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Wireless Sensing and Intelligent Reflective Surfaces
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Wireless Sensing and Intelligent Reflective Surfaces

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 8351

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stylianos D. Assimonis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT3 9DT, UK
Interests: wireless sensing; Internet of Things (IoT); intelligent metasurfaces; RF energy harvesting
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
Interests: Sattelite communications; wireless sensing; backscatter communication; RF energy harvesting
Dr. Konstantinos Dovelos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Wireless Innovation, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
Interests: metasurfaces; applied electromagnetics; super-directive antenna arrays; holographic antennas; near-field communication; energy-efficient beamforming

Special Issue Information

Introduction:

The total installed base of Internet of Things (IoT)-connected devices, such as sensors in wireless sensor networks (WSN), is projected to amount to 75.44 billion worldwide by 2025, a five-fold increase in ten years. This transition will present a formidable challenge as wireless networks are hitting their physical capacity limits. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to develop radically new solutions to support this ever-increasing number of connected devices.

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) can be incorporated with environmental objects and can perform operations such as reflect, refract, absorb, polarization adjust, and modulate data onto the received signals in order to guarantee high accuracy, long-range, and large-scale wireless sensing. Recent advances in the development of artificial materials with specific electromagnetic properties have demonstrated that this breakthrough idea can become a scientific reality.

This Special Issue welcomes both reviews and original research articles in the field of wireless sensing through IRS, following the submission guidelines of Sensors, within the remit of this Special Issue call. Topics include but are not limited to planar/flexible/wearable IRS for wireless sensing with applications in agriculture, smart homes/vehicles/drones, and medical diagnostics. Microwave imaging techniques using IRS are also of interest. We invite and encourage your participation to this Special Issue.

Dr. Stylianos D. Assimonis
Dr. Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis
Dr. Konstantinos Dovelos
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Intelligent reflecting surfaces
  • Intelligent metasurfaces
  • Wireless sensing
  • Microwave imaging

