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Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) among Walking and Talking

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 97493

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Economic Sciences, University of Salento, Piazza Tancredi, 7, 73100 Lecce, LE, Italy
Interests: non-financial reporting; financial accounting; accounting history; management control

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Economic Sciences, University of Salento, Piazza Tancredi, 7, 73100 Lecce LE, Italy
Interests: non-financial reporting; stakeholder engagement; accounting history; integrated reporting

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The last few years have been characterized by an increasing attention paid by firms that operate in public and private sector to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this sense, the integration of the SDGs within traditional socially responsible practices could represent a new frontier of research for accounting scholars. 

Similar to prior studies on CSR, the comprehension of the reasons behind the integration of these topics within the firms’ strategies represents a complex field of analysis. The complexity of the topic is related to the existence of several factors that impact these practices, such as non-financial regulation and stakeholder pressures. Furthermore, firms could declare to contribute to SDGs for unethical purposes through mechanisms such as SDG-washing or impression management strategies. In particular, the relationship between practices and communication (or between the "walk" and the "talk") in the field of CSR is going to become a central concern also in the field of SDGs. This is often characterized as the relationship between "walking" and "talking," as is typically found in the expression "walk the talk." This expression suggests that the communication and practice should align. In this sense, the evaluation of the different factors that impact firms’ contribution to SDGs needs an effective contribution by business and management scholars.

According to this evidence, the aim of this Special Issue is to create an opportunity for business and management scholars to provide new insights about SDGs. Specifically, the Special Issue will consider contributions related but not limited to the following topics:

  • CSR and SDGs in practice
  • Accounting and Accountability for SDGs
  • The determinants of SDG Reporting
  • Achieving SDGs in business reporting
  • Private sector contribution to SDGs
  • Public sector contribution to SDGs
  • SMEs and SDGs
  • SOEs and SDGs
  • Stakeholder engagement and materiality on SDGs
  • SDGs and social media
  • SDGs and communication
Prof. Dr. Fabio Caputo
Dr. Rossella Leopizzi
Guest Editors

References:

  1. Bebbington, J., & Unerman, J. (2018). Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: an enabling role for accounting research. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal31(1), 2-24.
  2. Bebbington, J., Russell, S., Thomson, I. (2017). Accounting and sustainable development: reflections and propositions. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 48: 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2017.06.002
  3. Christensen, L. T., Morsing, M., & Thyssen, O. (2017). License to critique: A communication perspective on sustainability standards. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(2), 239-262
  4. Kaur, A., & Lodhia, S. K. (2019). Sustainability accounting, accountability and reporting in the public sector. Meditari Accountancy Research.
  5. Rosati, F., & Faria, L. G. D. (2019). Business contribution to the Sustainable Development Agenda: Organizational factors related to early adoption of SDG reporting. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(3), 588-597.
  6. Sachs, J. D. (2012). From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2206-2211.
  7. Scheyvens, R., Banks, G., & Hughes, E. (2016). The private sector and the SDGs: The need to move beyond ‘business as usual’. Sustainable Development, 24(6), 371-382.
  8. Schoeneborn, D., Morsing, M., Crane, Andrew. (2019) Formative Perspectives on the Relation Between CSR Communication and CSR Practices: Pathways for Walking, Talking, and T(w)alking. Business & Society, 1-29.
  9. Venturelli, A., Luison, C., Badalotti, G., Bodo, R., Caputo, F., Corvino, A., ... & Minoja, M. (2019). The SDGs in the reports of the Italian companies. Research Document n. 16.
  10. Venturelli, A., Caputo, F., Leopizzi, R., & Pizzi, S. (2018). The state of art of corporate social disclosure before the introduction of non-financial reporting directive: A cross country analysis. Social Responsibility Journal.
  11. Winkler, P. Etter, M. & Castelló, I. (2019). Vicious and virtuous circles of aspirational talk: From self-persuasive to agonistic CSR rhetoric. Business & Society, doi.org/10.1177/0007650319825758.

