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GNSS and Emerging Applications
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GNSS and Emerging Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2020) | Viewed by 22183

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Changdon Kee

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Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University
Dr. Euiho Kim

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Guest Editor
Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Korea
Interests: precise positioning; alternative positioning in GNSS harsh environment; sensor fusion
Dr. Jiwon Seo

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Guest Editor
School of Integrated Technology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
Interests: positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) technology; global positioning system (GPS); eLoran; alternative PNT (APNT); indoor positioning systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has made tremendous impacts on engineering, science as well as our daily life from its precise positioning and timing capability and has become an indispensable sensor in various fields. For example, aircraft navigation and surveillance from take-off to land primarily depend on GNSS. The structural health of high-rise buildings and bridges is routinely monitored from GNSS-based precise positioning. Time synchronization among base stations of a cellular network is achieved within tens of nanoseconds using GNSS timing information. More recently, autonomous cars and drones primarily depend on GNSS for its navigation capability, and various Internet-of-Things (IOT) applications also utilize GNSS-based positioning information to analyze consumer behaviors of smartphone users.

In the near future, the number of GNSS satellites will increase with a stronger signal power in diverse frequencies, which is expected to provide a better or breakthrough sensing capability to many applications. This special issue intends to solicit papers that introduce the use of GNSS to solve challenging problems in emerging applications. The use of alternative position, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems to GNSS is also within the scope of this issue.

Prof. Changdon Kee
Prof. Euiho Kim
Prof. Jiwon Seo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • positioning, navigation, localization, timing
  • internet-of-things
  • remote sensing
  • signal interference, jamming, spoofing
  • sensor fusion, integrated navigation
  • smart devices
  • cyber physical systems
  • inertial measurement unit
  • autonomous cars, unmanned aerial vehicles
  • alternative, backup, and complementary PNT

Published Papers (7 papers)

