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Gas Sensing Materials
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Gas Sensing Materials

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 27156

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Andrea Ponzoni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Brescia, National Institute of Optics of the National Research Council (CNR-INO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
Interests: solid-state gas-sensors; metal oxides; ceramic materials; nanowires; carbon-based nanostructures; artificial olfactory systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Efficient solid-state gas sensors are required in different fields spanning from environmental monitoring to food quality control, from medicine to safety and security, to name but a few. The requests addressed at gas-sensor developers are ever increasing in terms of detection limit, selectivity, fast responsivity and recovery, as well as reliability in long time operation and harsh working conditions. A fundamental part to fulfil these requirements is related to the design and development of solid-state materials exploited as sensitive elements. The capability to tune the material dimensionality, introduce dopants, settle the morphology at different scales, exploit hierarchical structures, and develop tailored interfaces through the use of additives and composite materials opens up a wide range of interesting opportunities. On the other hand, controlling all these features and translating their interplay into the desired functional properties is a challenging task. The combination of this variety of possibilities and these challenges is a strong stimulus for scientists. As a response, the gas-sensor community has developed original and smart solutions able to respond to the requirements arising from applications.

This Special Issue will attempt to provide an overview of the recent achievements in the field, bringing together the approaches developed by different research groups to progress in solid-state gas-sensors.

Original research articles, letters as well as review papers covering the different experimental and theoretical aspects of this topic are invited for submission. Core arguments include but are not limited to:

  • Metal oxide nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanowires, hierarchical nanostructures, pure and doped/functionalized metal oxides;
  • 2D materials, including graphene and related nanostructures, MoS2, WS2 and phosphorene;
  • Organic nanostructures, including carbon nanotubes, polymers, porphyrins and metalloporphyrins;
  • Composite materials and hybrid materials;
  • Models and computational simulations for the gas-nanostructures interaction.

Dr. Andrea Ponzoni
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Nanostructured metal oxides
  • Low dimensional materials
  • Hierarchical nanostructures
  • Metallic nanoparticles
  • Carbon-based nanostructures
  • Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins
  • Composite materials
  • Polymers
  • Molecular imprinted polymers
  • Modelling and simulations