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • SDGs
  • non-financial reporting
  • Walk and talk of SDGs
  • Walk and Talk of CSR
  • Sustainable development
  • SDGs communication
  • SDGs-washing

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 186 KiB  
Editorial
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) among Walking and Talking
by Fabio Caputo and Rossella Leopizzi
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052553 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
The last years have seen an increasing consciousness about the need to rethink the global economy [...] Full article

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

22 pages, 1299 KiB  
Article
The Dimension of Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Broadness of Information in Italian Companies
by Sabrina Spallini, Virginia Milone, Antonio Nisio and Patrizia Romanazzi
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031457 - 30 Jan 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4680
Abstract
In recent years, sustainability has become one of the key dimensions of business performance. The results obtained in terms of sustainability must be adequately communicated in suitable reports, the quality of which is determined by several factors. One of these, the breadth of [...] Read more.
In recent years, sustainability has become one of the key dimensions of business performance. The results obtained in terms of sustainability must be adequately communicated in suitable reports, the quality of which is determined by several factors. One of these, the breadth of information provided, plays a significant role. The aim of this paper is to measure the broadness of non-financial information in sustainability reports and correlate this to some selected variables that refer to corporate governance, i.e., the presence of an internal sustainability committee and of female directors; the characteristics of the report e.g., Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) citation; company features, number of employees, revenues, and Return On Assets ROA. For this purpose, 134 Italian companies were studied and a score based on the conformity of the NFD (non-financial disclosure) with the GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) standards was created. To test the research hypotheses, univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed. The results showed different behaviors by the companies in terms of sustainability policies. The GRISC (Global Reporting Initiative Score) has a greater concentration on mean values. Positive correlations were found between GRISC and the presence of an internal sustainability committee, SDG citation in the NFD and company size. This study offers support for policy makers and practitioners as it provides a measure of the breadth of sustainability information and relates this to the variables analyzed. The latter depend on regulatory interventions or company policies which are implemented, or could be implemented, to improve the extent of the NFD. Full article
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27 pages, 380 KiB  
Article
Coming in from the Cold: A Longitudinal Analysis of SDG Reporting Practices by Spanish Listed Companies Since the Approval of the 2030 Agenda
by Ferran Curtó-Pagès, Enrique Ortega-Rivera, Marc Castellón-Durán and Eva Jané-Llopis
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031178 - 23 Jan 2021
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5073
Abstract
Despite the apparent commitment of large Spanish corporations to the SDGs, information about their documented contribution to the 2030 Agenda is still scarce. This article aims to explore this gap by investigating the extent to which Spanish listed companies have been reporting on [...] Read more.
Despite the apparent commitment of large Spanish corporations to the SDGs, information about their documented contribution to the 2030 Agenda is still scarce. This article aims to explore this gap by investigating the extent to which Spanish listed companies have been reporting on the SDGs since the approval of the 2030 Agenda. The paper contributes to the country-level analysis of SDG reporting by performing a longitudinal analysis over the 4-year period encompassing 2016 to 2019. It contributes to management science by assessing Corporate Sustainability performance through adherence to the SDGs and testing what the facilitators of SDG reporting have been during the first 4 years since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda. Findings reveal a low commitment of Spanish listed companies to sustainability reporting. Nevertheless, they also uncover how those companies that publish non-financial reports are increasingly reporting on the SDGs. Additionally, there is also a growing tendency among CEOs to mention the SDGs in their letters to stakeholders. Furthermore, a positive link is established between the adoption of GRI reporting standards or being a signatory of the UN Global Compact and SDG reporting. Similarly, those companies that publish Integrated Reports are more likely to consider the SDGs in their disclosures than those that publish Standalone Reports or Annual Reports. Nonetheless, there is a growing tendency to gravitate from producing Integrated Reports to producing Annual Reports. Owing to the breadth of these results and their relevance to academics and practitioners alike, this study can help build future evidence-based accountability literature and policy on the SDGs at the Spanish and European levels. Full article
16 pages, 343 KiB  
Article
ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) Performance and Board Gender Diversity: The Moderating Role of CEO Duality
by Mauro Romano, Alessandro Cirillo, Christian Favino and Antonio Netti
Sustainability 2020, 12(21), 9298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219298 - 09 Nov 2020
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 13001
Abstract
According to the 2030 Agenda, gender equality plays a central role in achieving social development, expanding economic growth and improving business performance. From this perspective, many studies claim that a more balanced presence of women on Board of Directors (BoD) could have a [...] Read more.