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19 pages, 6060 KiB  
Article
A Low-Cost, High-Precision Vehicle Navigation System for Deep Urban Multipath Environment Using TDCP Measurements
by Jungbeom Kim, Minhuck Park, Yonghwan Bae, O-Jong Kim, Donguk Kim, Bugyeom Kim and Changdon Kee
Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3254; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113254 - 7 Jun 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3875
Abstract
In this study, we developed a low-cost, high-precision vehicle navigation system for deep urban multipath environments using time-differenced carrier phase (TDCP) measurements. Although many studies are being conducted to navigate autonomous vehicles using the global positioning system (GPS), it is difficult to obtain [...] Read more.
In this study, we developed a low-cost, high-precision vehicle navigation system for deep urban multipath environments using time-differenced carrier phase (TDCP) measurements. Although many studies are being conducted to navigate autonomous vehicles using the global positioning system (GPS), it is difficult to obtain accurate navigation solutions due to multipath errors in urban environments. Low-cost GPS receivers that determine the solution based on pseudorange measurements are vulnerable to multipath errors. We used carrier phase measurements that are more robust for multipath errors. Without correction information from reference stations, the limited information of a low-cost, single-frequency receiver makes it difficult to quickly and accurately determine integer ambiguity of carrier phase measurements. We used TDCP measurements to eliminate the need to determine integer ambiguity that is time-invariant and we combined TDCP-based GPS with an inertial navigation system to overcome deep urban multipath environments. Furthermore, we considered a cycle slip algorithm for its accuracy and a multi-constellation navigation system for its availability. The results of dynamic field tests in a deep urban area indicated that it could achieve horizontal accuracy of at the submeter level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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21 pages, 10483 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by the 2018 Bering Sea Meteor Explosion Based on GPS Observations
by Yiyong Luo, Yibin Yao and Lulu Shan
Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113201 - 4 Jun 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2458
Abstract
The Bering Sea meteor explosion that occurred on 18 December 2018 provides a good opportunity to study the ionospheric disturbances caused by meteor explosions. Total electron content (TEC) is the core parameter of ionospheric analysis. TEC and its changes can be accurately estimated [...] Read more.
The Bering Sea meteor explosion that occurred on 18 December 2018 provides a good opportunity to study the ionospheric disturbances caused by meteor explosions. Total electron content (TEC) is the core parameter of ionospheric analysis. TEC and its changes can be accurately estimated based on the Global Positioning System (GPS). TID is detected in time and frequency domain based on power spectrum and Butterworth filtering method. By analyzing the waveform, period, wavelength, propagation speed and space-time distribution of TID, the location of the TID source is determined, and the process of TID formation and propagation is understood. The TID caused by meteor explosions has significant anisotropy characteristic. Two types of TID were found. For the first type, the average horizontal propagation velocity is 250.22 ± 5.98 m/s, the wavelength is ~135–240 km, the average period is about 12 min, and the propagation distance is less than 1400 km. About 8 min after the meteor explosion, the first type of TID source formed and propagated radially at the velocity of 250.22 ± 5.98 m/s. For the second type, the propagation velocity is ~434.02 m/s. According to the waveform, period, wavelength and propagation velocity of the TID, it is diagnosed to be the midscale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID). Based on the characteristics of TID, we infer that the TID is excited by the gravity waves generated by the meteor explosion, which is in accordance with the propagation law of gravity waves in the ionosphere. And it is estimated that the average velocity of the up-going gravity waves is about 464.58 m/s. A simple model was established to explain the formation and the propagation of this TID, and to verify the characteristics of the TID propagation caused by nuclear explosion, earthquake, tsunami, and Chelyabinsk meteorite blast. It is estimated that the position of the TID source is consistent with the meteor explosion point, which further indicates that the TID is caused by the meteor explosion and propagates radially. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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16 pages, 7531 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Smoothness Constraint Ionospheric Tomography Algorithm
by Debao Wen, Dengkui Mei and Yanan Du
Sensors 2020, 20(8), 2404; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082404 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1903
Abstract
Ionospheric tomography reconstruction based on global navigation satellite system observations is usually an ill-posed problem. To resolve it, an adaptive smoothness constraint ionospheric tomography algorithm is proposed in this work. The new algorithm performs an adaptive adjustment for the constrained weight coefficients of [...] Read more.
Ionospheric tomography reconstruction based on global navigation satellite system observations is usually an ill-posed problem. To resolve it, an adaptive smoothness constraint ionospheric tomography algorithm is proposed in this work. The new algorithm performs an adaptive adjustment for the constrained weight coefficients of the tomography system. The computational efficiency and the reconstructed quality of ionospheric imaging are improved by using the new algorithm. A numerical simulation experiment was conducted in order to validate the feasibility and superiority of the algorithm. The statistical results of the reconstructed errors and the comparisons of ionospheric profiles confirmed the superiority of the new algorithm. Finally, the new algorithm was successfully applied to reconstruct three-dimensional ionospheric images under geomagnetic quiet and geomagnetic disturbance conditions over Hunan province. The tomographic results are reasonable and consistent with the general behavior of the ionosphere. The positive and negative phase storm effects are found during geomagnetic storm occurrence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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11 pages, 3082 KiB  
Article
Imaging the Three-Dimensional Ionospheric Structure with a Blob Basis Functional Ionospheric Tomography Model
by Debao Wen, Dengkui Mei and Yanan Du
Sensors 2020, 20(8), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082182 - 12 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2168
Abstract
A new ionospheric tomography model is presented in this work. In the new model, the traditional voxel basis function is replaced by the blob basis function. Due to the overlapping nature of their rotational symmetric basis functions, the new model introduces certain weighting [...] Read more.
