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Large-Scale Systems: Sustainable Economy and Transport in the Modern World

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 11452

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety, University of Valencia, C/ Serpis 29, 3rd Floor, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Interests: road safety; cycling; human factors; risky and protective road behaviors; epidemiology; behavioral health; advanced research methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
College of Business, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 02450, Republic of Korea
Interests: operations management; industrial and management engineering; evaluation of investment projects; economic modelling; sustainable development; sustainable energy; renewable energy sources; modeling

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Guest Editor
Department of Transport Systems Service, Kazan Federal University, Naberezhnye Chelny 423812, Russia
Interests: sustainable economy and transport; logistics; service; manufacturing; intelligent systems; engineering education; Industry 4.0; smart city; IoT; cyber physical systems; intelligent transport systems; autonomous vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Transport Systems Service, Kazan Federal University, Naberezhnye Chelny 423812, Russia
Interests: sustainable economy and transport; automaker’s logistics; automobile service; data science methods; applied information technologies and simulation; intelligent transport systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The growth in economic systems’ scale that has been observed in recent years can be explained by the geographical division of production processes, and this causes the formation of global transport corridors and supply chains. Transport, playing an important role in the economic and social development of countries and regions, contributes to the support of both intersectoral and interregional cooperation. In this sense, transport can be considered as a mechanism that ensures the sustainability of large-scale economic systems.

The development of engineering and technology has led to a steady trend toward increasing the intellectualization and digitalization of systems and processes. The development of concepts such as Smart City, Industry 4.0, etc., requires smart and reliable functioning of industrial and urban systems as components of the regional economic system. This is achieved through the process of integration of cyber-physical systems and communication channels to smart factories that use data and digital technologies to provide more efficient solutions and improve the quality of life.

The downside of significant achievements in technological, economic and social development is the negative impact of various human activities in the form of increasing rates of environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of modern economic policy is to find solutions to reduce the negative impact of industry and transport on the environment and on public health. The stability and efficient functioning of enterprises in the industrial and transport sectors are prerequisites for the development of the economy, ensuring national security and improving the welfare of the population. Comprehensive strategic projects should be encouraged to digitally transform systems and means of safe public and freight transport, and to increase energy efficiency while reducing environmental pollution. Therefore, the formation of sustainable innovations that ensure integrated economic development, including sustainable transport mobility and environmental safety, is one of the main priorities today.

In this Special Issue, we are open to articles on developing and driving sustainability in large-scale systems, including (but not limited to) the adoption of smart and digital technologies. Similar technologies that increase transport mobility and road safety can be implemented in the form of intelligent transport systems and their elements (unmanned aerial vehicles and connected cars, traffic detectors, adaptive (smart) traffic lights, devices for automatically fixing violations, electronic means of payments without interruption, parking meters, connected information boards and automated lighting control). Materials describing the rational use of natural resources based on resource-saving technologies, including issues of monitoring environmental parameters and reducing the environmental burden on the environment in the framework of a green and circular economy, are welcome. We will be happy to consider works related to the formation of investment safety and the attractiveness of industries, regions and countries as a whole, including the issues of risk management when organizing the operation of production systems under conditions of uncertainty.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Sergio A. Useche
Dr. Jaehyung An
Prof. Dr. Irina Makarova
Dr. Polina Buyvol
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sustainable development
  • circular and green economy
  • smart transport system
  • transport safety
  • investment safety
  • digitalization
  • intellectualization
  • computer modeling
  • digital twins
  • risk management

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 163 KiB  
Editorial
Large-Scale Systems: Sustainable Economy and Transport in the Modern World
by Sergio Useche, Jaehyung An, Irina Makarova and Polina Buyvol
Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6778; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086778 - 17 Apr 2023
Viewed by 762
Abstract
Key large-scale global changes have marked the last decades [...] Full article