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 5157 KiB  
Article
Silver Enhances Hematite Nanoparticles Based Ethanol Sensor Response and Selectivity at Room Temperature
by Daniel Garcia-Osorio, Pilar Hidalgo-Falla, Henrique E. M. Peres, Josue M. Gonçalves, Koiti Araki, Sergi Garcia-Segura and Gino Picasso
Sensors 2021, 21(2), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020440 - 09 Jan 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2863
Abstract
Gas sensors are fundamental for continuous online monitoring of volatile organic compounds. Gas sensors based on semiconductor materials have demonstrated to be highly competitive, but are generally made of expensive materials and operate at high temperatures, which are drawbacks of these technologies. Herein [...] Read more.
Gas sensors are fundamental for continuous online monitoring of volatile organic compounds. Gas sensors based on semiconductor materials have demonstrated to be highly competitive, but are generally made of expensive materials and operate at high temperatures, which are drawbacks of these technologies. Herein is described a novel ethanol sensor for room temperature (25 °C) measurements based on hematite (α‑Fe2O3)/silver nanoparticles. The AgNPs were shown to increase the oxide semiconductor charge carrier density, but especially to enhance the ethanol adsorption rate boosting the selectivity and sensitivity, thus allowing quantification of ethanol vapor in 2–35 mg L−1 range with an excellent linear relationship. In addition, the α-Fe2O3/Ag 3.0 wt% nanocomposite is cheap, and easy to make and process, imparting high perspectives for real applications in breath analyzers and/or sensors in food and beverage industries. This work contributes to the advance of gas sensing at ambient temperature as a competitive alternative for quantification of conventional volatile organic compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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14 pages, 3594 KiB  
Article
Electrospun ZnO/Pd Nanofibers: CO Sensing and Humidity Effect
by Vadim Platonov, Marina Rumyantseva, Nikolay Khmelevsky and Alexander Gaskov
Sensors 2020, 20(24), 7333; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247333 - 20 Dec 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2630
Abstract
Variable air humidity affects the characteristics of semiconductor metal oxides, which complicates the reliable and reproducible determination of CO content in ambient air by resistive gas sensors. In this work, we determined the sensor properties of electrospun ZnO and ZnO/Pd nanofibers in the [...] Read more.
Variable air humidity affects the characteristics of semiconductor metal oxides, which complicates the reliable and reproducible determination of CO content in ambient air by resistive gas sensors. In this work, we determined the sensor properties of electrospun ZnO and ZnO/Pd nanofibers in the detection of CO in dry and humid air, and investigated the sensing mechanism. The microstructure of the samples, palladium content, and oxidation state, type, and concentration of surface groups were characterized using complementary techniques: X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, XRD, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, XPS, and FTIR spectroscopy. The sensor properties of ZnO and ZnO/Pd nanofibers were studied at 100–450 °C in the concentration range of 5–15 ppm CO in dry (RH25 = 0%) and humid (RH25 = 60%) air. It was found that under humid conditions, ZnO completely loses its sensitivity to CO, while ZnO/Pd retains a high sensor response. On the basis of in situ diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results, it was concluded that high sensor response of ZnO/Pd nanofibers in dry and humid air was due to the electronic sensitization effect, which was not influenced by humidity change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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19 pages, 11401 KiB  
Article
NO2 Sensing with SWCNT Decorated by Nanoparticles in Temperature Pulsed Mode: Modeling and Characterization
by Enza Panzardi, Anna Lo Grasso, Valerio Vignoli, Marco Mugnaini, Pietro Lupetti and Ada Fort
Sensors 2020, 20(17), 4729; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174729 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2025
Abstract
In this paper, NO2 sensing by means of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) networks, decorated with nanoparticles of TiO2 and Au, is proposed. In particular, it is shown that the performance of these materials can be enhanced using pulsed temperature mode. This [...] Read more.
In this paper, NO2 sensing by means of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) networks, decorated with nanoparticles of TiO2 and Au, is proposed. In particular, it is shown that the performance of these materials can be enhanced using pulsed temperature mode. This sensing strategy effectiveness is theoretically and experimentally assessed. In this paper, in fact, a dynamic model for conductive gas sensors formed by networks of nanowires, considering the junctions between different wires as the main contribution to sensor conductance, and in the presence of the target gas, is presented and validated. The model accounts for variable temperature and gas concentration and sheds some light on the mechanisms leading to the sensor response improvement related to temperature pulsed working mode. It is also shown how the addition of a different material can be modeled through different surface adsorption kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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13 pages, 3001 KiB  
Article
Gas Sensing Properties of Cobalt Titanate with Multiscale Pore Structure: Experiment and Simulation
by Mingchun Li, Baoting Wang, Aili Tao and Shengfei Li
Sensors 2020, 20(6), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061787 - 24 Mar 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2876
Abstract
A diffusion-reaction coupled model was presented to investigate the effects of multiscale pore structure characteristics on gas sensing properties. A series of CoTiO3 powders with different pore size distributions were fabricated by sol-gel method. Experimental results on cobalt titanate thick films show [...] Read more.
A diffusion-reaction coupled model was presented to investigate the effects of multiscale pore structure characteristics on gas sensing properties. A series of CoTiO3 powders with different pore size distributions were fabricated by sol-gel method. Experimental results on cobalt titanate thick films show that a well-defined multiscale pore structure is particularly desired for the improvement of sensing performance, instead of just increasing the specific surface area. The theoretical responses of sensing elements with different pore size distributions were derived and compared with experimental data on CoTiO3 sensors exposed to ethanol. The calculated sensitivities considering the influence of pore size changes were also found to be in agreement with the experimental results. A dimensionless Thiele modulus Th was introduced for assessing the critical point corresponding to the transformation from surface reaction-controlled sensitivity into diffusion-controlled sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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14 pages, 5073 KiB  
Article
Highly Selective Adsorption on SiSe Monolayer and Effect of Strain Engineering: A DFT Study
by Quan Zhou, Lian Liu, Qipeng Liu, Zeping Wang, Chenshan Gao, Yufei Liu and Huaiyu Ye
Sensors 2020, 20(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20040977 - 12 Feb 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3058
Abstract
The adsorption types of ten kinds of gas molecules (O2, NH3, SO2, CH4, NO, H2S, H2, CO, CO2, and NO2) on the surface of SiSe monolayer are [...] Read more.
The adsorption types of ten kinds of gas molecules (O2, NH3, SO2, CH4, NO, H2S, H2, CO, CO2, and NO2) on the surface of SiSe monolayer are analyzed by the density-functional theory (DFT) calculation based on adsorption energy, charge density difference (CDD), electron localization function (ELF), and band structure. It shows high selective adsorption on SiSe monolayer that some gas molecules like SO2, NO, and NO2 are chemically adsorbed, while the NH3 molecule is physically adsorbed, the rest of the molecules are weakly adsorbed. Moreover, stress is applied to the SiSe monolayer to improve the adsorption strength of NH3. It has a tendency of increment with the increase of compressive stress. The strongest physical adsorption energy (−0.426 eV) is obtained when 2% compressive stress is added to the substrate in zigzag direction. The simple desorption is realized by decreasing the stress. Furthermore, based on the similar adsorption energy between SO2 and NH3 molecules, the co-adsorption of these two gases are studied. The results show that SO2 will promote the detection of NH3 in the case of SO2-NH3/SiSe configuration. Therefore, SiSe monolayer is a good candidate for NH3 sensing with strain engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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Review

