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11 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the New Sensor Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Promethazine Hydrochloride Determination

by Mirela Samardžić, Mateja Peršić, Aleksandar Széchenyi, Marija Jozanović, Iva Pukleš and Mateja Budetić

Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052641 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1434

Abstract

Promethazine hydrochloride (PM) is a widely used drug so its determination is important. Solid-contact potentiometric sensors could be an appropriate solution for that purpose due to their analytical properties. The aim of this research was to develop solid-contact sensor for potentiometric determination of [...] Read more.

Promethazine hydrochloride (PM) is a widely used drug so its determination is important. Solid-contact potentiometric sensors could be an appropriate solution for that purpose due to their analytical properties. The aim of this research was to develop solid-contact sensor for potentiometric determination of PM. It had a liquid membrane containing hybrid sensing material based on functionalized carbon nanomaterials and PM ions. The membrane composition for the new PM sensor was optimized by varying different membrane plasticizers and the content of the sensing material. The plasticizer was selected based on calculations of Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) and experimental data. The best analytical performances were obtained using a sensor with 2-nitrophenyl phenyl ether (NPPE) as the plasticizer and 4% of the sensing material. It had a Nernstian slope (59.4 mV/decade of activity), a wide working range (6.2 × 10⁻⁷ M–5.0 × 10⁻³ M), a low limit of detection (1.5 × 10⁻⁷ M), fast response time (6 s), low signal drift (−1.2 mV/h), and good selectivity. The working pH range of the sensor was between 2 and 7. The new PM sensor was successfully used for accurate PM determination in a pure aqueous PM solution and pharmaceutical products. For that purpose, the Gran method and potentiometric titration were used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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9 pages, 1375 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Facile Fluorometric Assay of Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase Activity Using a Selective Fluorogenic Reaction for Orotic Acid

by Takayuki Shibata, Tomohiro Narita, Yutaka Suto, Hasina Yasmin and Tsutomu Kabashima

Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2507; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052507 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) exists as a bifunctional enzyme, uridine 5′-monophosphate synthase, in mammalian cells and plays an important role in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Measuring OPRT activity has been considered important for understanding biological events and development of molecular-targeting drugs. In this study, we demonstrate [...] Read more.

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) exists as a bifunctional enzyme, uridine 5′-monophosphate synthase, in mammalian cells and plays an important role in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Measuring OPRT activity has been considered important for understanding biological events and development of molecular-targeting drugs. In this study, we demonstrate a novel fluorescence method for measuring OPRT activity in living cells. The technique utilizes 4-trifluoromethylbenzamidoxime (4-TFMBAO) as a fluorogenic reagent, which produces selective fluorescence for orotic acid. To perform the OPRT reaction, orotic acid was added to HeLa cell lysate, and a portion of the enzyme reaction mixture was heated at 80 °C for 4 min in the presence of 4-TFMBAO under basic conditions. The resulting fluorescence was measured using a spectrofluorometer, which reflects the consumption of orotic acid by the OPRT. After optimization of the reaction conditions, the OPRT activity was successfully determined in 15 min of enzyme reaction time without further procedures such as purification of OPRT or deproteination for the analysis. The activity obtained was compatible with the value measured by the radiometric method with [³H]-5-FU as the substrate. The present method provides a reliable and facile measurement of OPRT activity and could be useful for a variety of research fields targeting pyrimidine metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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10 pages, 3808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Boron–Rhodamine-Containing Carboxylic Acid as a Sugar Chemosensor

by Yuta Komori, Shun Sugimoto, Toranosuke Sato, Honoka Okawara, Ryo Watanabe, Yuki Takano, Satoshi Kitaoka and Yuya Egawa

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031528 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1667

Abstract

We propose a boron–rhodamine-containing carboxylic acid (BRhoC) substance as a new sugar chemosensor. BRhoC was obtained by the Friedel–Crafts reaction of 4-formylbenzoic acid and N,N-dimethylphenylboronic acid, followed by chloranil oxidation. In an aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.4, BRhoC exhibited an absorption [...] Read more.

