Editorial

4 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Integration of Water Quantity/Quality Needs with Socio-Economical Issues: A Focus on Monitoring and Modelling

by Diego Copetti

Resources 2023, 12(5), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12050060 - 18 May 2023

Viewed by 1049

Freshwater is essential for a multitude of different uses, including drinking supply, irrigation, and energy production [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

25 pages, 10693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrochemical Indicator Analysis of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Semiarid Areas

by Jobst Wurl, Miguel Angel Imaz-Lamadrid, Lía Celina Mendez-Rodriguez and Pablo Hernández-Morales

Resources 2023, 12(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12040047 - 07 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

Saltwater intrusion into groundwater systems is a problem worldwide and is induced mainly by human activities, such as groundwater overexploitation and climate change. The coastal Los Planes aquifer in the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico) is affected by seawater intrusion [...] Read more.

Saltwater intrusion into groundwater systems is a problem worldwide and is induced mainly by human activities, such as groundwater overexploitation and climate change. The coastal Los Planes aquifer in the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico) is affected by seawater intrusion due to more than 40 years of groundwater overexploitation. A dataset of 55 samples was compiled, including 18 samples from our campaigns between 2014 and 2016. Several methods exist to define the impact of seawater in a coastal aquifer, such as the “seawater fraction”, the “Chloro-Alkaline Indices”, the “Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram”, and the “Saltwater Mixing Index”. These methods provide reasonable results for most of the coastal zone of the Los Planes aquifer. A slight increase in mineralization was observed from 2014 to 2016 compared with the situation in 2003. However, in its northwestern part, samples from hydrothermal wells were not recognized by these methods. Here, the aquifer is affected mainly by thermal water with elevated mineralization, introduced through the El Sargento fault, a main fault, which cuts through the study area in the north–south direction. By considering known hydrothermal manifestations in the interpretation, samples could be classified as a combination of four end-members: fresh groundwater, seawater, and the composition of two types of thermal water. One thermal endmember with very low mineralization coincides with the thermal water described from the Los Cabos Block, where meteoric water represents the source (found in the Sierra la Laguna). The second endmember is comparable to coastal thermal manifestations where seawater represents the main source. Therefore, the higher mineralization in the northwestern zone is the result of the mobilization of thermal groundwater and direct mixing with seawater, which is introduced locally at the coast due to overextraction. This finding is important for future management strategies of the aquifer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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18 pages, 5622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Warming Air Temperature Impacts Snowfall Patterns and Increases Cold-Season Baseflow in the Liwiec River Basin (Poland) of the Central European Lowland

by Urszula Somorowska

Resources 2023, 12(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12020018 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2739

Abstract

The rapidly changing climate affects vulnerable water resources, which makes it important to evaluate multi-year trends in hydroclimatic characteristics. In this study, the changes in cold-season temperature (November–April) were analyzed in the period of 1951–2021 to reveal their impacts on precipitation and streamflow [...] Read more.

The rapidly changing climate affects vulnerable water resources, which makes it important to evaluate multi-year trends in hydroclimatic characteristics. In this study, the changes in cold-season temperature (November–April) were analyzed in the period of 1951–2021 to reveal their impacts on precipitation and streamflow components in the Liwiec River basin (Poland). The temperature threshold approach was applied to reconstruct the snowfall/rainfall patterns. The Wittenberg filter method was applied to the hydrograph separation. The Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope were applied to estimate the significance and magnitude of the trends. An assessment of the similarity between trends in temperature and hydroclimatic variables was conducted using the Spearman rank-order correlation. The shift-type changes in river regime were assessed via the Kruskal–Wallis test. The results revealed that temporal changes in both snowfall, rainfall, and baseflow metrics were significantly associated with increasing temperature. Over 71 years, the temperature rose by ~2.70 °C, the snowfall-to-precipitation ratio decreased by ~16%, the baseflow increased with a depth of ~17 mm, and the baseflow index rose by ~18%. The river regime shifted from the snow-dominated to the snow-affected type. Overall, this study provides evidence of a gradual temperature increase over the last seven decades that is affecting the precipitation phase and streamflow component partitioning in the middle-latitude region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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24 pages, 4832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting Monthly River Flows in Ukraine under Different Climatic Conditions

by Renata Graf and Viktor Vyshnevskyi

Resources 2022, 11(12), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11120111 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1779

Abstract

River-flow forecasts are important for the management and planning of water resources and their rational use. The present study, based on direct multistep-ahead forecasting with multiple time series specific to the XGBoost algorithm, estimates the long-term changes and forecast monthly flows of selected [...] Read more.