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 2488 KiB  
Article
Promoting (Safe) Young-User Cycling in Russian Cities: Relationships among Riders’ Features, Cycling Behaviors and Safety-Related Incidents
by Sergio A. Useche, Francisco Alonso, Aleksey Boyko, Polina Buyvol, Irina Makarova, Gleb Parsin and Mireia Faus
Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3193; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083193 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Background: Promoting cycling, walking and other ‘active’ transportation means continues to be a shared guideline in urban planning, closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Nonetheless, young cyclists’ safety figures and their potential contributors, including behavioral issues, remain [...] Read more.
Background: Promoting cycling, walking and other ‘active’ transportation means continues to be a shared guideline in urban planning, closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Nonetheless, young cyclists’ safety figures and their potential contributors, including behavioral issues, remain an ongoing concern for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Aim: This study aimed to analyze both risky and protective riding patterns of young Russian cyclists in relation to cycling safety factors using the Cycling Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Methods: This study used the data provided by 374 young Russian cyclists, aged M = 21.6 (SD = 4.8) years, who responded to an electronic survey on cycling behavior and safety outcomes. Results: Beyond demographic characteristics, the key road rule knowledge and risk perception of young cyclists were significantly associated with their self-reported cycling behaviors. Although both traffic violations and riding errors were negatively correlated with safety incidents, predictive analyses show that errors (though not violations) play a predictive role in young cyclists’ safety-related incidents. Conversely, positive cycling behaviors have been shown to be significant reducers of riding crash likelihood. Conclusion: The results of this study support the idea that addressing key issues such as risk perception, road rule knowledge and protective riding habits, while also targeting risky behaviors on the road, could enhance cycling safety outcomes. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights into understanding the factors contributing to riding risks and crashes among young cyclists, particularly in the context of the increasing need to promote safer and more sustainable urban mobility in a country with a still young cycling culture. Full article
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14 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
Development of a Mechanism for Assessing Mutual Structural Relations for Import Substitution of High-Tech Transfer in Life Cycle Management of Fundamentally New Products
by Alexander Chursin, Andrew Boginsky, Pavel Drogovoz, Vladimir Shiboldenkov and Zhanna Chupina
Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051912 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 495
Abstract
The emergence of fundamentally new products is conditioned both by the development of techniques and technologies and by the emerging new needs and conditions of economic and social life of society. In this case, the process of achieving product dominance in the market [...] Read more.
The emergence of fundamentally new products is conditioned both by the development of techniques and technologies and by the emerging new needs and conditions of economic and social life of society. In this case, the process of achieving product dominance in the market has a progressive cyclical character in the form of a spiral pattern, the movement along which occurs with acceleration. At the current stage of economic development, most states have problems expanding sales of products and capturing new markets. These problems today are described in the works of various scientists; the research of the authors touches upon the issues of economic development. Today’s economic conditions, which are characterized by the application of sanctions pressure on a large scale, do not assess the opposite effect, when the countries that are subjected to this pressure, and the countries that organize this pressure, suffer economic damage. Some suffer damage in the form of reduced ability to produce knowledge-intensive products by providing them with imported materials and components, others who exert this pressure, by reducing the sales of their products, and in this case, it is relevant to build a mechanism for assessing mutual structural links for import substitution of high-tech transfer in the management of the life cycle of radical new products, which in our view is useful for those or other countries. The hypothesis is that the modeling of mutual structural relations of high-tech transfer in the management of the life cycle of radical new products will significantly improve the mechanisms of industrial policy management and national technological security and ensure sustainable economic development. The aim of the study is the task of developing a mechanism of mutual structural links and assessing the synergetic economic effect based on the approach of intersectoral links, interactions and interdependencies. In the course of the research, the following tasks are solved: the necessity to adequately replace high-tech imports within the framework of national technological security is substantiated, for this purpose it is necessary to create unique equipment for the system of RNP production; the assessment of the possibility of realization of such a task is carried out; the assessment of high-tech competencies of science and production, technical and resource readiness (configuration of the RNP system) is necessary, and a complex model for the assessment of structural and mutual linkages in the economy of innovation is developed. The modeling performed by the authors allowed us to assess the structure of domestic high-tech imports and the coefficients of mutual linkage of imports. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the conducted research makes it possible to significantly improve the efficiency of management of innovation processes of high-tech transfer to ensure the creation of a system of production of radically new products at the levels of organization, industry or national economy, which will ensure stable economic development. For this purpose, the structure and dynamics of high-tech imports of the Russian Federation have been analyzed and calculated, taking into account critical technologies and industries. The multiplier effects in high-tech industries of the Russian economy taking into account imports were analyzed on the basis of the latest actual detailed data of Rosstat. The estimation of the mutual relationship of imports and application of the developed toolkit for the example “Mechanical equipment, machine tools and other equipment for general or special purposes” is carried out. Full article