We propose a boron–rhodamine-containing carboxylic acid (BRhoC) substance as a new sugar chemosensor. BRhoC was obtained by the Friedel–Crafts reaction of 4-formylbenzoic acid and N,N-dimethylphenylboronic acid, followed by chloranil oxidation. In an aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.4, BRhoC exhibited an absorption maximum (Abs_max) at 621 nm. Its molar absorption coefficient at Abs_max was calculated to be 1.4 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹, and it exhibited an emission maximum (Em_max) at 644 nm for the excitation at 621 nm. The quantum yield of BRhoC in CH₃OH was calculated to be 0.16. The borinate group of BRhoC reacted with a diol moiety of sugar to form a cyclic ester, which induced a change in the absorbance and fluorescence spectra. An increase in the D-fructose (Fru) concentration resulted in the red shift of the Abs_max (621 nm without sugar and 637 nm with 100 mM Fru) and Em_max (644 nm without sugar and 658 nm with 100 mM Fru) peaks. From the curve fitting of the plots of the fluorescence intensity ratio at 644 nm and 658 nm, the binding constants (K) were determined to be 2.3 × 10² M⁻¹ and 3.1 M⁻¹ for Fru and D-glucose, respectively. The sugar-binding ability and presence of a carboxyl group render BRhoC a suitable building block for the fabrication of highly advanced chemosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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14 pages, 2960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Dual-Signal SiO₂-COOH@MIPs Electrochemical Sensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Chloramphenicol in Milk

by Lingjun Geng, Mengyue Liu, Jingcheng Huang, Falan Li, Yanyan Zhang, Yemin Guo and Xia Sun

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031346 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1829

Abstract

In view of the great threat of chloramphenicol (CAP) to human health and the fact that a few producers have illegally used CAP in the food production process to seek economic benefits in disregard of laws and regulations and consumer health, we urgently [...] Read more.

In view of the great threat of chloramphenicol (CAP) to human health and the fact that a few producers have illegally used CAP in the food production process to seek economic benefits in disregard of laws and regulations and consumer health, we urgently need a detection method with convenient operation, rapid response, and high sensitivity capabilities to detect CAP in food to ensure people’s health. Herein, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor based on a dual-signal strategy was designed for the highly sensitive analysis of CAP in milk. The NiFe Prussian blue analog (NiFe-PBA) and SnS₂ nanoflowers were modified successively on the electrode surface to obtain dual signals from [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4− at 0.2 V and NiFe-PBA at 0.5 V. SiO₂-COOH@MIPs that could specifically recognize CAP were synthesized via thermal polymerization using carboxylated silica microspheres (SiO₂-COOH) as carriers. When the CAP was adsorbed by SiO₂-COOH@MIPs, the above two oxidation peak currents decreased at the same time, allowing the double-signal analysis. The SiO₂-COOH@MIPs/SnS₂/NiFe-PBA/GCE sensor used for determining CAP was successfully prepared. The sensor utilized the interactions of various nanomaterials to achieve high-sensitivity dual-signal detection, which had certain innovative significance. At the same time, the MIPs were synthesized using a surface molecular imprinting technology, which could omit the time of polymerization and elution and met the requirements for rapid detection. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the detection range of the sensor was 10⁻⁸ g/L–10⁻² g/L and the limit of detection reached 3.3 × 10⁻⁹ g/L (S/N = 3). The sensor had satisfactory specificity, reproducibility, and stability, and was successfully applied to the detection of real milk samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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11 pages, 2694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Pollution and Radiation Monitoring in Collective Protection Facilities

by Angelika Monika Kołacz, Monika Wiśnik-Sawka, Mirosław Maziejuk, Marek Natora, Władyslaw Harmata, Paweł Rytel and Dorota Gajda

Sensors 2023, 23(2), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020706 - 8 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1976

Abstract

It has become increasingly important to monitor environment contamination by such chemicals as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and industrial toxic chemicals (TICs), as well as radiation hazards around and inside collective protection facilities. This is especially important given the increased risk of terrorist [...] Read more.

It has become increasingly important to monitor environment contamination by such chemicals as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and industrial toxic chemicals (TICs), as well as radiation hazards around and inside collective protection facilities. This is especially important given the increased risk of terrorist or military attacks. The Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry (MICR) has constructed and developed the ALERT device for the effective monitoring of these threats. This device uses sensors that detect chemical and radiological contaminations in the air. The CWA detector is an ion mobility spectrometer, TICs are detected by electrochemical sensors, and radiation hazards are detected via Geiger–Muller tubes. The system was designed to protect the crew from contamination. When chemical or radioactive contamination is detected at the air inlet for the shelter, air filtration through a carbon filter is activated. At this time, the air test procedure at the filter outlet is started to test the condition of the filter on an ongoing basis. After detecting contamination at the filter outlet, the system turns off the air pumping and the service can start the procedure of replacing the damaged carbon filter. This paper presents the results of laboratory testing of the ALERT gas alarm detector, which showed high measurements for important parameters, including sensitivity, repeatability, accuracy, and speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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16 pages, 2220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Determination of Morin in Natural Food Using a Chitosan–Graphene Glassy Carbon Modified Electrode

by Edgar Nagles, Monica Bello and John J. Hurtado

Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7780; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207780 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1305

Abstract

This report presents a new application for the chitosan–graphene glassy carbon electrode (Ch-G/GCE) system in the determination of the hydroxyflavonoid morin (MR), one of the flavonoids with the highest favorable activity for people, due to its natural properties by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The [...] Read more.