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 950 KiB  
Article
IRS-Enabled Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks: Scheduling and Transmission Schemes
by Hibatallah Alwazani and Anas Chaaban
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9229; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239229 - 27 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
Passive technologies, including intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS), are gaining traction thanks to their ability to enhance communication systems while maintaining minimal cost and low complexity. They can assist a wireless sensor network (WSN) by achieving low power requirements for sensors and aid communication [...] Read more.
Passive technologies, including intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS), are gaining traction thanks to their ability to enhance communication systems while maintaining minimal cost and low complexity. They can assist a wireless sensor network (WSN) by achieving low power requirements for sensors and aid communication needs in many applications, for instance, environmental monitoring. In this paper, we propose an IRS-equipped WSN which describes sensors equipped with IRSs instead of active radio frequency (RF) electronics. The IRS sensor node (ISN) intercepts a dedicated signal from a power source such as a base station (BS) and modulates the transmission of that signal to an intended recipient. In order to enable multiple sensors to transmit to the receiver, we study opportunistic scheduling (OS) utilizing multi-sensor diversity while considering blind IRS operation, and compare it with round-robin (RR), proportional fairness (PF), and a theoretical upper bound. We study the effect of the choice of the number of IRS elements N and number of ISNs L on the average throughput of the system under OS. Finally, we provide pertinent comparisons for the different scheduling schemes and IRS configurations under relevant system performance metrics, highlighting different scenarios in which each scheme performs better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensing and Intelligent Reflective Surfaces)
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19 pages, 3043 KiB  
Article
Neural Network Based IRSs-UEs Association and IRSs Optimal Placement in Multi IRSs Aided Wireless System
by Ahmed M. Nor, Simona Halunga and Octavian Fratu
Sensors 2022, 22(14), 5216; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145216 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1291
Abstract
Implementing intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), in high frequency based beyond 5G networks, has become a necessity to overcome the harsh blockage issues that exist in these bands. IRSs can supply user equipment (UEs) with multi alternative virtual line of sight (LOS) links, hence [...] Read more.
Implementing intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), in high frequency based beyond 5G networks, has become a necessity to overcome the harsh blockage issues that exist in these bands. IRSs can supply user equipment (UEs) with multi alternative virtual line of sight (LOS) links, hence enhancing the spectral efficiency (SE) of the system. As a result of deploying multi IRSs as communication assistants, the step of IRSs-UEs association is required to optimally assign each UE to its best IRS; consideration of the interference between different links is needed, to maximize the system performance. However, this process will be a time and power consuming problem, if conventional schemes, which exhaustively search all possible association patterns to find the optimum one for communication, is adapted. Although iterative search based schemes can reduce this complexity, they still need feedback signaling in real time. Hence, they will be inefficient in terms of power consumption and delay. Moreover, optimal placement of the multi-IRSs in the network, to enlarge the system performance, is still an open issue and needs to be studied. Consequently, in this paper, to handle the IRSs-UEs association problem, we propose a neural network (NN) based scheme using a multi-IRSs aided multi input multi output (MIMO) system. In this system, the estimated angles of arrival (AoAs) of UEs are used as input features for the NN, which is trained to associate each UE to its best IRS based on this information; then, within each IRS, passive beamforming is performed. Adapting this NN in online mode guarantees obtaining better performance while relaxing the complexity of association and increasing response time, giving a performance comparable to the exhaustive and iterative search based schemes. The proposed NN based scheme determines the association pattern without searching or feedback signals. Moreover, the proposed approach maintains the system SE nearly similar to the optimum performance obtained by the conventional scheme. Secondly, a criterion is suggested for optimal deployment of multi IRSs in the network, depending on maximizing the average summation UEs signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Numerical results prove that this strategy outperforms a reference one, which aims to guarantee certain performance by maximizing minimum UE SINR. In contrast the proposed strategy achieves better system and per UE spectral efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensing and Intelligent Reflective Surfaces)
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12 pages, 3936 KiB  
Article
The New Era of Long-Range “Zero-Interception” Ambient Backscattering Systems: 130 m with 130 nA Front-End Consumption
by Spyridon Nektarios Daskalakis, Apostolos Georgiadis, Manos M. Tentzeris, George Goussetis and George Deligeorgis
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4151; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114151 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1652
Abstract
Internet of Things applications based on backscatter radio principles have appeared to address the limitations of high cost and high power consumption. While radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor nodes are among the most commonly utilized state-of-the-art technologies, their range for passive implementations is typically [...] Read more.
Internet of Things applications based on backscatter radio principles have appeared to address the limitations of high cost and high power consumption. While radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor nodes are among the most commonly utilized state-of-the-art technologies, their range for passive implementations is typically short and well below 10 m being impractical for “rugged” applications where approaching the tag at such proximity, is not convenient or safe. In this work, we propose a long-range “zero interception” ambient backscatter (LoRAB) communication system relying on low power sensor (tag) deployments. Without employing a dedicated radio transmission, our technology enables the “zero interception” communication of the tags with portable receivers over hundreds of meters. This enables low-cost and low-power communications across a wide range of missions by using chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation on ambient FM signals. A laboratory prototype exploiting commercial components (laptops, DAQ, software-defined radios (SDR) platform) have demonstrated the potential by achieving 130 m tag-to-reader distance for a low bit rate of 88 bps with the modulator current consumption at around 103 nA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensing and Intelligent Reflective Surfaces)
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14 pages, 4181 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Resonant Electric Based Metamaterials for Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation at Microwave Frequencies
by Stylianos D. Assimonis, Sandhya Chandravanshi, Okan Yurduseven, Dmitry Zelenchuk, Oleksandr Malyuskin, Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi, Vincent Fusco and Simon L. Cotton
Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8452; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248452 - 18 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2706
Abstract
In this paper, we present the application of a resonant electric based metamaterial element and its two-dimensional metasurface implementation for a variety of emerging wireless applications. Metasurface apertures developed in this work are synthesized using sub-wavelength sampled resonant electric-based unit-cell structures and can [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present the application of a resonant electric based metamaterial element and its two-dimensional metasurface implementation for a variety of emerging wireless applications. Metasurface apertures developed in this work are synthesized using sub-wavelength sampled resonant electric-based unit-cell structures and can achieve electromagnetic wave manipulation at microwave frequencies. The presented surfaces are implemented in a variety of forms, from absorption surfaces for energy harvesting and wireless power transfer to wave-chaotic surfaces for compressive sensing based single-pixel direction of arrival estimation and reflecting surfaces. It is shown that the resonant electric-synthesized metasurface concept offers a significant potential for these applications with high fidelity absorption, transmission and reflection characteristics within the microwave frequency spectrum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensing and Intelligent Reflective Surfaces)
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