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Design of Piezoelectric Actuator and Sensor Configurations Implemented in Operational Environment

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 4403

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Theofanis S. Plagianakos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Control Systems Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
Interests: structural dynamics; adaptive structures; piezoelectric energy harvesting
Dr. Nikolaos A. Chrysochoidis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research and Teaching Faculty, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Interests: structural dynamics; vibration mitigation; energy harvesting; smart structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Piezoelectric transducers have been thoroughly studied in the last 35 years analytically, numerically, and experimentally, mainly as part of configurations for applications in structural dynamics, SHM, and acoustics. While research interest in the use of piezoelectric actuators and sensors for vibration sensing and damping, energy harvesting, and structural health monitoring is continuously rising, their implementation in operating structures has yet to be established accordingly. Nevertheless, the Internet of Things era seems to favor the use of high-end robust transducers. To that end, an overview of on-field implementation of piezoelectric transducers would provide vital information to researchers, entrepreneurs, and industrial engineers for coming up with realistic roadmaps when designing devices with piezoelectric components.

This Special Issue is dedicated to the design of configurations and devices incorporating piezoelectric transducers to be implemented in an operational environment. It aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the applicability of piezoelectric transducers and their on-field performance, including capabilities and limitations. In this context, high-quality papers are invited within a wide range of scientific fields, such as structural vibrations, energy harvesting, structural health monitoring and fault detection, power production from aeroelastic loading, acoustics, robotics and control, wearable devices, biomedical applications, sensor fatigue, morphing structures, etc. Fields of application include but are not limited to aircrafts/rotorcrafts, automotive and railway, wind turbines, robots, naval applications, aerospace, biomedical implants, civil engineering applications, etc.

Dr. Theofanis S. Plagianakos
Dr. Nikolaos A. Chrysochoidis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • piezoelectric actuators and sensors
  • energy harvesting
  • sensor topology optimization
  • adaptive structure control
  • morphing structures
  • structural health monitoring and fault detection
  • fatigue of piezoelectric transducers
  • piezoelectric transducers in IoT applications
  • piezoelectric wearables

