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Advances and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2024 | Viewed by 6128

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Dr. Rosamaria Capuano

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Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
Interests: gas sensors; electronic noses; volaile organic compounds; gas chromatography mass spectrometry; ion mobility spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Alexandro Catini

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Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
Interests: sensors; chemical sensors; electronic nose; electronic interfaces; wireless sensor networks

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, electrochemical sensors and biosensors have been widely studied and applied in several fields, such as clinical, industrial, environmental, and agricultural analyses.

Different aspects concerning their fabrication have been investigated in many directions to achieve sensors increasingly performing in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy.

For this purpose, several improvements have been reached in sensing materials, transducers, and electronic interfaces. Electrochemical sensors represent an interdisciplinary research topic concerning material development, including material science, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. Based on sensing material, electrochemical sensors are divided into selective and broad selective sensors. The first mentioned group of sensors is used to detect and quantify the concentration of a target analyte in a medium. Broad-selective sensors are mainly arranged into arrays to provide qualitative information about complex samples.

Critical criteria must be considered when designing and developing electrochemical sensors, such as physical dimensions, reliability, reversibility, response time, data acquisition, overall cost, and power consumption.

The advances in microfabrication and electronics fields allow for easy-to-use sensing devices leading to significant progress in developing miniaturized electrochemical sensors and sensor systems.

These parallel developments involve different scientific fields and often make the dissemination of information dispersed.

Based on these premises, this Special Issue is addressed to explore the many aspects of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, from developing new sensing materials to implementing complex sensor systems and their use for different applications.

Dr. Rosamaria Capuano
Dr. Alexandro Catini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electrochemical sensors
electrochemistry
biosensor
amperometry
voltammetry
potentiometry
conductometry
sensing material
sensor array

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 16673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potentiometric Surfactant Sensor with a Pt-Doped Acid-Activated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Ionophore Nanocomposite

by Nada Glumac, Milan Momčilović, Iztok Kramberger, Darko Štraus, Nikola Sakač, Elvira Kovač-Andrić, Bojan Đurin, Marija Kraševac Sakač, Kristina Đambić and Marija Jozanović

Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082388 - 09 Apr 2024

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Two new surfactant sensors were developed by synthesizing Pt-doped acid-activated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Pt@MWCNTs). Two different ionophores using Pt@MWCNTs, a new plasticizer, and (a) cationic surfactant 1,3-dihexadecyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium-DHBI (Pt@MWCNT-DHBI ionophore) and (b) anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonate-DBS (Pt@MWCNT-DBS ionophore) composites were successfully synthesized and characterized. Both surfactant sensors showed a response to anionic surfactants (dodecylsulfate (SDS) and DBS) and cationic surfactants (cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)). The Pt@MWCNT-DBS sensor showed lower sensitivity than expected with the sub-Nernstian response of ≈23 mV/decade of activity for CPC and CTAB and ≈33 mV/decade of activity for SDS and DBS. The Pt@MWCNT-DHBI surfactant sensor had superior response properties, including a Nernstian response to SDS (59.1 mV/decade) and a near-Nernstian response to DBS (57.5 mV/decade), with linear response regions for both anionic surfactants down to ≈2 × 10⁻⁶ M. The Pt@MWCNT-DHBI was also useful in critical micellar concentration (CMC) detection. Common anions showed very low interferences with the sensor. The sensor was successfully employed for the potentiometric titration of a technical grade cationic surfactant with good recoveries. The content of cationic surfactants was measured in six samples of complex commercial detergents. The Pt@MWCNT-DHBI surfactant sensor showed good agreement with the ISE surfactant sensor and classical two-phase titration and could be used as an analytical tool in quality control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors)

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19 pages, 3681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From the Modeling of an Electrochemical YSZ-Based Gas Sensor Used in Electrolysis Mode

by Riadh Lakhmi, Jean-Paul Viricelle, Rouba Alrammouz and Mathilde Rieu

Sensors 2024, 24(2), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020658 - 19 Jan 2024