River-flow forecasts are important for the management and planning of water resources and their rational use. The present study, based on direct multistep-ahead forecasting with multiple time series specific to the XGBoost algorithm, estimates the long-term changes and forecast monthly flows of selected rivers in Ukraine. In a new, applied approach, a single multioutput model was proposed that forecasts over both short- and long-term horizons using grouped or hierarchical data series. Three forecast stages were considered: using train and test subsets, using a model with train-test data, and training with all data. The historical period included the measurements of the monthly flows, precipitation, and air temperature in the period 1961–2020. The forecast horizons of 12, 60, and 120 months into the future were selected for this dataset, i.e., December 2021, December 2025, and December 2030. The research was conducted for diverse hydrological systems: the Prut, a mountain river; the Styr, an upland river; and the Sula, a lowland river in relation to the variability and forecasts of precipitation and air temperature. The results of the analyses showed a varying degree of sensitivity among rivers to changes in precipitation and air temperature and different projections for future time horizons of 12, 60, and 120 months. For all studied rivers, variable dynamics of flow was observed in the years 1961–2020, yet with a clearly marked decrease in monthly flows during in the final, 2010–2020 decade. The last decade of low flows on the Prut and Styr rivers was preceded by their noticeable increase in the earlier decade (2000–2010). In the case of the Sula River, a continuous decrease in monthly flows has been observed since the end of the 1990s, with a global minimum in the decade 2010–2020. Two patterns were obtained in the forecasts: a decrease in flow for the rivers Prut (6%) and the Styr (12–14%), accompanied by a decrease in precipitation and an increase in air temperature until 2030, and for the Sula River, an increase in flow (16–23%), with a slight increase in precipitation and an increase in air temperature. The predicted changes in the flows of the Prut, the Styr, and the Sula rivers correspond to forecasts in other regions of Ukraine and Europe. The performance of the models over a variety of available datasets over time was assessed and hyperparameters, which minimize the forecast error over the relevant forecast horizons, were selected. The obtained RMSE parameter values indicate high variability in hydrological and meteorological data in the catchment areas and not very good fit of retrospective data regardless of the selected horizon length. The advantages of this model, which was used in the work for forecasting monthly river flows in Ukraine, include modelling multiple time series simultaneously with a single model, the simplicity of the modelling, potentially more-robust results because of pooling data across time series, and solving the “cold start” problem when few data points were available for a given time series. The model, because of its universality, can be used in forecasting hydrological and meteorological parameters in other catchments, irrespective of their geographic location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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26 pages, 5832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Ice Phenomena in a River Using the Artificial Neural Network and Extreme Gradient Boosting

by Renata Graf, Tomasz Kolerski and Senlin Zhu

Resources 2022, 11(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11020012 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

Forecasting ice phenomena in river systems is of great importance because these phenomena are a fundamental part of the hydrological regime. Due to the stochasticity of ice phenomena, their prediction is a difficult process, especially when data sets are sparse or incomplete. In [...] Read more.

Forecasting ice phenomena in river systems is of great importance because these phenomena are a fundamental part of the hydrological regime. Due to the stochasticity of ice phenomena, their prediction is a difficult process, especially when data sets are sparse or incomplete. In this study, two machine learning models—Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)—were developed to predict ice phenomena in the Warta River in Poland in a temperate climate zone. Observational data from eight river gauges during the period 1983–2013 were used. The performance of the model was evaluated using four model fit measures. The results showed that the choice of input variables influenced the accuracy of the developed models. The most important predictors were the nature of phenomena on the day before an observation, as well as water and air temperatures; river flow and water level were less important for predicting the formation of ice phenomena. The modeling results showed that both MLPNN and XGBoost provided promising results for the prediction of ice phenomena. The research results of the present study could also be useful for predicting ice phenomena in other regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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17 pages, 4949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Terrestrial Evaporation across Poland over the Past Four Decades Dominated by Increases in Summer Months

by Urszula Somorowska

Resources 2022, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11010006 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3158

Abstract

Given the importance of terrestrial evaporation (ET) for the water cycle, a fundamental understanding of the water quantity involved in this process is required. As recent observations reveal a widespread ET intensification across the world, it is important to evaluate regional ET variability. [...] Read more.

