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21 pages, 4786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Fluidic System for a Directional Anemometer

by Andrea Ria, Alessandro Catania, Paolo Bruschi and Massimo Piotto

Sensors 2020, 20(15), 4094; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154094 - 23 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2096

Abstract

An evolution of a previously proposed anemometer capable of detecting both the magnitude and the direction of the wind on a plane is proposed. The device is based on a recently formalized principle, consisting of combining the differential pressures measured across distinct diameters [...] Read more.

An evolution of a previously proposed anemometer capable of detecting both the magnitude and the direction of the wind on a plane is proposed. The device is based on a recently formalized principle, consisting of combining the differential pressures measured across distinct diameters of a cylinder to estimate the wind velocity and incidence angle. Differently from previous sensors based on the same principle, the proposed anemometers use 3D printing to fabricate the channel structure that calculates the pressure combination in the fluidic domain. Furthermore, commercial sensors with low power consumption are used to read the two pressures that result from the fluidic processing. The whole fabrication procedure requires inexpensive equipment and can be adopted by small enterprises or research laboratories. Two original channel structures, predicted by previous theoretical work but never experimentally validated, are proposed. The results of detailed experiments performed in a wind tunnel are reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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21 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Use of a Single Beam Acoustic Current Profiler for Multi-Point Velocity Measurement in a Wave and Current Basin

by Marilou Jourdain de Thieulloy, Mairi Dorward, Chris Old, Roman Gabl, Thomas Davey, David M. Ingram and Brian G. Sellar

Sensors 2020, 20(14), 3881; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143881 - 12 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3247

Abstract

Harnessing the energy of tidal currents has huge potential as a source of clean renewable energy. To do so in a reliable and cost effective way, it is critical to understand the interaction between tidal turbines, waves, and turbulent currents in the ocean. [...] Read more.

Harnessing the energy of tidal currents has huge potential as a source of clean renewable energy. To do so in a reliable and cost effective way, it is critical to understand the interaction between tidal turbines, waves, and turbulent currents in the ocean. Scaled testing in a tank test provides a controlled, realistic, and highly reproducible down-scaled open ocean environment, and it is a key step in gaining this understanding. Knowledge of the hydrodynamic conditions during tests is critical and measurements at multiple locations are required to accurately characterise spatially varying flow in test tank facilities. The paper presents a laboratory technique using an acoustic velocimetry instrument, the range over-which measurements are acquired being more akin to open water applications. This enables almost simultaneous multi-point measurements of uni-directional velocity along a horizontal profile. Velocity measurements have been obtained from a horizontally mounted Single Beam Acoustic Doppler (SB-ADP) profiler deployed in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility at the University of Edinburgh. These measurements have been statistically compared with point measurements obtained while using a co-located Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Measurements were made with both instruments under flow velocities varying from 0.6 ms⁻¹ to 1.2 ms⁻¹, showing that flow higher than 1 ms⁻¹ was more suitable. Using a SB-ADP has shown the advantage of gaining 54 simultaneous measurement points of uni-directional velocity, covering a significant area with a total distance of 10 m of the test-tank, at a measurement frequency of 16 Hz. Of those measurement points, 41 were compared with co-located ADV measurements covering 8 m of the profile for a tank nominal flow velocity of 0.8 ms⁻¹, and four distributed locations were chosen to to carry out the study at 0.6 ms⁻¹, 1.0 ms⁻¹, and 1.2 ms⁻¹. The comparison with the ADV measurement showed a 2% relative bias on average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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19 pages, 6912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LTCC Flow Sensor with RFID Interface

by Mariusz Węglarski, Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz, Grzegorz Pitera, Dominik Jurków and Mateusz Dorczyński

Sensors 2020, 20(1), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010268 - 02 Jan 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4304

Abstract

The idea of battery-less flow sensors and their implementation in wireless measurement systems is presented in this research article. The authors take advantage of their latest achievements in the Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology, RadioFrequency Identification (RFID) technique, and increasing availability of [...] Read more.

