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Future Radio Wireless Sensor Networks for 5G Networks: Challenges and Opportunities

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 7841

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Dr. Kinda Khawam

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Computer Science Section, University of Versailles, 78000 Versailles, France
Interests: radio access networks; game theory; performance evaluation
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Dear Colleagues,

The key characteristic of future radio access networks will be massive interconnectivity with highly diverse service requirements. Currently, the latter are pushed to extremes, as bandwidth and reliability need to be further augmented to accommodate the exchange of colossal amounts of data, while latency needs to be further lowered even at high mobility. Increased bandwidth will be achieved with the advent of sub-THz and THz bands in 5G, but it is particularly difficult to harness (detecting weak signals is extremely difficult, increased complexity and parallelism in RF hardware, reduced beam width, poor signal penetration, etc.). Moreover, future 5G RAN (radio access networks) will be characterized by beyond-terrestrial communications covering various challenging areas such as space, underwater, and aerial zones (air-duct/water-duct communications). Such communications require support for reliable ultra-long-distance transmissions. Furthermore, a 5G RAN puts more stress on energy efficiency than its predecessors, as future use cases are more energy-intensive. Intelligence is further pushed to the edge with the increased demand for distributed computing and caching techniques to address the unmatched requirements in computation and transmission load. Finally, in a general manner, artificial intelligence will continue to play a vital role in future access networks. Machine learning algorithms will aid optimization for efficient resource allocation, such as through data offloading, caching, interference management, dynamic tuning of the physical layer parameters, and so on.

Dr. Kinda Khawam
Guest Editor

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Keywords

global coverage
heterogeneous wireless networking
IoT
UAV communications
ultra-dense networking
interference management
massive MIMO
cooperative networks
energy efficiency
energy harvesting

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 1216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Energy Consumption of Devices with Multiconnectivity by Deep Learning and Software-Defined Networking

by Ramiza Shams, Atef Abdrabou, Mohammad Al Bataineh and Kamarul Ariffin Noordin

Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7699; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187699 - 06 Sep 2023

Viewed by 663

Abstract

Multiconnectivity allows user equipment/devices to connect to multiple radio access technologies simultaneously, including 5G, 4G (LTE), and WiFi. It is a necessity in meeting the increasing demand for mobile network services for the 5G and beyond wireless networks, while ensuring that mobile operators can still reap the benefits of their present investments. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) has been introduced to allow uninterrupted reliable data transmission over multiconnectivity links. However, energy consumption is a significant issue for multihomed wireless devices since most of them are battery-powered. This paper employs software-defined networking (SDN) and deep neural networks (DNNs) to manage the energy consumption of devices with multiconnectivity running MPTCP. The proposed method involves two lightweight algorithms implemented on an SDN controller, using a real hardware testbed of dual-homed wireless nodes connected to WiFi and cellular networks. The first algorithm determines whether a node should connect to a specific network or both networks. The second algorithm improves the selection made by the first by using a DNN trained on different scenarios, such as various network sizes and MPTCP congestion control algorithms. The results of our extensive experimentation show that this approach effectively reduces energy consumption while providing better network throughput performance compared to using single-path TCP or MPTCP Cubic or BALIA for all nodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Radio Wireless Sensor Networks for 5G Networks: Challenges and Opportunities)

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15 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multiarmed Bandit Approach for LTE-U/Wi-Fi Coexistence in a Multicell Scenario

by Iago Diógenes do Rego, José M. de Castro Neto, Sildolfo F. G. Neto, Pedro M. de Santana, Vicente A. de Sousa, Jr., Dario Vieira and Augusto Venâncio Neto

Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6718; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156718 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 833

Abstract

Recent studies and literature reviews have shown promising results for 3GPP system solutions in unlicensed bands when coexisting with Wi-Fi, either by using the duty cycle (DC) approach or licensed-assisted access (LAA). However, it is widely known that general performance in these coexistence scenarios is dependent on traffic and how the duty cycle is adjusted. Most DC solutions configure their parameters statically, which can result in performance losses when the scenario experiences changes on the offered data. In our previous works, we demonstrated that reinforcement learning (RL) techniques can be used to adjust DC parameters. We showed that a Q-learning (QL) solution that adapts the LTE DC ratio to the transmitted data rate can maximize the Wi-Fi/LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) aggregated throughput. In this paper, we extend our previous solution by implementing a simpler and more efficient algorithm based on multiarmed bandit (MAB) theory. We evaluate its performance and compare it with the previous one in different traffic scenarios. The results demonstrate that our new solution offers improved balance in throughput, providing similar results for LTE and Wi-Fi, while still showing a substantial system gain. Moreover, in one of the scenarios, our solution outperforms the previous approach by 6% in system throughput. In terms of user throughput, it achieves more than 100% gain for the users at the 10th percentile of performance, while the old solution only achieves a 10% gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Radio Wireless Sensor Networks for 5G Networks: Challenges and Opportunities)

