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Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations
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Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2023) | Viewed by 10566

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yun Gong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: atmospheric waves; atmosphere–ionosphere coupling; radio remote sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Qihou Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
Interests: radar remote sensing; radar signal processing; atmosphere–ionosphere coupling; atmospheric waves; ionospheric physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Studying dynamic processes occurring in the atmosphere with different temporal and spatial scales is one of the frontier topics of space physics. Dynamic processes, such as gravity waves, tidal waves, and planetary waves couple energy and momentum between different atmospheric regions, affect the photochemical processes of the atmosphere, and determine the dynamic structure of the global atmosphere. For decades, natural wind, temperature, and other atmospheric parameters measured by radars have provided a fundamental platform to study the characteristics of atmospheric dynamics.

This Special Issue aims to improve our understating of the characteristics of dynamic processes in the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere using remote sensing techniques, including but not limited to, lidar, radiosonde, mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere radar, meteor radar, medium-frequency radar, and incoherent scatter radar. Atmospheric studies based on new and improved radar techniques are particularly encouraged.

Topics may cover all areas related to the studies of atmospheric dynamics based on radar techniques. Articles may address, but are not restricted to the following topics:

  • Gravity waves, tides, and planetary waves;
  • Intraseasonal oscillation, quasi-biennial oscillations;
  • New radar techniques for atmospheric and ionospheric observations;
  • Impact of the atmospheric waves on the atmosphere and ionosphere.

Prof. Dr. Yun Gong
Prof. Dr. Qihou Zhou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gravity/tidal/planetary waves
  • long-period atmospheric oscillations
  • atmospheric observations
  • radar techniques
  • atmosphere–ionosphere coupling