Given the importance of terrestrial evaporation (ET) for the water cycle, a fundamental understanding of the water quantity involved in this process is required. As recent observations reveal a widespread ET intensification across the world, it is important to evaluate regional ET variability. The specific objectives of this study are the following: (1) to assess annual and monthly ET trends across Poland, and (2) to reveal seasons and regions with significant ET changes. This study uses the ET estimates acquired from the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) dataset allowing for multi-year analysis (1980–2020). The Mann–Kendall test and the Sen’s slope were applied to estimate the significance and magnitude of the trends. The results show that a rising temperature, along with small precipitation increase, led to the accelerated ET of 1.36 mm/y. This was revealed by increased transpiration and interception loss not compensated by a decrease in bare soil evaporation and sublimation. The wide-spread higher water consumption especially occurred during the summer months of June, July, and August. Comparing the two subperiods of 1980–2020, it was found that in 2007–2020, the annual ET increased by 7% compared to the reference period of 1980–2006. These results can serve as an important reference for formulating a water resources management strategy in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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13 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Indicators in Water and Wastewater Sector Contributing to a Circular Economy (CE)

by Marzena Smol and Renata Koneczna

Resources 2021, 10(12), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10120129 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4167

Abstract

Protection and sustainable management of water was indicated as one of the strategic tasks in the process of transformation towards a circular economy (CE) in the European Union (EU), therefore, the water and wastewater sector plays an important role in this process. At [...] Read more.

Protection and sustainable management of water was indicated as one of the strategic tasks in the process of transformation towards a circular economy (CE) in the European Union (EU), therefore, the water and wastewater sector plays an important role in this process. At the same time, the European Commission (EC) strongly underlined the importance of the possibility to assess the transformation process toward the CE, and developed a set of CE indicators that are available on the Eurostat website. However, these indicators have limited ability to assess the transformation progress in the water and wastewater sector. This paper presents a set of indicators for assessing the economic progress of transformation towards the CE in this sector. The proposed economic CE indicators were grouped into the following actions of the CE model in the water and wastewater sector: reduction, reclamation (removal), reuse, recycling, recovery and landfilling. The selection of specific indicators was based on a systematic review of the literature presenting economic indicators developed by international organisations and researchers (covering different thematic areas, scopes and potential applications). The selected economic CE indicators were assigned to three groups of the cash flow: income (revenues, expenses), costs, and investment financing. The proposed CE indicators can be used by water supply and sewage companies (i.e., supplying water to the public and wastewater treatment plants, and companies that use water in their production processes) to assess the level of the transformation toward the CE at a microeconomic level. An important aspect of future application and usage of the proposed set of CE economic indicators is the collection and processing of data needed for their reporting. The proposed set of CE economic indicators refers to information that are reported by the companies to prove its revenues, costs and investment outlays, and are collected by companies anyway. The proposed set of economic CE indicators is flexible, allowing the adaptation of indicators and areas of interest to maintain effectiveness throughout the transition period from linear to the CE model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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12 pages, 346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin Echinometra lucunter and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)

by Renato Sakai Cid, Vinicius Roveri, Diogo Guedes Vidal, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis, Fernando Sanzi Cortez, Flávia Rigos Salgueiro, Walber Toma, Augusto Cesar and Luciana Lopes Guimarães

Resources 2021, 10(11), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10110114 - 09 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3092

Abstract

Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world; however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of 13 ARVs was estimated for [...] Read more.

Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world; however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of 13 ARVs was estimated for surface seawater from Santos Bay, Brazil, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) guidelines. The results indicated that all ARVs need to be assessed for their ecological effects, considering that they all exceeded the EMEA guideline limits (PEC > 0.01 µg L⁻¹). In this sense, three ARVs (namely atazanavir, nevirapine and efavirenz) were selected for the acute and chronic tests with sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter). Furthermore, the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for these three ARVs was also performed by calculating the risk quotient. The acute and chronic toxicity results showed inhibitory concentrations (IC) for the fertilization (IC₅₀; 1 h; range: 11.46–84.61 mg L⁻¹) and for the embryo–larval development (IC₅₀; 42 h; range: 0.52–0.97 mg L⁻¹) of the sea urchin, respectively. Moreover, the ERA showed that these three ARVs are potentially hazardous for aquatic life in Santos Bay, raising concerns about the continuous introduction of ARVs in aquatic ecosystems. The data presented may contribute to the provision of subsidies for the development of monitoring public policies that aim to reduce the introduction of ARVs into the aquatic environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

22 pages, 13664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Hydrologic Alteration on Sediment, Dissolved Load and Nutrient Downstream Transfer Continuity in a River: Example Lower Brda River Cascade Dams (Poland)

by Dawid Szatten, Michał Habel and Zygmunt Babiński

Resources 2021, 10(7), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10070070 - 01 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Hydrologic alternation of river systems is an essential factor of human activity. Cascade-dammed waters are characterized by the disturbed outflow of material from the catchment. Changes in sediment, dissolved load and nutrient balance are among the base indicators of water resource monitoring. This [...] Read more.

Hydrologic alternation of river systems is an essential factor of human activity. Cascade-dammed waters are characterized by the disturbed outflow of material from the catchment. Changes in sediment, dissolved load and nutrient balance are among the base indicators of water resource monitoring. This research was based on the use of hydrological and water quality data (1984–2017) and the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) method to determine the influence of river regime changes on downstream transfer continuity of sediments and nutrients in the example of the Lower Brda river cascade dams (Poland). Two types of regimes were used: hydropeaking (1984–2000) and run–of–river (2001–2017). Using the IHA method and water quality data, a qualitative and quantitative relationship were demonstrated between changes of regime operation and sediment and nutrient balance. The use of sites above and below the cascade made it possible to determine sediment, dissolved load, and nutrient trapping and removing processes. Studies have shown that changes in operation regime influenced the supply chain and continuity of sediment and nutrient transport in cascade-dammed rivers. The conducted research showed that sustainable management of sediment and nutrient in the alternated catchment helps achieve good ecological status of the water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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14 pages, 7307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Lack of Water Supply Using the Hydraulic Model of the Water Supply

by Krzysztof Boryczko, Izabela Piegdoń, Dawid Szpak and Jakub Żywiec

Resources 2021, 10(5), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10050043 - 05 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3005

Abstract

Modern management of water supply systems is based on a preventive strategy consisting of the prevention of failures and crisis situations. Water pipe failures resulting in a lack of water supply for a long period pose a threat to the water consumers safety. [...] Read more.

Modern management of water supply systems is based on a preventive strategy consisting of the prevention of failures and crisis situations. Water pipe failures resulting in a lack of water supply for a long period pose a threat to the water consumers safety. The aim of the work was to present the methodology and develop a risk map of lack of water supply to consumers. The article presents a failures simulation of the main pipes transporting treated water from the water treatment plant to the city carried out using the EPANET 2.0. software. The simulation results made it possible to determine the consequences of failures by determining the number of inhabitants (consumers) affected with lack of water supply as a result of failure of the main pipes near the water treatment plant WTP which, together with the failure rate, were used to prepare risk maps of lack of water supply. The developed method was presented on the water supply network located in Central and Eastern Europe. It was found that the highest risk of lack of water supply is related to the failure of the M3 main pipe, which transports water to the eastern and north-eastern parts of the city. It is recommended to modernize the M3 main pipe, which will reduce the number of failures resulting in a lack of water supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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16 pages, 2467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Approach to Analysing Water Consumers’ Acceptance of Risk-Reduction Costs

by Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik and Emilia Kuliczkowska

Resources 2020, 9(11), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9110132 - 06 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

The proper operation of a water supply system (WSS) requires constant investment. The priority is to provide residents with high quality potable water, in the required quantity and pressure, in accordance with the applicable regulations. The paper presents an assessment of the potential [...] Read more.