17 pages, 1184 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Sustainability Potential of Large-Scale Systems: Forecasting Intermodal Freight Transportation Volumes
by Alexander Chupin, Dmitry Morkovkin, Marina Bolsunovskaya, Anna Boyko and Alexander Leksashov
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031265 - 02 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1156
Abstract
The sustainability of large economies is one of the most important challenges in today’s world. As the world strives to create a greener and more efficient future, it becomes necessary to accurately analyze and forecast freight volumes. By developing a reliable freight transportation [...] Read more.
The sustainability of large economies is one of the most important challenges in today’s world. As the world strives to create a greener and more efficient future, it becomes necessary to accurately analyze and forecast freight volumes. By developing a reliable freight transportation forecasting model, the authors will be able to gain valuable insights into the trends and patterns that determine the development of economic systems. This will enable informed decisions on resource allocation, infrastructure development, and environmental impact mitigation. Such a model takes into account various factors such as market demand, logistical capabilities, fuel consumption, and emissions. Understanding these dynamics allows us to optimize supply chains, reduce waste, minimize our carbon footprint, and, ultimately, create more sustainable economic systems. The ability to accurately forecast freight volumes not only benefits businesses by enabling better planning and cost optimization but also contributes to the overall sustainable development goals of society. It can identify opportunities to shift to more sustainable modes of transportation, such as rail or water, and reduce dependence on carbon-intensive modes, such as road or air. In conclusion, the development and implementation of a robust freight forecasting model is critical to the sustainability of large-scale economic systems. Thus, by utilizing data and making informed decisions based on these forecasts, it is possible to work toward a more sustainable future for future generations. Full article
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17 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Sustainability Evaluation of Hybrid Agriculture-Tractor Powertrains
by Simone Pascuzzi, Katarzyna Łyp-Wrońska, Katarzyna Gdowska and Francesco Paciolla
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031184 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 775
Abstract
Agricultural tractors are highly fuel-consuming and soil/air polluting machines; thus, the introduction of new sustainable technologies, such as hybridization, can be very impactful for the development of electric hybrid agricultural tractors. These vehicles combine the classic internal combustion engine with an electric machine. [...] Read more.
Agricultural tractors are highly fuel-consuming and soil/air polluting machines; thus, the introduction of new sustainable technologies, such as hybridization, can be very impactful for the development of electric hybrid agricultural tractors. These vehicles combine the classic internal combustion engine with an electric machine. This paper reports the modeling and simulation, conducted using a simulation software typically used for on-road vehicles, of a two-wheel-drive agricultural tractor in three different configurations: the conventional one, and the series and parallel electric-hybrid powertrains. The simulated task is the trailing of a “big square baler” during the process of straw wrapping and baling. The evaluation and the comparison of the fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and the depth of discharge of the different configurations have been carried out to determine if it is possible to downsize the ICE while maintaining the same performance levels. This study highlights the fact that both the fuel consumption and the CO2 emissions of series and parallel electric-hybrid agricultural tractors are ten times lower and five times lower than those of a traditional tractor, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of an electric machine allows a more precise speed profile tracking. This study points out that the hybridization of agricultural tractor powertrains is one of the most promising approaches for reducing pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. Full article
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17 pages, 258 KiB  
Article
Balancing Environmental Sustainability and Economic Development: Perspectives from New Structural Economics
by Jiayao Cai, Qiong Chen and Zirun Zhang
Sustainability 2024, 16(3), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031124 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1217
Abstract
This paper explores the balance between environmental sustainability and economic development in the context of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) in China, a region pivotal to the country’s industrial and environmental strategy. Utilizing New Structural Economics and the congruence index, we assessed [...] Read more.
This paper explores the balance between environmental sustainability and economic development in the context of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) in China, a region pivotal to the country’s industrial and environmental strategy. Utilizing New Structural Economics and the congruence index, we assessed the alignment between the local factor endowment structure and firm production input structure. Using the dataset of pollutant emissions from manufacturing firms in the YEB and focusing on key variables such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) emissions and wastewater emissions, our findings indicate that firms with higher congruence demonstrate enhanced economic performance and alignment with comparative advantages. This alignment not only improves economic efficiency but also results in significantly reduced pollutant emissions, with a higher congruence index correlating with approximately 6.66% lower COD emissions and 5.39% reduced wastewater emissions per unit of industrial output. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and businesses, showing how alignment with local factor endowments can lead to mutually beneficial environmental and economic outcomes. The study contributes to the broader literature on environmental sustainability and economic development by demonstrating the practical application of New Structural Economics in a critical industrial region of China. Full article
