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Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 12225

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Walid Harizi

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Guest Editor

Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Roberval (Mechanics, Energy and Electricity), Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne CEDEX, France
Interests: composite materials & structures ; structural health monitoring; NDT: acoustic emission, ultrasonics, thermography, digital image correlation, tomography…; SMART materials; piezoelectric transducers; damage mechanisms…

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“Structural Health Monitoring, SHM” works are very multidisciplinary and aim, generally, to develop SMART materials and structures that directly convey information on their health state. The piezoelectric transducers, working in passive mode (acoustic emission sensors, capacitive measurement, electrical and/or electromechanical impedance measurements, electrical voltage and charge measurements, ...) and active one (generators of ultrasonic waves and vibrations, frequency response and modal analysis monitoring, non-linear vibration analysis (super- and sub-harmonic harmonic frequencies), acousto-ultrasonic and vibroacoustic testing,...), can be integrated into the core of material/structure or implanted on its surface in order to detect and monitor in real-time its damage mechanisms following thermal and/or mechanical stresses. In this context, this Special Issue entitled "Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers" aims to make a point about the recent advances in the use of piezoelectric transducers (as: PZT (lead zirconate titanate) piezoceramic disks/wafers; PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers (e.g., P(VDF/TrFE)); SMART layers; PFCs (piezoelectric fiber composites: AFCs/MFCs (active/macro fiber composites); PZT layers; Piezocomposite films; ASF (active structural fiber); SAW (surface acoustic wave);...) for the health state monitoring of polymer, composite, metallic, hybrid or property gradient materials and structures. The research activities on transducers are the core business of the journal "Sensors".

Dr. Walid Harizi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
Polymer, Composite and Metallic Materials
Piezoelectric Transducers (PZT, PVDF, P(VDF/TrFE), SMART layers, PFCs, Piezocomposite films, ASF, SAW…)
SMART Materials & Structures
Thermal and/or Mechanical Stresses
Damage Mechanisms

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridge Damage Identification Using Deep Neural Networks on Time–Frequency Signals Representation

by Pasquale Santaniello and Paolo Russo

Sensors 2023, 23(13), 6152; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136152 - 4 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

For the purpose of maintaining and prolonging the service life of civil constructions, structural damage must be closely monitored. Monitoring the incidence, formation, and spread of damage is crucial to ensure a structure’s ongoing performance. This research proposes a unique approach for multiclass damage detection using acceleration responses based on synchrosqueezing transform (SST) together with deep learning algorithms. In particular, our pipeline is able to classify correctly the time series representing the responses of accelerometers placed on a bridge, which are classified with respect to different types of damage scenarios applied to the bridge. Using benchmark data from the Z24 bridge for multiclass classification for different damage situations, the suggested method is validated. This dataset includes labeled accelerometer measurements from a real-world bridge that has been gradually damaged by various conditions. The findings demonstrate that the suggested approach is successful in exploiting pre-trained 2D convolutional neural networks, obtaining a high classification accuracy that can be further boosted by the application of simple voting methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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18 pages, 40385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Procedure for Bonding Piezoelectric Transducers to Thermoplastic Composite Structures for SHM Application and Its Durability in Aeronautical Environmental Conditions

by Tasdeeq Sofi, Maria R. Gude, Peter Wierach, Isabel Martin and Eduardo Lorenzo

Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4784; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104784 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1337