According to the 2030 Agenda, gender equality plays a central role in achieving social development, expanding economic growth and improving business performance. From this perspective, many studies claim that a more balanced presence of women on Board of Directors (BoD) could have a positive impact on firms’ financial performance, but the effect of such diversity on sustainability performance is still underexplored. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how gender composition of BoD affects the corporate sustainability practices. In particular, we focused on the relationship between board gender composition and ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) performance, by verifying if and to what extent there is a moderation effect due to the presence of CEO duality. We used the ESG index, provided by Bloomberg Data Service, as a proxy of sustainability performance and the Blau index as a measure of gender diversity in the BoD. The empirical analysis was carried out on a sample of Italian non-financial companies listed on Mercato Telematico Azionario (MTA) and includes a total of 128 observations. Results has shown that a greater gender diversity on BoD has an overall positive influence on ESG performance, while CEO duality negatively moderates the foregoing relationship. Full article
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25 pages, 1042 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Strategic Management Model for Hotel Companies: A Multi-Stakeholder Proposal to “Walk the Talk” toward SDGs
by Ernestina Rubio-Mozos, Fernando E. García-Muiña and Laura Fuentes-Moraleda
Sustainability 2020, 12(20), 8652; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208652 - 19 Oct 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6445
Abstract
As we reach the fifth anniversary of the Declaration of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the tourism sector responsible for over 10% of the world’s GDP still does not have an open-source, sustainable management criteria that would enable and empower [...] Read more.
As we reach the fifth anniversary of the Declaration of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the tourism sector responsible for over 10% of the world’s GDP still does not have an open-source, sustainable management criteria that would enable and empower them to “walk the talk” to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this paper is to fill the gap in the social sciences and business management literature by providing a theoretical Sustainable Strategic Management Model (SSMM) proposal for the Fourth Sector (4S), Small- and Medium-sized (SMEs) Hotel companies (4S-SM-HCs), which are committed and have the will to contribute firmly to the 2030 Agenda. Based on their corporate purpose and aligned with the SDGs, this article provides a holistic proposal with a multi-stakeholder approach, adding the SDG perspective. Through a qualitative research methodology based on two focus groups in which the main stakeholders and the management team of the 4S-SM-HC under examination took part, a theoretical SSMM is co-defined so that the hotel company can make significant contributions to the five areas of the SDGs. Basing their structure on the internationally recognized Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) Criteria and co-created through social learning, this SSMM proposes four strategic management axis and develops ten principles of ethical performance (PEP). The main contributions of this article are two: (1) to provide an ecosystemic SSMM proposal to the 4S-SM-HCs to allow them to make significant contributions to the SDGs, and (2) to facilitate a methodological framework with a multi-stakeholder approach and SDG perspective to enable them to contribute to the wellbeing of people, the community and the planet. Full article
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15 pages, 453 KiB  
Article
The Role of Public Governance in the Pursuit of Sustainable Development of the ILVA Steel Plant: An Interpretative Framework
by Mario Turco and Rossella Leopizzi
Sustainability 2020, 12(19), 8282; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198282 - 08 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2370
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the role of public institutions in the pursuit of sustainable development in a case study of international relevance: Taranto’s ILVA steel plant, which is one of the biggest steel and iron centres in Europe. The [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the role of public institutions in the pursuit of sustainable development in a case study of international relevance: Taranto’s ILVA steel plant, which is one of the biggest steel and iron centres in Europe. The case study was analysed through investigating the different aspects of sustainable development in the four phases of development of the steel plant, from public direct management to private management. The analysis, based on a series of unstructured data, was carried out by applying a triple bottom line approach and the total interpretative structuring model (TISM). Evidence shows how—in the absence of stable, coherent, strong and present public institutions, capable of reading the forces of the local and international context and of intervening with regulatory actions inspired by a planned and interiorized economic strategy—the market, left in the hands of the private entrepreneur only, is destined to fail, and the paths of multidimensional sustainable development stray away from the ambitions of modern states. Full article
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16 pages, 1139 KiB  
Article
Adoption and Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in China—Agenda 2030
by Siming Yu, Muhammad Safdar Sial, Dang Khoa Tran, Alina Badulescu, Phung Anh Thu and Mariana Sehleanu
Sustainability 2020, 12(15), 6288; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156288 - 04 Aug 2020
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 8623
Abstract
The present research is conducted on the Chinese corporate sector and raises the basic questions associated with the adoption and implementation of corporate disclosure practices such as SDGs. The sample for this research consisted of 100 Chinese companies, which are listed in the [...] Read more.