14 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Strategic Decision-Making for Multi-Period Fleet Transition Towards Zero-Emission: Preliminary Study
by Bogusław Bieda, Roger Książek, Katarzyna Gdowska and Antoni Korcyl
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16690; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416690 - 08 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1182
Abstract
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) struggles with significant policy and operational challenges, particularly concerning collection routes for recyclables and fleet composition. Within the European Union, phasing out traditional fuel-based vocational vehicles, like garbage trucks, in favor of zero-emission alternatives, is mandatory to achieve [...] Read more.
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) struggles with significant policy and operational challenges, particularly concerning collection routes for recyclables and fleet composition. Within the European Union, phasing out traditional fuel-based vocational vehicles, like garbage trucks, in favor of zero-emission alternatives, is mandatory to achieve sustainable development objectives. This paper presents a preliminary study on the problem of multi-period fleet transition from combustive fuels towards more eco-friendly fueling types. Initially developed for energy sector, the MARKAL framework was used here to support the technological transition of the fleet. The mixed-integer program was formulated for the Fleet Transition Problem (FTP), a simplified theoretical problem. The objective of the FTP and a mixed-integer linear program used to solve it is minimizing the overall cost of fleet modernization throughout a multi-phase planning horizon so that the sustainable transition of the fleet can be assured. Computational experiments run on randomly generated data instances affirmed the model’s effectiveness in strategizing fleet transition. This research outlines a multi-period model for transitioning to a zero-emission fleet and demonstrates the FTP’s potential for strategic decision-making. Notably, the study observes consistent reductions in permissible emissions across the planning horizon. Full article
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16 pages, 742 KiB  
Article
Accelerating Sustainable and Economic Development via Scientific Project Risk Management Model of Industrial Facilities
by Abdelaal Ahmed Mostafa Ahmed Ragas, Alexander Chupin, Marina Bolsunovskaya, Alexander Leksashov, Svetlana Shirokova and Svetlana Senotrusova
Sustainability 2023, 15(17), 12942; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712942 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1101
Abstract
This study presents a systemic and causal model of integrated stakeholder risk management of industrial facilities under sustainable development conditions. This model allows us to analyze the main factors of stakeholder influence, namely personnel risks, conflicts, and behavioral economic factors on a scientific [...] Read more.
This study presents a systemic and causal model of integrated stakeholder risk management of industrial facilities under sustainable development conditions. This model allows us to analyze the main factors of stakeholder influence, namely personnel risks, conflicts, and behavioral economic factors on a scientific project. This method is based on the identification of stakeholders and determining the possibility of the presence in their activities or inaction of personnel risks, conflicts, and behavioral economic factors that can affect the success of the production of industrial facilities, as well as on the calculation of toxicity indicators for each stakeholder. This study presents information technologies for the integrated management of industrial facilities in the context of sustainable development and transition to a circular economy, which, under conditions of uncertainty, allow the manager of an industrial enterprise and his team to implement the methodology of integrated management of industrial facilities in the context of sustainable development and transition to a circular economy to ensure the successful and timely implementation of these projects to meet the needs of stakeholders. Full article
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15 pages, 1275 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Economic Development of Enterprises: A Methodology Based on the Toolkit
by Zhanna Chupina, Alexander Chursin, Andrew Boginsky and Ivan Kvasov
Sustainability 2023, 15(17), 12682; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712682 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
At the present time, an effective methodological toolkit has not been developed to manage economic processes in modern conditions in order to ensure the sustainable economic development of enterprises. On the basis of mathematical modeling, it has been proposed that such a tool [...] Read more.
At the present time, an effective methodological toolkit has not been developed to manage economic processes in modern conditions in order to ensure the sustainable economic development of enterprises. On the basis of mathematical modeling, it has been proposed that such a tool could be created to provide a quantitative assessment of the main parameters in the creation of innovative products and activities of enterprises. Additionally, on the basis of this tool, decision makers could regulate these processes by introducing additional resources and buying risks. For this purpose, it is necessary to modernize the means of production, which requires a reassessment of the technical level of enterprises. It is possible to achieve these parameters through a certain technical policy of production modernization. In this aspect, the technical policy of enterprises should consider the fact that, depending on the complexity of innovative products put for development and production, the time lag between the start of production of such products and the moment when they enter the market with competitive advantage changes. This