Abstract

Piezoceramic transducers (PCTs) bonded to carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite structures must be durable as well as remain properly bonded to the structure in order to provide reliable data for accurate guided-wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) of aeronautical components. The current method of bonding transducers to composite structures through epoxy adhesives faces some shortcomings, such as difficult reparability, lack of weldability, longer curing cycles, and shorter shelf life. To overcome these shortcomings, a new efficient procedure for bonding the transducers to thermoplastic (TP) composite structures was developed by utilizing TP adhesive films. Application-suitable TP films (TPFs) were identified and characterized through standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and single lap shear (SLS) tests to study their melting behavior and bonding strength, respectively. Special PCTs called acousto-ultrasonic composite transducers (AUCTs) were bonded to high-performance TP composites (carbon fiber Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone) coupons with a reference adhesive (Loctite EA 9695) and the selected TPFs. The integrity and durability of the bonded AUCTs in aeronautical operational environmental conditions (AOEC) were assessed in accordance to the standard Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics DO-160. The AOEC tests performed were operating low and high temperatures, thermal cycling, hot-wet, and fluid susceptibility tests. The health and bonding quality of the AUCTs were evaluated by the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) spectroscopy method and ultrasonic inspections. The AUCT defects were created artificially and their influence on the susceptance spectra (SS) was measured to compare them with the AOEC-tested AUCTs. The results show that a small change occurred in the SS characteristics of the bonded AUCTs in all of the adhesive cases after the AOEC tests. After comparing the changes in SS characteristics of simulated defects with that of the AOEC-tested AUCTs, the change is relatively smaller and therefore it can be concluded that no serious degradation of the AUCT or the adhesive layer has occurred. It was observed that the most critical tests among the AOEC tests are the fluid susceptibility tests, which can cause the biggest change in the SS characteristics. Comparing the performance of the AUCTs bonded with the reference adhesive and the selected TPFs in the AOEC tests, it was seen that some of the TPFs, e.g., Pontacol 22.100 outperforms the reference adhesive, while the other TPFs have similar performance to that of the reference adhesive. Therefore, in conclusion, the AUCTs bonded with the selected TPFs can withstand the operational and environmental conditions of an aircraft structure, and hence, the proposed procedure is easily installed, reparable, and a more reliable method of bonding sensors to aircraft structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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20 pages, 11260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Study of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) Materials Using Nonlinear Vibration Methods Based on Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers

by Loan Dolbachian, Walid Harizi and Zoheir Aboura

Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3677; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073677 - 1 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1580

Abstract

Nowadays, nonlinear vibration methods are increasingly used for the detection of damage mechanisms in polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials, which are anisotropic and heterogeneous. The originality of this study was the use of two nonlinear vibration methods to detect different types of damage within PMC through an in situ embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric sensor. The two used methods are nonlinear resonance (NLR) and single frequency excitation (SFE). They were first tested on damage introduced during the manufacturing of the smart PMC plates, and second, on the damage that occurred after the manufacturing. The results show that both techniques are interesting, and probably a combination of them will be the best choice for SHM purposes. During the experimentation, an accelerometer was used, in order to validate the effectiveness of the integrated PVDF sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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16 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A PCA-Based Approach for Very Early-Age Hydration Monitoring of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Embedded PZT Sensors

by Qunfeng Liu, Yifan Mu, Xiaoting Li, Xing Wu and Xiang Ren

Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3627; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073627 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1322

Abstract

This work proposed a novel approach based on principal component analyses (PCAs) to monitor the very early-age hydration of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with varying replacement ratios of fly ash (FA) to cement at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, respectively. Based on the conductance signatures obtained from electromechanical impedance (EMI) tests, the effect of the FA content on the very early-age hydration of SCCs was indicated by the predominant resonance shifts, the statistical metrics, and the contribution ratios of principal components, quantitatively. Among the three, the PCA-based approach not only provided robust indices to predict the setting times with physical implications but also captured the liquid-solid transition elongation (1.5 h) during the hydration of SCC specimens with increasing FA replacement ratios from 0% to 45%. The results demonstrated that the PCA-based approach was more accurate and robust for quantitative hydration monitoring than the conventional penetration resistance test and the other two counterpart indices based on EMI tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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17 pages, 10207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Composite Thickness on Ultrasonic Guided Wave Propagation for Damage Detection

by Tianyi Feng, Zahra Sharif Khodaei and M. H. Ferri Aliabadi

Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7799; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207799 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1620

