural Design

by Hwang Yi

Sustainability 2020, 12(16), 6672; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166672 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6038

Abstract

Human (occupant) behavior has been a topic of active research in the study of architecture and energy. To integrate the work of architectural design with techniques of building performance simulation in the presence of responsive human behavior, this study proposes a computational framework [...] Read more.

Human (occupant) behavior has been a topic of active research in the study of architecture and energy. To integrate the work of architectural design with techniques of building performance simulation in the presence of responsive human behavior, this study proposes a computational framework that can visualize and evaluate space occupancy, energy use, and generative envelope design given a space outline. A design simulation platform based on the visual programming language (VPL) of Rhino Grasshopper (GH) and Python is presented so that users (architects) can monitor real-time occupant response to space morphology, environmental building operation, and the formal optimization of three-dimensional (3D) building space. For dynamic co-simulation, the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed, Energy Plus, and Radiance were interfaced, and the agent-based model (ABM) approach and Gaussian process (GP) were applied to represent agents’ self-learning adaptation, feedback, and impact on room temperature and illuminance. Hypothetical behavior scenarios of virtual agents with experimental building geometry were produced to validate the framework and its effectiveness in supporting dynamic simulation. The study’s findings show that building energy and temperature largely depend on ABMs and geometry configuration, which demonstrates the importance of coupled simulation in design decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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16 pages, 3560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reinterpreting Sustainable Architecture: What Does It Mean Syntactically?

by Jae Hong Lee

Sustainability 2020, 12(16), 6566; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166566 - 13 Aug 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3650

Abstract

How can sustainable architecture be described spatially? Is there any way of looking at sustainable architecture from a spatial perspective? This paper aims to explore whether a syntactical viewpoint would be an appropriate focus, and attempts to address how a configurational approach contributes [...] Read more.

How can sustainable architecture be described spatially? Is there any way of looking at sustainable architecture from a spatial perspective? This paper aims to explore whether a syntactical viewpoint would be an appropriate focus, and attempts to address how a configurational approach contributes to our understanding of sustainable architecture. To explore the possible theoretical framework in understanding sustainable architecture from a spatial perspective, three buildings (namely, Olympic House, SK Chemicals R&D, and the Epson Innovation Center), which are recognized as the most sustainable buildings by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design and Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency, are selected and analyzed by using visibility graph analysis, a useful analytical tool in space syntax. The in-depth theoretical studies and literature reviews have suggested that the atria in sustainable architecture play a substantial role in maximizing energy efficiency, minimizing negative impacts on the environment, and generating spatial integration. Thus, it is concluded that sustainable architecture is economical in technological, environmental, and spatial ways as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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17 pages, 30415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Elements in Apartments for Adapting to Climate: A Comparison between Korea and Singapore

by Seo Ryeung Ju and Jeong Eun Oh

Sustainability 2020, 12(8), 3244; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083244 - 16 Apr 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3595

Abstract

Currently, almost 80% and 50% of Singapore’s and Korea’s residents, respectively, live in apartments. Despite their earlier unfamiliarity with apartments compared with traditional housing, they have accepted apartments for the convenience they offer and as a symbol of modernity. However, the climatic conditions [...] Read more.

Currently, almost 80% and 50% of Singapore’s and Korea’s residents, respectively, live in apartments. Despite their earlier unfamiliarity with apartments compared with traditional housing, they have accepted apartments for the convenience they offer and as a symbol of modernity. However, the climatic conditions of these countries are extremely different. Hence, this study first examined the critical regionalism that should be considered from the environmental context, such as the geography, climate, and topography, when building apartments. Reviewing the transformation process of apartments, we can determine the types of design elements and principles developed under different climatic conditions. The representative unit plans from 1960 to 2010 were collected for analysis from Singapore’s Housing and Development Board and the private sector in Korea. The analysis revealed that Singapore’s apartments have evolved to facilitate natural ventilation. Irregular unit forms, an atrium, and the location of the utility space are unique elements. The atrium-type apartment can be considered the most regionalized design. Conversely, in Korea, the focus is on heat gain and cross-ventilation, resulting in simple square-form units oriented toward the south and double enveloped by additional windows. The staircase-type apartment predominates. Thus, this study shows that apartments evolved differently in each country, resulting in unique regionalized forms primarily determined by climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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12 pages, 1383 KiB

Open AccessReview

Past, Present, and Future of Social Housing in Seoul: Where Is Social Housing Heading to?

by Sang-Hyun Chung, Seung-je Kim, So-Youn Park and Jun Ha Kim

Sustainability 2020, 12(19), 8165; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198165 - 03 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6006

Abstract

In Seoul, a metropolitan city, affordable housing is a major issue. Since 2012, social housing has been implemented as a means to solve housing shortages in the South Korean capital. Various policies in different times have been applied, and Seoul came up with [...] Read more.

In Seoul, a metropolitan city, affordable housing is a major issue. Since 2012, social housing has been implemented as a means to solve housing shortages in the South Korean capital. Various policies in different times have been applied, and Seoul came up with a unique form of social housing: providing housing to those in need. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of social housing in Seoul and to discuss policy implications. First, this paper defines the concept of social housing in Seoul by comparing that of social housing in Western countries. The major differences in the concept of social housing between Seoul and Western countries lies in the provider of social housing. The providers of social housing in Seoul are social economy actors, including non-private organizations and cooperative unions that work as agencies to pursue the public interest. In addition, this paper presents an overview of the historical development and specific features of social housing. Finally, a discussion is presented on the implications for social housings, including the need for the allocation of social housing throughout the city, the extended length of residence, and reliable financial support to social housing providers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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15 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Smart Design Based on Interactive Experience in Building Systems

by Zhen Li, Jiao Zhang, Mengwan Li, Jizhuo Huang and Xiangyu Wang

Sustainability 2020, 12(17), 6760; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176760 - 20 Aug 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4241

Abstract

Smart building is the result of the penetration of information technology and control technology into traditional buildings, and is the future development direction of buildings. User-centric building smart design can achieve a sustainable life, and smart technology integration based on smart design can [...] Read more.

Smart building is the result of the penetration of information technology and control technology into traditional buildings, and is the future development direction of buildings. User-centric building smart design can achieve a sustainable life, and smart technology integration based on smart design can support sustainable development and improve user satisfaction, happiness, and overall quality of life. In intelligent design, researchers focus on the “people-oriented” approach, designed to bring users the ultimate interactive experience. Based on the interactive experience principle of smart design in the smart building system, this article classifies and summarizes intelligent design from the “five senses” interaction, including visual interaction, voice interaction, tactile interaction, cognitive interaction, and emotional interaction. We analyze the application of smart design in architecture and discuss how to embody the principles of user-centered interactive experience design in the process of smart design. This article provides a comprehensive and systematic literature review, clarifies the importance of the “people-oriented” approach in the smart design of buildings, and summarizes how to improve the sustainability of intelligent buildings from the perspective of a “people-oriented” approach. This paper proposes future research suggestions and directions and promotes the sustainable development of the smart building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Life: Smart and Green Design in Buildings and Community)

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