A new ionospheric tomography model is presented in this work. In the new model, the traditional voxel basis function is replaced by the blob basis function. Due to the overlapping nature of their rotational symmetric basis functions, the new model introduces certain weighting from nearby tomographic spherical blobs. To confirm the feasibility of the new tomography model, a numerical simulation scheme is devised, and the simulation demonstrates that the reconstructed quality of the blob basis tomographic model is higher than that of the voxel basis tomographic model. Meanwhile, the variable blob radius is adopted in order to improve the efficiency of the new model. Finally, the new ionospheric tomography model is applied to reconstruct the temporal-spatial distribution of ionospheric electron density using actual global navigation satellite system observations. The comparisons between the tomographic profiles and those obtained from ionosonde data further demonstrate the reliability and the superiority of the new ionospheric tomography model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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22 pages, 12654 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of Direct GPS Spoofing Detection Method with AHRS/Accelerometer
by Keum-Cheol Kwon and Duk-Sun Shim
Sensors 2020, 20(4), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20040954 - 11 Feb 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3295
Abstract
The global positioning system (GPS) is an essential technology that provides positioning capabilities and is used in various applications such as navigation, surveying, mapping, robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), location-based service (LBS), etc. However, the GPS is known to be vulnerable to [...] Read more.
The global positioning system (GPS) is an essential technology that provides positioning capabilities and is used in various applications such as navigation, surveying, mapping, robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), location-based service (LBS), etc. However, the GPS is known to be vulnerable to intentional attacks such as spoofing because of its simple signal structure. In this study, a direct method is proposed for GPS spoofing detection, using Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) accelerometer and analyzing the detection performance with corresponding probability density functions (PDFs). The difference in the acceleration between the GPS receiver and the accelerometer is used to detect spoofing. The magnitude of the acceleration error may be used as a decision variable. Additionally, using the magnitude of the north (or east) component of the acceleration error as another decision variable is proposed, which shows better performance in some conditions. The performance of the two decision variables is compared by calculating the probability of spoofing detection and the detectable minimum spoofing acceleration (DMSA), given a pre-defined false alarm probability and a pre-defined detection probability. It turns out that both decision variables need to be used together to obtain the best spoofing detection performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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20 pages, 10992 KiB  
Article
GNSS-ISE: Instruction Set Extension for GNSS Baseband Processing
by Krzysztof Marcinek and Witold A. Pleskacz
Sensors 2020, 20(2), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020465 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3372
Abstract
This work presents the results of research toward designing an instruction set extension dedicated to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) baseband processing. The paper describes the state-of-the-art techniques of GNSS receiver implementation. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Against this background, a new [...] Read more.
This work presents the results of research toward designing an instruction set extension dedicated to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) baseband processing. The paper describes the state-of-the-art techniques of GNSS receiver implementation. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Against this background, a new versatile instruction set extension for GNSS baseband processing is presented. The authors introduce improved mechanisms for instruction set generation focused on multi-channel processing. The analytical approach used by the authors leads to the introduction of a GNSS-instruction set extension (ISE) for GNSS baseband processing. The developed GNSS-ISE is simulated extensively using PC software and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) emulation. Finally, the developed GNSS-ISE is incorporated into the first-in-the-world, according to the authors’ best knowledge, integrated, multi-frequency, and multi-constellation microcontroller with embedded flash memory. Additionally, this microcontroller may serve as an application processor, which is a unique feature. The presented results show the feasibility of implementing the GNSS-ISE into an embedded microprocessor system and its capability of performing baseband processing. The developed GNSS-ISE can be implemented in a wide range of applications including smart IoT (internet of things) devices or remote sensors, fostering the adaptation of multi-frequency and multi-constellation GNSS receivers to the low-cost consumer mass-market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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20 pages, 9795 KiB  
Technical Note
An Online SBAS Service to Improve Drone Navigation Performance in High-Elevation Masked Areas
by Hyojung Yoon, Hyojeong Seok, Cheolsoon Lim and Byungwoon Park
Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113047 - 27 May 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4378
Abstract
Owing to the high demand for drone operation in high-elevation masked areas, it is necessary to develop a more effective method of transmitting and applying Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) messages for drones. This study proposes an onboard module including correction conversion, integrity information [...] Read more.
Owing to the high demand for drone operation in high-elevation masked areas, it is necessary to develop a more effective method of transmitting and applying Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) messages for drones. This study proposes an onboard module including correction conversion, integrity information calculation, and fast initialization requests, which can enable the application of an online SBAS to drone operation. The proposed system not only improves the position accuracy with timely and proper protection levels in an open sky, but also reduces the initialization time from 70–100 s to 1 s, enabling a drone of short endurance to perform its mission successfully. In SBAS signal-denied cases, the position accuracy was improved by 40% and the uncorrected 13.4 m vertical error was reduced to 5.6 m by applying an SBAS message delivered online. The protection levels calculated with the accurate position regardless of the current location could denote the thrust level and availability of the navigation solution. The proposed system can practically solve the drawbacks of the current SBAS, considering the characteristics of the low-cost receivers on the market. Our proposed system is expected to be a useful and practical solution to integrate drones into the airspace in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS and Emerging Applications)
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