The proper operation of a water supply system (WSS) requires constant investment. The priority is to provide residents with high quality potable water, in the required quantity and pressure, in accordance with the applicable regulations. The paper presents an assessment of the potential inherent operational risk of a WSS in support of the risk-based investment management process. It is of high importance to invest in the operational safety as it concerns both producers and consumers. The investment engenders additional costs that should partially be supported by the consumers. Thus, the paper presents a methodology to analyse consumers’ readiness to accept water supply services’ additional costs. The proposed methods may underpin a comprehensive program for risk-based investment management and operational decision-making. The case study and the approach in this article concern one particular regional WSS, based on information collected from water consumers. The assessment suggests a willingness to tolerate additional costs in view of enhancing the performance of the water supply services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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Review

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17 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inventory of Good Practices of Sustainable and Circular Phosphorus Management in the Visegrad Group (V4)

by Marzena Smol, Paulina Marcinek, Zuzana Šimková, Tomáš Bakalár, Milan Hemzal, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Yee Van Fan, Kinga Lorencz, Eugeniusz Koda and Anna Podlasek

Resources 2023, 12(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12010002 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1368

Abstract

The most important raw material needed for food production is phosphorus (P), which cannot be replaced by other elements. P is listed as a Critical Raw Material (CRM) for the European Union (EU). It is an element essential for human nutrition and is [...] Read more.

The most important raw material needed for food production is phosphorus (P), which cannot be replaced by other elements. P is listed as a Critical Raw Material (CRM) for the European Union (EU). It is an element essential for human nutrition and is used for fertiliser production. The key importance of P for human life is evidenced by the fact that if there were not enough P in fertilisers, we would only be able to feed 1/3 of the world’s population. Unfortunately, in Visegrad Group (V4) countries, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Hungary, there is a lack of mineral deposits of phosphate rock. Therefore, there is a strong need to cover the demand for the P by importing from countries of varying stability, both economic and political, such as Russia, China, or Morocco. It is risky; if the borders for deliveries of goods are closed, it may be impossible to meet the needs of P. On the other hand, V4 countries have large secondary P resources in P-rich waste, which are lost due to P is not recovered on an industrial scale. The paper presents the importance of P raw materials in V4, the revision of primary and secondary P sources that can be used in agricultural systems, as well as the structure of import and export of P raw materials in these countries. In addition, examples of good phosphorus recovery practices in the V4 countries are presented. They include a list of initiatives dedicated to the sustainable management of P resources, and examples of P recovery projects. Implementation of P recovery for internal P-rich waste in V4 could ensure the safety of food production in this region. Such and similar initiatives may contribute to faster independence of the V4 countries from the import of P raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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17 pages, 4071 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Application of New Hyperspectral Sensors in the Remote Sensing of Aquatic Ecosystem Health: Exploiting PRISMA and DESIS for Four Italian Lakes

by Mariano Bresciani, Claudia Giardino, Alice Fabbretto, Andrea Pellegrino, Salvatore Mangano, Gary Free and Monica Pinardi

Resources 2022, 11(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11020008 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4195

Abstract

The monitoring of water bio-physical parameters and the management of aquatic ecosystems are crucial to cope with the current state of inland water degradation. Not only does water quality monitoring support management decision making, it also provides vital insights to better understand changing [...] Read more.

The monitoring of water bio-physical parameters and the management of aquatic ecosystems are crucial to cope with the current state of inland water degradation. Not only does water quality monitoring support management decision making, it also provides vital insights to better understand changing structural and functional lake processes. Remote sensing has been widely recognized as an essential integrating technique for water quality monitoring, thanks to its capabilities to utilize both historical archive data for thousands of lakes as well as near-real time observations at multiple scales. To date, most of the applications developed for inland water have been based on multispectral and mid to coarse spatial resolution satellites, while a new generation of spaceborne imaging spectroscopy is now available, and future missions are under development. This review aims to present the exploitation of data gathered from two currently orbiting hyperspectral sensors (i.e., PRISMA and DESIS) to retrieve water quality parameters across different aquatic ecosystems, encompassing deep clear lakes and river dammed reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water Resource Monitoring and Modelling: Water Quantity and Quality Issues)

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