The idea of battery-less flow sensors and their implementation in wireless measurement systems is presented in this research article. The authors take advantage of their latest achievements in the Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology, RadioFrequency Identification (RFID) technique, and increasing availability of low power electronics in order to get rid of the need to use electrochemical cells in a power supply unit of the elaborated device. To reach this assumption, special care has to be put on the energy balance in such an autonomous sensor node. First of all, the new concept of an electromagnetic LTCC turbine transducer with a signal conditioner which only draws a current of around 15 µA, is proposed for measuring a flow rate of fluids. Next, the autonomy of the device is showed; measured data are gathered in a microcontroller memory and sent to a control unit via an RFID interface which enables both information exchange and power transfer. The energy harvested from the electromagnetic field is used to conduct a data transmission, but also its excess can be accumulated, so the proposed sensor operates as a semi-passive transponder. The total autonomy of the device is achieved by implementing a second harvester that continually gathers energy from the environmental electromagnetic field of common active radio systems (e.g., Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), wireless network Wi-Fi). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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10 pages, 4149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-inspired Flexible Lateral Line Sensor Based on P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO Nanofiber Mat for Hydrodynamic Perception

by Xiaohe Hu, Yonggang Jiang, Zhiqiang Ma, Yuanhang Xu and Deyuan Zhang

Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5384; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245384 - 06 Dec 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Fish and some amphibians can perform a variety of behaviors in confined and harsh environments by employing an extraordinary mechanosensory organ, the lateral line system (LLS). Inspired by the form-function of the LLS, a hydrodynamic artificial velocity sensor (HAVS) was presented in this [...] Read more.

Fish and some amphibians can perform a variety of behaviors in confined and harsh environments by employing an extraordinary mechanosensory organ, the lateral line system (LLS). Inspired by the form-function of the LLS, a hydrodynamic artificial velocity sensor (HAVS) was presented in this paper. The sensors featured a polarized poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)]/barium titanate (BTO) electrospinning nanofiber mat as the sensing layer, a polyimide (PI) film with arrays of circular cavities as the substrate, and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) pillar as the cilium. The P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO electrospinning nanofiber mat demonstrated enhanced crystallinity and piezoelectricity compared with the pure P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber mat. A dipole source was employed to characterize the sensing performance of the fabricated HAVS. The HAVS achieved a velocity detection limit of 0.23 mm/s, superior to the conventional nanofiber mat-based flow sensor. In addition, directivity was feasible for the HAVS, which was in accordance with the simulation results. The proposed bio-inspired flexible lateral line sensor with hydrodynamic perception ability shows promising applications in underwater robotics for real-time flow analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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17 pages, 5172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Validation of a MEMS Skin Friction Sensor Based on Visual Alignment Technology

by Xiong Wang, Nantian Wang, Xiaobin Xu, Tao Zhu and Yang Gao

Sensors 2019, 19(17), 3803; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173803 - 03 Sep 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3358

Abstract

MEMS-based skin friction sensors are used to measure and validate skin friction and its distribution, and their advantages of small volume, high reliability, and low cost make them very important for vehicle design. Aiming at addressing the accuracy problem of skin friction measurements [...] Read more.

MEMS-based skin friction sensors are used to measure and validate skin friction and its distribution, and their advantages of small volume, high reliability, and low cost make them very important for vehicle design. Aiming at addressing the accuracy problem of skin friction measurements induced by existing errors of sensor fabrication and assembly, a novel fabrication technology based on visual alignment is presented. Sensor optimization, precise fabrication of key parts, micro-assembly based on visual alignment, prototype fabrication, static calibration and validation in a hypersonic wind tunnel are implemented. The fabrication and assembly precision of the sensor prototypes achieve the desired effect. The results indicate that the sensor prototypes have the characteristics of fast response, good stability and zero-return; the measurement ranges are 0–100 Pa, the resolution is 0.1 Pa, the repeatability accuracy and linearity are better than 1%, the repeatability accuracy in laminar flow conditions is better than 2% and it is almost 3% in turbulent flow conditions. The deviations between the measured skin friction coefficients and numerical solutions are almost 10% under turbulent flow conditions; whereas the deviations between the measured skin friction coefficients and the analytical values are large (even more than 100%) under laminar flow conditions. The error resources of direct skin friction measurement and their influence rules are systematically analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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20 pages, 11232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FEM-Analysis of 2D Micromachined Flow Transduers based on aGe-Thermistor Arrays and a Double Bridge Readout

by Almir Talic, Samir Cerimovic, Roman Beigelbeck, Franz Kohl, Thilo Sauter and Franz Keplinger

Sensors 2019, 19(16), 3561; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19163561 - 15 Aug 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2915

Abstract

This paper reports on a design and simulation study aiming at high-accuracy 2D micromachined thermal flow transducers. The scope is restricted to micromachined devices featuring a square-shaped membrane incorporating central symmetric thin-film devices. A microthermistor array probed spatial excess temperature variations while the [...] Read more.