competitive advantage is determined by the design methods at a given cost. At the same time, the service models of enterprises are used as one of the most important tools to achieve the profitability of the enterprise, leading to its sustainable economic development. As a result of the proposed toolkit, a strategy for managing the processes of the sustainable economic development of enterprises could be developed based on the creation of an intelligent system using artificial intelligence and the use of large databases that create information support for decision makers to regulate these processes. This set of tools makes it possible to achieve the organization of sustainable economic development. To assess the technical, economic, and technological level of the enterprise, a complex integral indicator was obtained on the basis of mathematical modeling. It was proposed to confirm the obtained integral assessment by comparing the obtained calculated data with an expert assessment. The method of expert evaluation is used in the article. Expert assessments were obtained in science-intensive organizations in which the authors held managerial positions and were engaged in scientific projects. The obtained inputs were formulated based on the analysis of the reporting documentation provided by the organizations. The conducted research indicates the importance of the proposed practical recommendations and materials for solving the tasks set in this study. Full article
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23 pages, 5147 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Management of Railway Companies Amid Inflation and Reduced Government Subsidies: A System Dynamics Approach
by Shohreh Moradi, Hamid Reza Ahadi and Grzegorz Sierpiński
Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11176; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411176 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
Sustainable transport is a critical and complex issue that the world is currently facing. Managers of railway companies in particular face significant challenges in achieving self-sustainable management of their assets. This paper introduces a new causal loop and explores the interaction among company [...] Read more.
Sustainable transport is a critical and complex issue that the world is currently facing. Managers of railway companies in particular face significant challenges in achieving self-sustainable management of their assets. This paper introduces a new causal loop and explores the interaction among company dimensions—including financial, social, and environmental aspects—in order to assess the financially sustainable management of Raja Corporation, one of the largest railway companies in Iran. Our main contribution is the proposed system dynamics (SD) model, which can aid in policy analysis for Raja, a company that operates multiple routes within the country. The presented model compares different strategies employed by Raja using economic, social, and environmental indicators to evaluate the financial sustainability of the company. Our findings demonstrate that government subsidies may boost the company’s revenue, but they also hinder the rate of profits. Additionally, we highlight the impact of inflation on the company’s financial sustainability, showing that higher ticket prices may have a considerable impact on profits. The proposed approach of using the SD model may help specialists evaluate the sustainability management of transport sector corporations and significantly enhance their performance. This study highlights the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to assess the financial sustainability of railway companies, considering the interdependencies among various dimensions of each company. The findings of this study may have implications for policymakers, managers, and researchers in the transport sector, especially those who are interested in sustainable management practices. Full article
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15 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
The Creation of Fundamentally New Products as a Factor of Organizations’ Sustainable Economic Development
by Alexander Chursin, Zhanna Chupina, Anna Ostrovskaya and Andrew Boginsky
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9747; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129747 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 852
Abstract
This study analyzed the sustainable economic development of some organizations for the period of 2020–2022. The authors found that organizations’ sustainable development is influenced by technological superiority based on the creation and production of radical new products that can form new markets or [...] Read more.
This study analyzed the sustainable economic development of some organizations for the period of 2020–2022. The authors found that organizations’ sustainable development is influenced by technological superiority based on the creation and production of radical new products that can form new markets or be dominant in existing ones. This study examined effective management based on the application of digital technology and artificial intelligence for the creation and production of radically new products, which creates conditions for the advanced sustainable economic development of the organization. The main drivers of these processes are technological platforms, the formation of which requires significant amounts of different types of resources. To solve the issue of investment in the creation of radically new products in conditions of limited resources, the authors researched and developed tools for the effective use of investment in the creation of radically new products in order to ensure the formation of organizations of advanced, sustainable economic development. In the development of methodological tools for managing the creation and development of radically new products, a conceptual mathematical model for assessing the criteria of economic efficiency of projects is proposed. Thus, the proposed tools for managing the creation of radically new products and advanced sustainable economic development of organizations form the basis for technological superiority and sustainable economic development in modern economic conditions. Full article

Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: System Dynamics in the Automotive Industry Transition: A Systematic and Bibliometric Analysis Under the 5W2H Framework
Authors: Yushen Du; Zulong Guo
Affiliation: Jilin University, Changchun, China

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