This report presents a new application for the chitosan–graphene glassy carbon electrode (Ch-G/GCE) system in the determination of the hydroxyflavonoid morin (MR), one of the flavonoids with the highest favorable activity for people, due to its natural properties by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The anodic peak current for MR was observed at 0.50 V with an increase of 73% compared with the glassy carbon electrode unmodified. The surface areas of Ch-G/GCE, Ch/GCE and GCE evaluated by cyclic voltammetry were 0.140, 0.053 and 0.011 cm², respectively. Additionally, an increase greater than 100% compared to the electrode without modification was observed. The detection limit was 0.30 µmol/L for MR, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.8% (n = 6). Possible interferences as quercetin, rutin, and applications in real samples were also evaluated with very acceptable results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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17 pages, 5809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Triphenylamine-Based Flavonoid Fluorescent Probe with High Selectivity for Uranyl in Acid and High Water Systems

by Bing Liu, Wenbin Cui, Jianliang Zhou and Hongqing Wang

Sensors 2022, 22(18), 6987; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186987 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1868

Abstract

Developing a fluorescent probe for UO₂²⁺, which is resistant to interference from other ions such as Cu²⁺ and can be applied in acidic and high-water systems, has been a major challenge. In this study, a “turn-off” fluorescent probe for [...] Read more.

Developing a fluorescent probe for UO₂²⁺, which is resistant to interference from other ions such as Cu²⁺ and can be applied in acidic and high-water systems, has been a major challenge. In this study, a “turn-off” fluorescent probe for triamine-modified flavonoid derivatives, 2-triphenylamine-3-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (abbreviated to HTPAF), was synthesized. In the solvent system of dimethyl sulfoxide:H₂O (abbreviated to DMSO:H₂O) (v/v = 5:95 pH = 4.5), the HTPAF solution was excited with 364 nm light and showed a strong fluorescence emission peak at 474 nm with a Stokes shift of 110 nm. After the addition of UO₂²⁺, the fluorescence at 474 nm was quenched. More importantly, there was no interference in the presence of metal ions (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Th⁴⁺, La³⁺, etc.), especially Cu²⁺ and Al³⁺. It is worth noting that the theoretical model for the binding of UO₂²⁺ to HTPAF was derived by more detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations in this study, while the coordination mode was further verified using HRMS, FT-IR and ¹HNMR, demonstrating a coordination ratio of 1:2. In addition, the corresponding photo-induced electron transfer (PET) fluorescence quenching mechanism was also proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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16 pages, 3450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Digital Image Colorimetric Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Explosives Using Polymer Gel Sensors

by Yudtapum Thipwimonmas, Adul Thiangchanya, Apichai Phonchai, Sittipoom Thainchaiwattana, Wachirawit Jomsati, Sunisa Jomsati, Kunanunt Tayayuth and Warakorn Limbut

Sensors 2021, 21(23), 8041; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238041 - 1 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2470

Abstract

Polymer gel sensors on 96-well plates were successfully used to detect four different multi-explosives, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), nitrite, and perchlorate. The products of reactions between the explosives and the polymer gel sensors were digitally captured, and the images were analyzed by [...] Read more.

Polymer gel sensors on 96-well plates were successfully used to detect four different multi-explosives, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), nitrite, and perchlorate. The products of reactions between the explosives and the polymer gel sensors were digitally captured, and the images were analyzed by a developed Red–Green–Blue (RGB) analyzer program on a notebook computer. RGB color analysis provided the basic color data of the reaction products for the quantification of the explosives. The results provided good linear range, sensitivity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, specificity, interference tolerance, and recovery. The method demonstrated great potential to detect explosives by colorimetric analysis of digital images of samples on 96-well plates. It is possible to apply the proposed method for quantitative on-site field screening of multi-explosives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors in Analytical Chemistry)

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