This paper reports on a design and simulation study aiming at high-accuracy 2D micromachined thermal flow transducers. The scope is restricted to micromachined devices featuring a square-shaped membrane incorporating central symmetric thin-film devices. A microthermistor array probed spatial excess temperature variations while the main heat supply was alternatively established by optional heating resistors or by pronounced self-heating of the thermistor devices. Proper device designs enable leading edge transducer performance without sophisticated signal conditioning schemes. We found that a high azimuthal uniformity of flow magnitude transduction is tantamount to a precise azimuthal accuracy. The most advanced result gave a maximum azimuthal aberration of 0.17 and 1.7 degrees for 1 m/s and 10 m/s, respectively, while the corresponding magnitude uniformity amounted to 0.07% and 0.5%. Such excellent specifications exceed the need of ordinary meteorological applications by far. However, they are essential for, e.g., precise non-contact measurements of 2D relative movements of two quasi-planar surfaces via the related Couette flow in intermediate air gaps. The simulations predicted significantly better device characteristics than achieved by us in first experiments. However, this gap could be attributed to imperfect control of the flow velocity field by the measurement setup. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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18 pages, 3819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Calibration of Cup Anemometers: A Way to Reduce the Uncertainty of Wind Power Density Estimation

by Francisca Guerrero-Villar, Rubén Dorado-Vicente, Gustavo Medina-Sánchez and Eloísa Torres-Jiménez

Sensors 2019, 19(9), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092029 - 30 Apr 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

This study presents a procedure to reduce the uncertainty of wind power density estimations, which is useful to improve the energy production predictions of wind farms. Power density is usually determined from the wind speed measured by a cup anemometer and the air [...] Read more.

This study presents a procedure to reduce the uncertainty of wind power density estimations, which is useful to improve the energy production predictions of wind farms. Power density is usually determined from the wind speed measured by a cup anemometer and the air density value (conventional procedure). An alternative procedure based on wind speed and dynamic pressure estimations provided by a cup anemometer is proposed. The dynamic pressure is obtained by means of a calibration curve that relates the anemometer rotation frequency and the dynamic pressure measured by a Pitot tube. The quadratic regression, used to define the calibration curve, and its uncertainty are both detailed. A comparison between the alternative procedure and the conventional one points out the advantage of the proposed alternative since results show a high reduction of the indirect measurement uncertainty of wind power density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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13 pages, 5823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Flow Velocity Measurement Method Based on a PVDF Piezoelectric Sensor

by Qi Li, Junhua Xing, Dajing Shang and Yilin Wang

Sensors 2019, 19(7), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071657 - 06 Apr 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5017

Abstract

To measure the flow velocity of a fluid without affecting its motion state, a method was proposed based on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film sensor. A self-made PVDF piezoelectric sensor placed parallel with the flow direction was used to measure the flow [...] Read more.

To measure the flow velocity of a fluid without affecting its motion state, a method was proposed based on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film sensor. A self-made PVDF piezoelectric sensor placed parallel with the flow direction was used to measure the flow velocity. First, the piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF were obtained theoretically. Next, the relationship between flow velocity and sound pressure was verified numerically. Finally, the relationship between flow velocity and the electrical output of the PVDF piezoelectric film was obtained experimentally. In conclusion, the proposed method was shown to be reliable and effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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12 pages, 3092 KiB

Open AccessLetter

A Flow-Measuring Algorithm of Arc-Bottomed Open Channels through Multiple Characteristic Sensing Points of the Flow-Velocity Sensor in Agricultural Irrigation Areas

by Yu Han, Tongshu Li, Shiyu Wang and Jian Chen

Sensors 2020, 20(16), 4504; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164504 - 12 Aug 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1946

Abstract

Precise flow measurement in the open channel is a key prerequisite to implementation of modern agricultural efficient water use. The channel with an arc-bottomed shape is the most common channel type in irrigation area at present. The paper has verified the log-law is [...] Read more.

Precise flow measurement in the open channel is a key prerequisite to implementation of modern agricultural efficient water use. The channel with an arc-bottomed shape is the most common channel type in irrigation area at present. The paper has verified the log-law is along the normal line rather than along the vertical line in arc-bottom channel. By conducting the velocity distribution log-law, this paper derives the expression of the multiple characteristic sensing points location of the flow-velocity sensor in the channel section, which is along the normal line. Based on this, a new algorithm to estimate the discharge of the arc-bottomed channel flow is proposed. We have also developed the experiment of the arc-bottomed channels (including semicircular channels, arc-bottom trapezoidal channels and U-shaped channels) and utilize the data to verify the method. The results indicate that the sensing locations expression of the flow velocity measuring sensor such as acoustic doppler velocimetry and propeller is suitable for improving discharge estimation’s accuracy of the arc-bottomed channels. This method could be extensively used in estimating discharge of irrigation and drainage channels in agricultural water conservancy projects. It will enhance the efficiency and accuracy of water resources management departments in irrigation areas, which also meet the strategic requirements of agricultural sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Flow and Wind Sensors)

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