Abstract

In this paper, the propagation properties of ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) in different-thickness composites (i.e., 2, 4 and 9 mm) were critically assessed, and their effectiveness for damage detections and localisations under varying temperatures was demonstrated. A diagnostic film with phased-array lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers based on the ink-jet printing technique was used in the experiments. Initially, the dispersion curves for these composites were compared. Next, the effects of the composite thickness on the A₀ and S₀ mode amplitudes and the group velocity were investigated by active sensing. Next, the behaviours of UGWs under varying temperatures in different-thickness plates were also investigated. Finally, surface-mounted artificial damage and impact damage were detected and located in different composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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24 pages, 2450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Variable Kinematic Multifield Model for the Lamb Wave Propagation Analysis in Smart Panels

by Jamal Najd, Enrico Zappino, Erasmo Carrera, Walid Harizi and Zoheir Aboura

Sensors 2022, 22(16), 6168; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166168 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

The present paper assessed the use of variable kinematic two-dimensional elements in the dynamic analysis of Lamb waves propagation in an isotropic plate with piezo-patches. The multi-field finite element model used in this work was based on the Carrera Unified Formulation which offers a versatile application enabling the model to apply the desired order theory. The used variable kinematic model allowed for the kinematic model to vary in space, thereby providing the possibility to implement a classical plate model in collaboration with a refined kinematic model in selected areas where higher order kinematics are needed. The propagation of the symmetric (

S_{0}

) and the antisymmetric (

A_{0}

) fundamental lamb waves in an isotropic strip was considered in both mechanical and piezo-elastic plate models. The convergence of the models was discussed for different kinematics approaches, under different mesh refinement, and under different time steps. The results were compared to the exact solution proposed in the literature in order to assess and further determine the effects of the different parameters used when dynamically modeling a Lamb wave propagating in such material. It was shown that the higher order kinematic models delivered a higher accuracy of the propagating wave evaluated using the corresponding Time Of Flight (TOF). Upon using the appropriate mesh refinement of 2000 elements and sufficient time steps of 4000 steps, the error between the TOF obtained analytically and numerically using a high order kinematics was found to be less than 1% for both types of fundamental Lamb waves

S_{0}

and

A_{0}

. Node-dependent kinematics models were also exploited in wave propagation to decrease the computational cost and to study their effect on the accuracy of the obtained results. The obtained results show, in both the mechanical and the piezo-electric models, that a reduction in the computational cost of up to 50% can be easily attained using such models while maintaining an error inferior to 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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16 pages, 13805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lamb Wave-Based Damage Localization and Quantification in Composites Using Probabilistic Imaging Algorithm and Statistical Method

by Jiahui Guo, Xianping Zeng, Qijian Liu and Xinlin Qing

Sensors 2022, 22(13), 4810; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134810 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2128

Abstract

Quantitatively and accurately monitoring the damage to composites is critical for estimating the remaining life of structures and determining whether maintenance is essential. This paper proposed an active sensing method for damage localization and quantification in composite plates. The probabilistic imaging algorithm and the statistical method were introduced to reduce the impact of composite anisotropy on the accuracy of damage detection. The matching pursuit decomposition (MPD) algorithm was utilized to extract the precise TOF for damage detection. The damage localization was realized by comprehensively evaluating the damage probability evaluation results of all sensing paths in the monitoring area. Meanwhile, the scattering source was recognized on the elliptical trajectory obtained through the TOF of each sensing path to estimate the damage size. Damage size was characterized by the Gaussian kernel probability density distribution of scattering sources. The algorithm was validated by through-thickness hole damages of various locations and sizes in composite plates. The experimental results demonstrated that the localization and quantification absolute error are within 11 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively, with a sensor spacing of 100 mm. The algorithm proposed in this paper can accurately locate and quantify damage in composite plate-like structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Transducers)

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