The present research is conducted on the Chinese corporate sector and raises the basic questions associated with the adoption and implementation of corporate disclosure practices such as SDGs. The sample for this research consisted of 100 Chinese companies, which are listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. For this purpose, content analysis is developed. More specifically, a quantitative approach is applied to quantify and identify certain contents or words in the given text. Our results show that Chinese companies seem to be more focused on certain aspects of the UN SDGs at the cost of others, but the overall situation is, at best, not encouraging. The focus of attention of Chinese companies seems to be infrastructure development, industrial innovation, and economic growth, along with the provision of a dignified and respectable working environment, affordable and clean energy, and peace, justice, and strong institutions. The results can be used as guidelines by Chinese companies to determine the actual presence or absence of SDGs implementation inside the process of value creation as an integral part of their practices about corporate disclosure. The main contribution of this research relates to the analysis of the adoption and implementation efforts to report SDGs and the contribution of such reporting towards the fulfillment of the UN Agenda 2030. This can be of interest to researchers working on the given topic. It is of utmost importance for government policymakers and corporate decision-makers, who want to support companies that are contributing towards the achievement and adaptation of SDGs as part of their overall objectives. Full article
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19 pages, 1181 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Development and European Banks: A Non-Financial Disclosure Analysis
by Simona Cosma, Andrea Venturelli, Paola Schwizer and Vittorio Boscia
Sustainability 2020, 12(15), 6146; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156146 - 30 Jul 2020
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6047
Abstract
This paper aims at contributing to the debate on the relationships between the European financial sector and sustainable development. Using a non-financial disclosure analysis of 262 European banks, the research sought, first, to investigate the “scope” of the contribution of European banks to [...] Read more.
This paper aims at contributing to the debate on the relationships between the European financial sector and sustainable development. Using a non-financial disclosure analysis of 262 European banks, the research sought, first, to investigate the “scope” of the contribution of European banks to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, second, to explore the factors that seem to differentiate the SDGs approach among banks. The results show that country of origin, legal system, and adoption of an integrated report seem to differentiate banks in terms of contribution to the SDGs. The business model and stock exchange listing, conversely, do not seem to represent discriminatory factor in the contribution of banks toward the SDGs. The study can be useful for managers and decision makers to develop policies to support organizations in contributing to the SDGs. Full article
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10 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
Socio-Environmental Problematic, End-Purposes, and Strategies Relating to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) through the Perspectives of Spanish Secondary Education Trainee Teachers
by Delfín Ortega-Sánchez, Almudena Alonso-Centeno and Miguel Corbí
Sustainability 2020, 12(14), 5551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145551 - 09 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2486
Abstract
In this paper, representations of Spanish Secondary Education trainee teachers (n = 163) are analyzed with regard to the socio-environmental problematic, end-purposes, and strategies of education for sustainable development (ESD). Likewise, the study seeks to identify the potential influence of sociodemographic variables [...] Read more.
In this paper, representations of Spanish Secondary Education trainee teachers (n = 163) are analyzed with regard to the socio-environmental problematic, end-purposes, and strategies of education for sustainable development (ESD). Likewise, the study seeks to identify the potential influence of sociodemographic variables on those representations and, in particular, possible differences between either the perceptions or the beliefs of trainee teachers of Geography and History and those from other disciplines. The study can be classified as a non-experimental ex post facto investigation based on a questionnaire, yielding results that reflected the commitment of the students towards teaching through the implementation of strategies directed at conflict resolution for social transformation, and towards teaching the development of critical and creative thinking skills for social interventions. Likewise, the study reports the promotion of specific socio-educational actions leading to sustainable development. These results show the absence of differences in terms of the sex, age, institutional affiliation, background discipline or specialism, or previous training in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the students. Despite the identification of greater tendencies towards the conceptualized development of social awareness and active citizenship among trainee teachers of Geography and History, these results reflected the pertinence and the educational need for ESD in higher education from a holistic and transversal perspective. Full article
16 pages, 325 KiB  
Article
Sustainability Engagement and Earnings Management: The Italian Context
by Francesco Grimaldi, Alessandra Caragnano, Marianna Zito and Massimo Mariani
Sustainability 2020, 12(12), 4881; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124881 - 15 Jun 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4212
Abstract
This study aims at exploring the effect of sustainability engagement on earnings management (EM) practices with particular reference to the Italian context in the year 2018, after the implementation of Legislative Decree No. 254/2016 on the disclosure of non-financial information. This is in [...] Read more.
This study aims at exploring the effect of sustainability engagement on earnings management (EM) practices with particular reference to the Italian context in the year 2018, after the implementation of Legislative Decree No. 254/2016 on the disclosure of non-financial information. This is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promoted by United Nations in 2015 and specifically with SDG 12 and relative target 12.6 focusing on the adoption of sustainable practices and the integration of sustainability information into reporting on the behalf of companies. We analyzed a sample of 60 companies listed on the Italian Stock Exchange. Our results suggest that there is a slight negative relationship between sustainability engagement and earnings management practices. Indeed, our evidence shows that companies characterized by higher level of sustainability engagement are less prone to advance EM practices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to investigate the effect of the sustainability engagement on EM practices with reference to a sample of Italian listed companies. Full article