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2359 KiB  
Communication
Long-Term Observations of the Thermospheric 6 h Oscillation Revealed by an Incoherent Scatter Radar over Arecibo
by Yun Gong, Yaxuan Ding, Xinkun Chen, Shaodong Zhang, Qihou Zhou, Zheng Ma and Jiahui Luo
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(21), 5098; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215098 - 25 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
We present an analysis of 6 h oscillations in the thermosphere ranging from 150 km to 400 km. The analysis applies 134 days of data from an incoherent scatter radar located at Arecibo Observatory (18.3°N, 66.7°W) from 1984 to 2015. To our knowledge, [...] Read more.
We present an analysis of 6 h oscillations in the thermosphere ranging from 150 km to 400 km. The analysis applies 134 days of data from an incoherent scatter radar located at Arecibo Observatory (18.3°N, 66.7°W) from 1984 to 2015. To our knowledge, the climatological and seasonal characteristics of the 6 h oscillations in the thermosphere were investigated for the first time over Arecibo. The climatological mean amplitude of the 6 h oscillation in the thermosphere is about 11 m/s, and it increases slowly with altitude above 225 km. The climatological mean amplitude of the 6 h oscillation is comparable with semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides at Arecibo above 250 km. The climatological mean phase exhibits limited vertical variation. The 6 h oscillation is the most prominent in autumn, with amplitudes reaching around 20 m/s compared to approximately 10 m/s in other seasons. The phase structure in all seasons exhibits weak vertical variations. The responses of the thermospheric 6 h oscillation to solar and geomagnetic activities are also analyzed in this study. Our results indicate that at low latitude, solar activities have a small impact on the variation in the thermospheric 6 h oscillation, while it appears that the amplitude of the 6 h oscillation increases with increasing geomagnetic activity. Above 250 km, the amplitude of the 6 h oscillation reaches ~20 m/s during strong geomagnetic activity, which is almost twice of that occurring during weak geomagnetic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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15 pages, 9447 KiB  
Article
A Machine Learning Algorithm to Detect and Analyze Meteor Echoes Observed by the Jicamarca Radar
by Yanlin Li, Freddy Galindo, Julio Urbina, Qihou Zhou and Tai-Yin Huang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(16), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15164051 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1202
Abstract
We present a machine-learning approach to detect and analyze meteor echoes (MADAME), which is a radar data processing workflow featuring advanced machine-learning techniques using both supervised and unsupervised learning. Our results demonstrate that YOLOv4, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based one-stage object detection model, [...] Read more.
We present a machine-learning approach to detect and analyze meteor echoes (MADAME), which is a radar data processing workflow featuring advanced machine-learning techniques using both supervised and unsupervised learning. Our results demonstrate that YOLOv4, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based one-stage object detection model, performs remarkably well in detecting and identifying meteor head and trail echoes within processed radar signals. The detector can identify more than 80 echoes per minute in the testing data obtained from the Jicamarca high power large aperture (HPLA) radar. MADAME is also capable of autonomously processing data in an interferometer mode, as well as determining the target’s radiant source and vector velocity. In the testing data, the Eta Aquarids meteor shower could be clearly identified from the meteor radiant source distribution analyzed automatically by MADAME, thereby demonstrating the proposed algorithm’s functionality. In addition, MADAME found that about 50 percent of the meteors were traveling in inclined and near-inclined circular orbits. Furthermore, meteor head echoes with a trail are more likely to originate from shower meteor sources. Our results highlight the capability of advanced machine-learning techniques in radar signal processing, providing an efficient and powerful tool to facilitate future and new meteor research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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18 pages, 3983 KiB  
Article
Decadal Quasi-2-Day Wave Observations in the Equatorial Mesopause Region by a Meteor Radar over Kototabang (0.2°S, 100.3°E) and TIMED/TIDI and Comparison with Quasi-2-Day Wave Observations at Mid-Latitudes
by Ruidi Sun, Sheng-Yang Gu, Xiankang Dou, Yafei Wei, Yusong Qin and Zhenlin Yang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(4), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041122 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
We studied the characteristics of quasi-two-day wave (QTDW) using the meridional wind in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) obtained from a meteor radar over Kototabang (KB, 0.2°S, 100.3°E) from 2003 to 2012. Atmospheric oscillations have a crucial impact [...] Read more.
We studied the characteristics of quasi-two-day wave (QTDW) using the meridional wind in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) obtained from a meteor radar over Kototabang (KB, 0.2°S, 100.3°E) from 2003 to 2012. Atmospheric oscillations have a crucial impact on atmospheric dynamics, which contributes to more accurate space weather forecasting, thus providing a more secure space environment for human space exploration activities such as remote sensing and satellite navigation. QTDWs are typical atmospheric oscillations in the upper stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The occurrence time, amplitudes, periods and vertical wavelengths of QTDW events are analyzed statistically. Data obtained from the TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI), which can measure wind and temperature and is onboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite, are used to analyze the global distribution and spatial structure of QTDWs with different zonal wavenumbers. The characteristics of the QTDWs over KB are compared with the QTDWs at the middle latitudes using the meridional wind data from a meteor radar over Wuhan (114.4°E, 30.6°N), Beijing (116.5°E, 39.9°N) and Mohe (121.1°E, 50.1°N). The amplitudes of the QTDW and spectral analysis are calculated by the least squares fitting method. Our results demonstrate that QTDWs are present almost all year around over KB. The occurrence time, amplitudes, periods and vertical wavelengths of QTDW events with different zonal wavenumbers are determined in this study. We also find that the statistical characteristics of the QTDWs in KB are different from those at middle latitudes. The westward zonal wavenumber −4 (W4) events gradually increase with increasing latitude, whereas westward zonal wavenumbers −1, −2, and −3 (W1, W2 and W3, respectively) events all decrease with increasing latitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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17 pages, 5437 KiB  
Article
Observed Quasi 16-Day Wave by Meteor Radar over 9 Years at Mengcheng (33.4°N, 116.5°E) and Comparison with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Simulation
by Chengyun Yang, Dexin Lai, Wen Yi, Jianfei Wu, Xianghui Xue, Tao Li, Tingdi Chen and Xiankang Dou
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(3), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030830 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