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 14098 KiB  
Article
The Design and Ground Test Verification of an Energy-Efficient Wireless System for the Fatigue Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades Based on Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
by Theofanis Plagianakos, Nikolaos Chrysochoidis, Georgios Bolanakis, Nikolaos Leventakis, Nikolaos Margelis, Manolis Sotiropoulos, Fotis Giannopoulos, Grigoris-Christos Kardarakos, Christos Spandonidis, Evangelos Papadopoulos and Dimitris Saravanos
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2480; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082480 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 307
Abstract
A wireless monitoring system based on piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) is presented to provide fatigue data of wind turbine blades in operation. The system comprises three subsystems, each respectively providing the following functions: (i) the conversion of mechanical to electric energy by exploiting [...] Read more.
A wireless monitoring system based on piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) is presented to provide fatigue data of wind turbine blades in operation. The system comprises three subsystems, each respectively providing the following functions: (i) the conversion of mechanical to electric energy by exploiting the bistable vibration of a composite beam with piezoelectric patches in post-buckling, (ii) harvesting the converted energy by means of a modified, commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS) circuit to feed a LiPo battery and (iii) the battery-powered acquisition and wireless transmission of sensory signals to the cloud to be elaborated upon by the end-user. The system was verified with ground tests under representative operation conditions, which demonstrated the fulfillment of the design requirements. The measurements indicated that the system provided 23% of the required power for fully autonomous operation when subjected to white noise base excitation of 1 g acceleration in the range of 1–20 Hz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Piezoelectric Actuator and Sensor Configurations Implemented in Operational Environment)
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17 pages, 5158 KiB  
Article
Durability Assessment of Bonded Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Aircraft Health Monitoring Applications
by Jesús N. Eiras, Ludovic Gavérina and Jean-Michel Roche
Sensors 2024, 24(2), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020450 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 807
Abstract
This study conducted experimental and numerical investigations on piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWASs) bonded to an aluminum plate to assess the impact of bonding degradation on Lamb wave generation. Three surface-bonded PWASs were examined, including one intentionally bonded with a reduced adhesive to [...] Read more.
This study conducted experimental and numerical investigations on piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWASs) bonded to an aluminum plate to assess the impact of bonding degradation on Lamb wave generation. Three surface-bonded PWASs were examined, including one intentionally bonded with a reduced adhesive to create a defective bond. Thermal cyclic aging was applied, monitoring through laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and static capacitance measurements. The PWAS with the initially defective bond exhibited the poorest performance over aging cycles, emphasizing the significance of the initial bond condition. As debonding progressed, modifications in electromechanical behavior were observed, leading to a reduction in wave amplitude and distortion of the generated wave field, challenging the validity of existing analytical modeling of wave-tuning curves for perfectly bonded PWASs. Both numerical simulations and experimental observations substantiated this finding. In conclusion, this study highlights the imperative of a high-integrity bond for the proper functioning of a guided wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) system, emphasizing ongoing challenges in assessing SHM performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Piezoelectric Actuator and Sensor Configurations Implemented in Operational Environment)
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15 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
A Deep Learning Approach for Autonomous Compression Damage Identification in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using Piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate Transducers
by George M. Sapidis, Ioannis Kansizoglou, Maria C. Naoum, Nikos A. Papadopoulos and Constantin E. Chalioris
Sensors 2024, 24(2), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020386 - 09 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1010
Abstract
Effective damage identification is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and preventing catastrophic failures of concrete structures. Although various methods have been introduced in the literature, developing robust and reliable structural health monitoring (SHM) procedures remains an open research challenge. This study proposes a [...] Read more.
Effective damage identification is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and preventing catastrophic failures of concrete structures. Although various methods have been introduced in the literature, developing robust and reliable structural health monitoring (SHM) procedures remains an open research challenge. This study proposes a new approach utilizing a 1-D convolution neural network to identify the formation of cracks from the raw electromechanical impedance (EMI) signature of externally bonded piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers. Externally bonded PZT transducers were used to determine the EMI signature of fiber-reinforced concrete specimens subjected to monotonous and repeatable compression loading. A leave-one-specimen-out cross-validation scenario was adopted for the proposed SHM approach for a stricter and more realistic validation procedure. The experimental study and the obtained results clearly demonstrate the capacity of the introduced approach to provide autonomous and reliable damage identification in a PZT-enabled SHM system, with a mean accuracy of 95.24% and a standard deviation of 5.64%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Piezoelectric Actuator and Sensor Configurations Implemented in Operational Environment)
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19 pages, 4377 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity of Piezoelectric Stack Actuators
by Xishan Jiang, Jing Zheng, Ning Wang and Jie Pan
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9542; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239542 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 532
Abstract
This paper investigates the properties of a mass−attached piezoelectric stack actuator and analyzes its sensitivity, which is defined as the spectrum of the driving force (the output) caused by a single−frequency voltage (the input). The force spectrum is utilized because of the nonlinear [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the properties of a mass−attached piezoelectric stack actuator and analyzes its sensitivity, which is defined as the spectrum of the driving force (the output) caused by a single−frequency voltage (the input). The force spectrum is utilized because of the nonlinear hysteresis effect of the piezoelectric stack. The sensitivity analysis shows that the nonlinear dynamics of the actuator can be interpreted as a cascade of two subsystems: a nonlinear hysteresis subsystem and a linear mechanical subsystem. Analytical solutions of the nonlinear differential equations are proposed, which show that the nonlinear transformation can be described by a steady−state mapping of a single−frequency voltage input to a multiple−frequency driving force at the driving frequency and its odd harmonics. The steady−state sensitivity is then determined by the response of the mechanical subsystem to the line spectrum of the driving force. The maximum sensitivity can be achieved by setting the frequency of the input voltage close to the natural frequency of the mechanical subsystem. The analytical model is also validated by a numerical model and experimental results and it may be used for the analysis and design of piezoelectric actuators with different structural configurations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Piezoelectric Actuator and Sensor Configurations Implemented in Operational Environment)
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Review

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19 pages, 3058 KiB  
Review
A Review of Approaches for Mitigating Effects from Variable Operational Environments on Piezoelectric Transducers for Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring
by Andreas J. Brunner
Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7979; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187979 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1176
Abstract
Extending the service life of ageing infrastructure, transportation structures, and processing and manufacturing plants in an era of limited resources has spurred extensive research and development in structural health monitoring systems and their integration. Even though piezoelectric transducers are not the only sensor [...] Read more.
Extending the service life of ageing infrastructure, transportation structures, and processing and manufacturing plants in an era of limited resources has spurred extensive research and development in structural health monitoring systems and their integration. Even though piezoelectric transducers are not the only sensor technology for SHM, they are widely used for data acquisition from, e.g., wave-based or vibrational non-destructive test methods such as ultrasonic guided waves, acoustic emission, electromechanical impedance, vibration monitoring or modal analysis, but also provide electric power via local energy harvesting for equipment operation. Operational environments include mechanical loads, e.g., stress induced deformations and vibrations, but also stochastic events, such as impact of foreign objects, temperature and humidity changes (e.g., daily and seasonal or process-dependent), and electromagnetic interference. All operator actions, correct or erroneous, as well as unintentional interference by unauthorized people, vandalism, or even cyber-attacks, may affect the performance of the transducers. In nuclear power plants, as well as in aerospace, structures and health monitoring systems are exposed to high-energy electromagnetic or particle radiation or (micro-)meteorite impact. Even if environmental effects are not detrimental for the transducers, they may induce large amounts of non-relevant signals, i.e., coming from sources not related to changes in structural integrity. Selected issues discussed comprise the durability of piezoelectric transducers, and of their coupling and mounting, but also detection and elimination of non-relevant signals and signal de-noising. For long-term service, developing concepts for maintenance and repair, or designing robust or redundant SHM systems, are of importance for the reliable long-term operation of transducers for structural health monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design of Piezoelectric Actuator and Sensor Configurations Implemented in Operational Environment)
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