19 pages, 648 KiB  
Article
Corporate Governance, Integrated Reporting and Environmental Disclosure: Evidence from the South African Context
by Antonio Corvino, Federica Doni and Silvio Bianchi Martini
Sustainability 2020, 12(12), 4820; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124820 - 12 Jun 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5046
Abstract
This research aims to investigate how the adoption of King III can affect the corporate governance model of a sample of South African listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Particularly, we analyzed the influence of sustainability-related issues of the board of [...] Read more.
This research aims to investigate how the adoption of King III can affect the corporate governance model of a sample of South African listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Particularly, we analyzed the influence of sustainability-related issues of the board of directors (BDs) on firm environmental disclosure, after the mandatory preparation of integrated reporting (IR). In addition, we also examined indepth whether some corporate social policies are able to condition the foregoing disclosure. The empirical study covers the period from 2010 (the first-time adoption of IR in South Africa) to 2015 (the earliest year of the release process regarding King Code of Governance Principles for South Africa 2009 (i.e., King III)). Data were collected by the Bloomberg database. With reference to the BDs features, great attention was paid to both business ethics policy and CEO duality. Instead, with regard to corporate social issues, we looked into the adoption of the policies pertaining to health and safety and the respect for human rights. Following the mandatory preparation of IR, our findings show a positive relationship between business ethics policy and firm environmental disclosure. Contrarily, CEO duality does not exert any effect over the earlier type of corporate reporting. Furthermore, empirical evidence substantiates the association between health safety and human rights policies that are very crucial in an emerging economy, such as South Africa, and firm environmental disclosure. The rationale of such results arguably resides in compliance with King III. Therefore, this study can provide interesting insights, given that its mandatory adoption might reveal an important turning point in the development of corporate governance codes, as well as being a “driver” for potential enhancements of firm environmental disclosure, inter alia, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.6. Full article
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13 pages, 278 KiB  
Article
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Efficiency in the Spanish Clean Water and Sanitation Sector
by Pedro-José Martínez-Córdoba, Nicola Raimo, Filippo Vitolla and Bernardino Benito
Sustainability 2020, 12(7), 3015; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12073015 - 09 Apr 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5303
Abstract
In recent years, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is becoming a major challenge for local governments. This research focuses on the role of Spanish local governments in the fulfillment of SDG-6, which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water [...] Read more.
In recent years, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is becoming a major challenge for local governments. This research focuses on the role of Spanish local governments in the fulfillment of SDG-6, which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all citizens. Specifically, this study analyses the evolution of the efficiency of Spanish local governments, and its determining factors, in the achievement of the SDG-6. The results indicate that the taxes associated with water supply and sanitation services, the private management of these services, population density, local government budget revenues, the income of the inhabitants of the municipality and the fragmentation of local governments are factors that can improve the evolution of the efficiency of Spanish local governments in achieving the SDG-6. Full article
20 pages, 298 KiB  
Article
The “Walk” towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Does Mandated “Talk” through NonFinancial Disclosure Affect Companies’ Financial Performance?
by Ho-Tan-Phat Phan, Francesco De Luca and Lea Iaia
Sustainability 2020, 12(6), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062324 - 17 Mar 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3748
Abstract
With its Global Compact, the United Nations (UN) called companies to align strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption, while settling and pursuing the seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Achieving SDGs in business reporting is part [...] Read more.
With its Global Compact, the United Nations (UN) called companies to align strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption, while settling and pursuing the seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Achieving SDGs in business reporting is part of the lively debate in the literature about the ability of nonfinancial reporting in providing stakeholders with useful and value-relevant information about companies’ behaviors. This paper intends to address this issue in the aftermath of the recent European Union EU policy (Directive 95/2014/EU) of mandating companies to disclose nonfinancial information (NFI) according to some of the SDGs matters. To this end, the Italian context was analyzed, and main findings provide some early evidence of the absence of association between NFI and financial/market performance. At the same time, the positive association between companies’ Beta factor and size and NFI is supported. This implies that stakeholders still do not appreciate NFI reported according to the new rules and probably that more time is needed to assess the possible advantages of an improved regulation about NFI. However, results show that larger companies and/or companies with higher risk profiles (Beta) have already started to improve their NFI. Full article
14 pages, 623 KiB  
Article
The Role of Gender Diversity on Tax Aggressiveness and Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Italian Listed Companies
by Andrea Vacca, Antonio Iazzi, Demetris Vrontis and Monica Fait