In this study, we present nearly 9 years of the quasi16-day wave (Q16DW) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind at middle latitudes based on long-term wind observations between April 2014 and December 2022 by the Mengcheng (33.4°N, 116.5°E) meteor radar. There [...] Read more.
In this study, we present nearly 9 years of the quasi16-day wave (Q16DW) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind at middle latitudes based on long-term wind observations between April 2014 and December 2022 by the Mengcheng (33.4°N, 116.5°E) meteor radar. There are two maxima in the Q16DW amplitude in the winter and early spring (near the equinox) and a minimum during the summer. The Q16DWs are relatively weak in meridional winds with no obvious seasonal variations. On average, the phase of the zonal Q16DW is larger than the meridional components with a mean difference that is slightly less than 90°, which suggests that there are orthogonal relationships between them. During the bursts of Q16DW, the periods in winter range between 15 and 18 d, whereas in summer, the periods of the planetary waves have a wider range. The wintertime Q16DW anomalies are, on average, amplified when the zonal wind shear anomalies increase, suggesting that barotropic instability may be a source of the Q16DW. Although the interannual variability of Q16DW amplitudes has been suggested observationally, there is no significant relationship between the interannual wind shear variability and Q16DW at most altitudes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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14 pages, 6952 KiB  
Communication
Atmospheric Gravity Wave Derived from the Neutral Wind with 5-Minute Resolution Routinely Retrieved by the Meteor Radar at Mohe
by Chi Long, Tao Yu, Yang-Yi Sun, Xiangxiang Yan, Jian Zhang, Na Yang, Jin Wang, Chunliang Xia, Yu Liang and Hailun Ye
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020296 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) are crucial for the understanding of general circulation. However, their dynamical characteristics are hardly retrieved due to the difficulty in the high-resolution observation of wind. Therefore, this paper uses eight years (2013–2020) of meteor [...] Read more.
Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) are crucial for the understanding of general circulation. However, their dynamical characteristics are hardly retrieved due to the difficulty in the high-resolution observation of wind. Therefore, this paper uses eight years (2013–2020) of meteor radar measurements in the MLT region at Mohe station (53.5°N, 122.3°E), China, to retrieve high-temporal-resolution mesospheric wind data and further evaluate the temporal variation of GW kinetic energy. As the detected meteor trails exceed 6, the wind velocity is recalculated using the least square algorithm method, significantly increasing the temporal resolution of wind from 1 h up to 5 min. This resolution is sufficiently high for the investigation of GW kinetic energy, which exhibits a high spatial-temporal variability. For instance, it is enhanced in the winter season during the period of 0200–1400 UT and in the spring season during the period of 0800–1300 UT. The similarity between the climatological characteristics of GWs in MLT and the seasonal variation of GW total energy in the troposphere, determined from high-resolution radiosondes near to Mohe station, suggests that the meteorology in the lower atmosphere could be an important source of GWs in the MLT region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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13 pages, 14673 KiB  
Communication
Wuhan MST Radar Observations of a Tropopause Descent Event during Heavy Rain on 1–2 June 2015
by Hao Qi, Gang Chen, Yiming Lin, Wanlin Gong, Feilong Chen, Yaxian Li and Xiaoming Zhou
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(24), 6272; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246272 - 10 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1339
Abstract
During heavy rain on 1–2 June 2015 in central China, the Wuhan mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar was applied to record the atmospheric responses to the rain with a 30 min period. According to the vertical gradient of the echo power above 500 hPa, the [...] Read more.
During heavy rain on 1–2 June 2015 in central China, the Wuhan mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar was applied to record the atmospheric responses to the rain with a 30 min period. According to the vertical gradient of the echo power above 500 hPa, the tropopause height could be determined by MST radar detection. The tropopause descent was clearly observed by the Wuhan MST radar a few hours before the rain, and then the tropopause recovered to usual heights during the rain. The observation of the radiosonde in Wuhan was in line with that of the radar. Both the potential vorticity and the ozone mass mixing ratio variations at 100 hPa level implied the fall of the tropopause. During the tropopause decent, enhanced radar echoes appeared in the upper troposphere, the echo spectral widths became broader, and the large vertical wind velocities were recorded and indicated the occurrence of strong convective activities. The relative humidity was also found to increase at all tropospheric heights, including the region close to the tropopause. The convective flow may have transported water vapor to the tropopause heights, and a temperature decrease in this region was also recorded. It is very likely that water vapor cooling induced the tropopause descent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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17 pages, 3792 KiB  
Article
Clouds in the Vicinity of the Stratopause Observed with Lidars at Midlatitudes (40.5–41°N) in China
by Shaohua Gong, Yuru Wang, Jianchun Guo, Weipeng Chen, Yuhao Zhang, Faquan Li, Yuchang Xun, Jiyao Xu, Xuewu Cheng and Guotao Yang
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(19), 4938; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194938 - 3 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1265
Abstract
Based on long-term lidar (light detection and ranging) observations at Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) and Pingquan (41°N, 118.7°E), cloud events occurred in the vicinity of the stratopause above Beijing were reported for the first time. These events occurred with tenuous and sparse layers within [...] Read more.
Based on long-term lidar (light detection and ranging) observations at Yanqing (40.5°N, 116°E) and Pingquan (41°N, 118.7°E), cloud events occurred in the vicinity of the stratopause above Beijing were reported for the first time. These events occurred with tenuous and sparse layers within the altitude range of 33–65 km, and the maximum VBSC value ranged from 1×10−10m−1sr−1 to 5.5×10−9m−1sr−1. Considering temperature and water vapor measurements from SABER/TIMED, the occurrence mechanism of these lidar-observed cloud events was examined. It was found that some cloud layers resulted from the nucleation of water vapor due to the local meteorological changes in the middle atmosphere, while other lidar-observed clouds could comprise floating clusters of cosmic dust, hydrate droplets, volcanic ash, space traffic exhaust, etc. These cloud events are rare cloud-like phenomena in the middle atmosphere observed by lidars at midlatitudes in China; they differ from NLCs and PSCs in terms of altitude distribution and seasonal variation, and the relevant microphysics processes behind their occurrence are likely meaningful to meteorology at midlatitudes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Dynamics with Radar Observations)
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