Viewed by 615

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors have been used for many decades. However, the modeling of such sensors used in electrolysis mode is poorly documented, especially in the case of multiple gases’ parallel actions. These are of great interest since they constitute the first brick to bring information on the natures and concentrations of gaseous mixture compositions, thanks to gray box modeling of sensor arrays, for example. Based on Butler–Volmer’s equations, a model assuming parallel reactions at gold cathode has been introduced in this article and confronted with experimental results. The establishment of the model is based on the extraction of three variables: the charge transfer coefficient “α”, the reaction order γ, and the reaction constant rate k₀. Tests performed without pollutants and with different concentrations of oxygen could be nicely fitted using the model. The influence of the polarization current on the three variables of the model has been evaluated, showing a clear influence on the constant rate and the reaction order. Moreover, increasing the polarization current enabled us to obtain selectivity for oxidant gases. Similarly, the effect of the oxygen concentration was evaluated. Results showed that, in this case, the charge transfer coefficients “α” obtained for oxidant gases are quite different from the ones obtained in the polarization current varying conditions. Therefore, the model will be interesting in situations where polarization current and oxygen content are not varied together. Variation of polarization current can be quite interesting to obtain increased information for multivariate analysis purposes in constant oxygen content situations. Additionally, other parameters have to be considered for applications in which the oxygen content is bound to change, such as exhaust gases or combustion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors)

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24 pages, 6766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protection of NOx Sensors from Sulfur Poisoning in Glass Furnaces by the Optimization of a “SO₂ Trap”

by Carole Naddour, Mathilde Rieu, Antoinette Boreave, Sonia Gil, Philippe Vernoux and Jean-Paul Viricelle

Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8186; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198186 - 30 Sep 2023

Viewed by 782

Abstract

Electrochemical NOx sensors based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) provide a reliable onboard way to control NOx emissions from glass-melting furnaces. The main limitation is the poisoning of this sensor by sulfur oxides (SOx) contained in the stream. To overcome this drawback, an “SO₂ trap” with high SOx storage capacity and low affinity to NOx is required. Two CuO/BaO/SBA-15 traps with the same CuO loading (6.5 wt.%) and different BaO loadings (5 and 24.5 wt.%, respectively) were synthetized, thoroughly characterized and evaluated as SO₂ traps. The results show that the 6.5%CuO/5%BaO/SBA-15 trap displays the highest SO₂ adsorption capacity and can fully adsorb SO₂ for a specific period of time, while additionally displaying a very low NO adsorption capacity. A suitable quantity of this material located upstream of the sensor could provide total protection of the NOx sensor against sulfur poisoning in glass-furnace exhausts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors)

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14 pages, 5289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Stainless-Steel SPME Microneedle Electrode Sensor for Dual Electrochemical and GC-MS Analysis

by Samuel M. Mugo, Scott V. Robertson and Marika Wood

Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2317; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042317 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

A mechanically robust in-tube stainless steel microneedle solid phase microextraction (SPME) platform for dual electrochemical and chromatographic detection has been demonstrated. The SPME microneedle was fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) in-tube coating, consisting of carbon nanotube (CNT)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film layered with an electrically conductive polyaniline (PANI) hydrogel layer (PANI@CNT/CNC SPME microneedle (MN)). The PANI@CNT/CNC SPME MN showed effective analysis of caffeine by GC-MS with an LOD of 26 mg/L and excellent precision across the dynamic range. Additionally, the PANI@CNT/CNC SPME MN demonstrated a 67% increase in sensitivity compared to a commercial SPME fiber, while being highly robust for repeated use without loss in performance. For electrochemical detection, the PANI@CNT/CNC SPME MN showed excellent performance for the detection of 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA). The dynamic range and limits of detection (LOD) for 3-CQA analysis were 75–448 mg/L and 11 mg/L, respectively. The PANI@CNT/CNC SPME MN was demonstrated to accurately determine the caffeine content and 3-CQA in tea samples and dark roast coffee, respectively. The PANI@CNT/CNC SPME MN was used for semiquantitative antioxidant determination and composition analysis in kiwi fruit using electrochemistry and SPME-coupled GC-MS, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors)

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16 pages, 4482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Cadmium Compounds in a Solution Using Graphene-Based Sensor Array

by Tomoya Yoshii, Fuka Nishitsugu, Kazuki Kikawada, Kenzo Maehashi and Takashi Ikuta

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031519 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2119

Abstract

Rapid detection of heavy metals in solution is necessary to ensure human health and environmental protection. Some heavy-metal compounds are present in solution as compounds instead of as ions owing to their low ionization. Therefore, the development of sensor devices for the detection of heavy-metal compounds is important. In this study, as a proof of concept, we propose a sensor device using graphene and a chelating agent, which were used to develop an identification technique for three types of cadmium compounds. Pristine-graphene and two types of chelator-modified graphene-based sensors were successfully used to detect cadmium compounds at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 μM. The detection time was less than 5 min. The three type of graphene-based sensors responded differently to each cadmium compound, which indicates that they detected cadmium as a cadmium compound instead of as cadmium ions. Furthermore, we successfully identified cadmium compounds by operating these three types of sensors as a sensor array on the same substrate. The results indicate that sensors that focus on heavy-metal compounds instead of heavy-metal ions can be used for the detection of heavy metals in solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors)

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