Sustainability 2020, 12(5), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052007 - 05 Mar 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6781
Abstract
The paper aims to examine the moderating role of gender diversity within a corporate board on the relationship between tax aggressiveness and a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) approach. This analysis was conducted using a set of indicators of financial statements of 168 [...] Read more.
The paper aims to examine the moderating role of gender diversity within a corporate board on the relationship between tax aggressiveness and a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) approach. This analysis was conducted using a set of indicators of financial statements of 168 Italian listed firms between 2011 and 2018. In addition, the sustainability reports of the same companies were observed. To perform the analysis a logit regression model is used. This paper shows different empirical results. First, this study notes that there is not a direct relationship between tax aggressiveness and CSR reporting. Second, gender diversity in a board of directors increases the orientation of companies to CSR disclosure, but does not have an impact on the relationship between tax aggressiveness and CSR disclosure. Instead, CEO gender has a positive influence on the relationship between corporate tax planning and CSR reporting in accordance with Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. This study emphasizes the key role of gender diversity in the growth of the CSR approach and the reputation of companies. Therefore, governments and policymakers of major countries should promote gender diversity in corporate decision-making bodies, which contributes to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article
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17 pages, 337 KiB  
Article
Integrated Reporting and European State-Owned Enterprises: A Disclosure Analysis Pre and Post 2014/95/EU
by Giuseppe Nicolò, Gianluca Zanellato and Adriana Tiron-Tudor
Sustainability 2020, 12(5), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051908 - 03 Mar 2020
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 4731
Abstract
The European Directive 2014/95/EU regulating the disclosure of non-financial information for public interest organisations is enjoying its first years since entering into force in 2017. The emerging of social, environmental and sustainability issues in combination with the New Public Management (NPM) reforms, led [...] Read more.
The European Directive 2014/95/EU regulating the disclosure of non-financial information for public interest organisations is enjoying its first years since entering into force in 2017. The emerging of social, environmental and sustainability issues in combination with the New Public Management (NPM) reforms, led public sector entities to huge demands of accountability. Long time before the European Union Directive (EUD) on non-financial information, public sector entities were pushed to demonstrate to a broad range of stakeholders how public resources are used. Accordingly, the stakeholders’ increasing demand for social and environmental information has encouraged the adoption of different types of reports by organisations, such as the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report, Sustainability Reporting (SR) and the Integrated Report (IR).In the context of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), the disclosure of non-financial information gains a pivotal relevance as these type of organisations face a more comprehensive range of stakeholders than private organisations. In this vein, the present paper aims to investigate whether the mandatory disclosure directive increased the level of information provided by SOEs issuing an IR between the years 2016 and 2017 in order to demonstrate whether a mandatory regulation leads to higher disclosure. Full article
20 pages, 332 KiB  
Article
Does Structural Capital Affect SDGs Risk-Related Disclosure Quality? An Empirical Investigation of Italian Large Listed Companies
by Francesco De Luca, Andrea Cardoni, Ho-Tan-Phat Phan and Evgeniia Kiseleva
Sustainability 2020, 12(5), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051776 - 27 Feb 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3129
Abstract
In a context of widespread acceptance and implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper discusses the possible relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and nonfinancial information (NFI), particularly related to SDGs and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a stakeholder engagement [...] Read more.
In a context of widespread acceptance and implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper discusses the possible relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and nonfinancial information (NFI), particularly related to SDGs and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a stakeholder engagement perspective. Prior studies called for further investigation about nonfinancial risk disclosure and claimed that companies mandated to disclose risk-related information tend to focus mainly on financial risks. Therefore, given the growing attention of regulators to the content of mandatory companies’ NFI brought to the Directive 2014/95/EU, this study intends to contribute to fill this literature gap by investigating the drivers of risk-related disclosure quality (RDQ) and to what extent it could be affected by the structural capital (SC), as one of the components of IC. The empirical analysis is based on a sample made of 51 Italian large undertakings and groups. The study uses content analysis to assess the RDQ from firms’ corporate reports. Regression analysis is used to examine if there is an influence of SC toward RDQ, both considered as a single information package and with specific reference to environmental disclosure. Results reveal that a positive association exists between RDQ and SC. Moreover, it is providing some support for the positive correlation between SC and the firm’s size. In this sense, the paper contributes to existing risk reporting literature as a pioneering study identifying an IC driver to determine the quality of risk and risk management information. For regulators, this study highlights how, in a context of mandatory disclosure, the quality of information could also depend on firm characteristics (SC). For practitioners, the paper helps in understanding the role of IC in order to increase the quality of the corporate risk reporting. Full article