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23 pages, 3763 KiB  
Review
Morphological Effects in SnO2 Chemiresistors for Ethanol Detection: A Review in Terms of Central Performances and Outliers
by Andrea Ponzoni
Sensors 2021, 21(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010029 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3228
Abstract
SnO2 is one of the most studied materials in gas sensing and is often used as a benchmark for other metal oxide-based gas sensors. To optimize its structural and functional features, the fine tuning of the morphology in nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets and [...] Read more.
SnO2 is one of the most studied materials in gas sensing and is often used as a benchmark for other metal oxide-based gas sensors. To optimize its structural and functional features, the fine tuning of the morphology in nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets and their eventual hierarchical organization has become an active field of research. In this paper, the different SnO2 morphologies reported in literature in the last five years are systematically compared in terms of response amplitude through a statistical approach. To have a dataset as homogeneous as possible, which is necessary for a reliable comparison, the analysis is carried out on sensors based on pure SnO2, focusing on ethanol detection in a dry air background as case study. Concerning the central performances of each morphology, results indicate that none clearly outperform the others, while a few individual materials emerge as remarkable outliers with respect to the whole dataset. The observed central performances and outliers may represent a suitable reference for future research activities in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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21 pages, 9450 KiB  
Review
Microfluidics in Gas Sensing and Artificial Olfaction
by Guilherme Rebordão, Susana I. C. J. Palma and Ana C. A. Roque
Sensors 2020, 20(20), 5742; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205742 - 09 Oct 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6821
Abstract
Rapid, real-time, and non-invasive identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases is an increasingly relevant field, with applications in areas such as healthcare, agriculture, or industry. Ideal characteristics of VOC and gas sensing devices used for artificial olfaction include portability and affordability, [...] Read more.
Rapid, real-time, and non-invasive identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases is an increasingly relevant field, with applications in areas such as healthcare, agriculture, or industry. Ideal characteristics of VOC and gas sensing devices used for artificial olfaction include portability and affordability, low power consumption, fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity. Microfluidics meets all these requirements and allows for in situ operation and small sample amounts, providing many advantages compared to conventional methods using sophisticated apparatus such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. This review covers the work accomplished so far regarding microfluidic devices for gas sensing and artificial olfaction. Systems utilizing electrical and optical transduction, as well as several system designs engineered throughout the years are summarized, and future perspectives in the field are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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Graphical abstract

Other

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12 pages, 3593 KiB  
Letter
Adsorption Properties of Pd3-Modified Double-Vacancy Defect Graphene toward SF6 Decomposition Products
by Jie Li, Lei Pang, Fuwei Cai, Xieyu Yuan and Fanyu Kong
Sensors 2020, 20(15), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154188 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1998
Abstract
In this study, we investigate Pd3-cluster-modified 555–777 graphene (Pd3-graphene) as a novel resistor-type gas sensor to detect SF6 decomposition products based on density functional theory calculations. We obtained and minutely analyzed the relevant parameters of each most stable [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigate Pd3-cluster-modified 555–777 graphene (Pd3-graphene) as a novel resistor-type gas sensor to detect SF6 decomposition products based on density functional theory calculations. We obtained and minutely analyzed the relevant parameters of each most stable adsorption configuration to explore the microscopic mechanism during gas adsorption. Theoretical results reveal that Pd3-graphene shows great adsorption capacity and sensitivity toward those decompositions. High adsorption energies and abundant charge transfer amounts could guarantee a stable adsorption structure of decomposition gases on Pd3-graphene surface. The complex change of density of states verifies a strong chemical reaction between the gases and the surface. Moreover, the conductivity of Pd3-graphene would improve due to the decrease of energy gap, and the sensitivity was calculated as SOF2 > H2S > SO2 > SO2 F2. This work provides an effective method to evaluate the operation status of SF6 gas-insulated equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensing Materials)
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