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14 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Massive MIMO NOMA: Double-Mode Model towards Green 5G Networks

by Preksha Jain, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Fayez Alqahtani, Maria Simona Raboaca and Wael Said

Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6425; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146425 - 15 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1216

Abstract

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of devices will also increase tremendously. However, we need more wireless communication resources. It has been shown in the literature that non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) offers high multiplexing gains due to the simultaneous transfer of signals, and massive multiple-input–multiple-outputs (mMIMOs) offer high spectrum efficiency due to the high antenna gain and high multiplexing gains. Therefore, a downlink mMIMO NOMA cooperative system is considered in this paper. The users at the cell edge in 5G cellular system generally suffer from poor signal quality as they are far away from the BS and expend high battery power to decode the signals superimposed through NOMA. Thus, this paper uses a cooperative relay system and proposes the mMIMO NOMA double-mode model to reduce battery expenditure and increase the cell edge user’s energy efficiency and sum rate. In the mMIMO NOMA double-mode model, two modes of operation are defined. Depending on the relay’s battery level, these modes are chosen to utilize the system’s energy efficiency. Comprehensive numerical results show the improvement in the proposed system’s average sum rate and average energy efficiency compared with a conventional system. In a cooperative NOMA system, the base station (BS) transmits a signal to a relay, and the relay forwards the signal to a cluster of users. This cluster formation depends on the user positions and geographical restrictions concerning the relay equipment. Therefore, it is vital to form user clusters for efficient and simultaneous transmission. This paper also presents a novel method for efficient cluster formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Radio Wireless Sensor Networks for 5G Networks: Challenges and Opportunities)

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32 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploiting User Clustering and Fixed Power Allocation for Multi-Antenna UAV-Assisted IoT Systems

by Sang Quang Nguyen, Anh-Tu Le, Chi-Bao Le, Phu Tran Tin and Yong-Hwa Kim

Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5537; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125537 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 929

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) systems cooperative with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been put into use for more than ten years, from transportation to military surveillance, and they have been shown to be worthy of inclusion in the next wireless protocols. Therefore, this paper studies user clustering and the fixed power allocation approach by placing multi-antenna UAV-mounted relays for extended coverage areas and achieving improved performance for IoT devices. In particular, the system enables UAV-mounted relays with multiple antennas together with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to provide a potential way to enhance transmission reliability. We presented two cases of multi-antenna UAVs such as maximum ratio transmission and the best selection to highlight the benefits of the antenna-selections approach with low-cost design. In addition, the base station managed its IoT devices in practical scenarios with and without direct links. For two cases, we derive closed-form expressions of outage probability (OP) and closed-form approximation ergodic capacity (EC) generated for both devices in the main scenario. The outage and ergodic capacity performances in some scenarios are compared to confirm the benefits of the considered system. The number of antennas was found to have a crucial impact on the performances. The simulation results show that the OP for both users strongly decreases when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), number of antennas, and fading severity factor of Nakagami-m fading increase. The proposed scheme outperforms the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme in outage performance for two users. The analytical results match Monte Carlo simulations to confirm the exactness of the derived expressions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Radio Wireless Sensor Networks for 5G Networks: Challenges and Opportunities)

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32 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DNS for IoT: A Survey

by Ibrahim Ayoub, Sandoche Balakrichenan, Kinda Khawam and Benoît Ampeau

Sensors 2023, 23(9), 4473; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094473 - 04 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3652

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is paving the way to becoming necessary in numerous aspects of people’s lives. IoT is becoming integrated in many domains, such as medical, industrial, and personal. Recent years have witnessed the creation of many IoT technologies that differ not only in their applications and use cases but also in standards. The absence of universally accepted standards and the variety of technologies are only some challenges the IoT market faces. Other challenges include the constrained nature of most IoT devices, the diverse identification schemes, the inadequate security mechanisms, and the lack of interoperability between different technologies. The Domain Name System (DNS) persisted throughout the years as the Internet’s naming service and accumulated more trust from users with the introduction of its security extensions. DNS could be utilized to address some of the challenges the IoT market faces. However, using DNS for IoT applications might jeopardize DNS infrastructure. In this survey, we study the coexistence of DNS and IoT. We define IoT, present its architecture and discuss its main challenges. We then introduce DNS and its function; we discuss its security and privacy drawbacks and the extensions standardized to address them. We further discuss the uses of DNS in IoT environments to address some of IoT’s challenges and the impact these uses might have on DNS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Radio Wireless Sensor Networks for 5G Networks: Challenges and Opportunities)

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