Review

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31 pages, 1847 KiB  
Review
Climate Change Accounting and Reporting: A Systematic Literature Review
by Carmela Gulluscio, Pina Puntillo, Valerio Luciani and Donald Huisingh
Sustainability 2020, 12(13), 5455; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135455 - 07 Jul 2020
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 12119
Abstract
During the last few years, sustainability has become an increasingly important dimension for corporations. Many stakeholders expect companies to implement sustainability-oriented practices and report on these actions and their results. As a consequence, corporate accountability and, more specifically, corporate accounting and reporting, should [...] Read more.
During the last few years, sustainability has become an increasingly important dimension for corporations. Many stakeholders expect companies to implement sustainability-oriented practices and report on these actions and their results. As a consequence, corporate accountability and, more specifically, corporate accounting and reporting, should focus not only on financial, social, and environmental performance, but also on sustainability-related aspects. Among these aspects, climate change is becoming increasingly important for companies, which must take action to counter the effects of their activities on climate change and inform their stakeholders about these actions and their effects. Given the initial state of research about climate change accounting and reporting, the authors focused on the sustainable development goal (SDG) no. 13, “climate action”, in order to highlight the current state and the future directions of this area of inquiry. They used a mixed approach to perform a systematic literature review about sustainability accounting/reporting and climate change: (1) a qualitative analysis according to a qualitative analytical framework, and (2) a bibliometric (descriptive statistical) approach. The authors found that: (1) the main perspectives addressed in the selected articles relate to sustainability accounting and reporting in a broad sense; (2) there was a lack of contributions about management of climate change-related aspects, with specific reference to strategic and operational planning, accounting, and control of the actions implemented by the management of firms to counter climate change problems. The authors suggested the topics accounting scholars should focus their future research upon and underscored the social responsibilities of accounting scholars to increasingly integrate climate change mitigation into their accounting foci. They reviewed the main areas of climate change accounting/reporting literature and identified the gaps to be filled. Full article
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