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Nanomaterials
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Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors
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Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 14247

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nantao Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: gas sensors; mechanism; electronic nose; MEMS sensors; micro/nanostructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yanyan Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
Interests: gas sensors based on low-dimensional nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene quantum dots, conducting polymers, metal oxide, metal sulfide, etc.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Low-dimensional nanomaterials have aroused much interest over the past decade. These materials, notable for interesting properties dependent on their shapes and extremely small feature sizes, have the potential for wide-ranging industrial, biomedical, and electronic applications. The sensible parts of low-dimensional nanomaterials with high surface areas and unique structures endow them excellent responses to different gases. Hence, low-dimensional nanomaterials for gas sensors have become a hot topic these years. How to tackle with sensibility, selectivity, as well as repeatability and stability is challenging for realistic application of low-dimensional nanomaterials in sensing fields. In addition, sensing speed, low power and cost are also important for design of low-dimensional nanomaterial-based gas sensing devices. Evolved with these issues, many advancements have been achieved. Yet it’s still challenging for us to make more progress on this cutting-edge field.  This Special Issue is focused on, but not confined to, three main research topics involving low-dimensional nanomaterial-based gas sensors.

(1)   Preparation and characterization of low-dimensional nanomaterials with excellent gas sensing properties;

(2)   Unique structures based on low-dimensional nanomaterials (including micro/nano structures, heterostructures, doping, van der Waals structures, etc.) with excellent gas sensing properties;

(3)   New sensing mechanism and function for low-dimensional nanomaterial-based gas sensing devices.

Prof. Dr. Nantao Hu
Prof. Dr. Yanyan Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gas sensor
  • low-dimensional nanomaterial
  • micro/nano structure
  • heterostructure
  • gas sensing
  • sensibility
  • selectivity
  • repeatability

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 8750 KiB  
Article
Two-Dimensional Bimetallic Phthalocyanine Covalent-Organic-Framework-Based Chemiresistive Gas Sensor for ppb-Level NO2 Detection
by Xiyu Chen, Min Zeng, Jianhua Yang, Nantao Hu, Xiaoyong Duan, Wei Cai, Yanjie Su and Zhi Yang
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(10), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13101660 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2114
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) phthalocyanine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide an ideal platform for efficient and rapid gas sensing—this can be attributed to their regular structure, moderate conductivity, and a large number of scalable metal active centers. However, there remains a need to explore structural [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) phthalocyanine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide an ideal platform for efficient and rapid gas sensing—this can be attributed to their regular structure, moderate conductivity, and a large number of scalable metal active centers. However, there remains a need to explore structural modification strategies for optimizing the sluggish desorption process caused by the extensive porosity and strong adsorption effect of metal sites. Herein, we reported a 2D bimetallic phthalocyanine-based COF (COF-CuNiPc) as chemiresistive gas sensors that exhibited a high gas-sensing performance to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Bimetallic COF-CuNiPc with an asymmetric synergistic effect achieves a fast adsorption/desorption process to NO2. It is demonstrated that the COF-CuNiPc can detect 50 ppb NO2 with a recovery time of 7 s assisted by ultraviolet illumination. Compared with single-metal phthalocyanine-based COFs (COF-CuPc and COF-NiPc), the bimetallic structure of COF-CuNiPc can provide a proper band gap to interact with NO2 gas molecules. The CuNiPc heterometallic active site expands the overlap of d-orbitals, and the optimized electronic arrangement accelerates the adsorption/desorption processes. The concept of a synergistic effect enabled by bimetallic phthalocyanines in this work can provide an innovative direction to design high-performance chemiresistive gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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13 pages, 2671 KiB  
Article
Flower-like ZnO Nanostructures Local Surface Morphology and Chemistry
by Monika Kwoka, Elisabetta Comini, Dario Zappa and Jacek Szuber
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152666 - 03 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1565
Abstract
This work presents the results of comparative studies using complementary methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) to investigate the local surface morphology and chemistry of flower-like ZnO nanostructures synthesized by the thermal oxidation [...] Read more.
This work presents the results of comparative studies using complementary methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) to investigate the local surface morphology and chemistry of flower-like ZnO nanostructures synthesized by the thermal oxidation technique on native Si/SiO2 substrates. SEM studies showed that our flower-like ZnO nanostructures contained mostly isolated and irregular morphological low-dimensional forms, seen as rolled-up floss flowers, together with local, elongated, complex stalks similar to Liatris flowers, which contained joined short flosses in the form of nanodendrites. Beyond this, XPS studies showed that these nanostructures exhibited a slight surface nonstoichiometry, mostly related to the existence of oxygen-deficient regions, combined with strong undesired C surface contamination. In addition, the TDS studies showed that these undesired surface contaminations (including mainly C species and hydroxyl groups) are only slightly removed from the surface of our flower-like ZnO nanostructures, causing an expected modification of their nonstoichiometry. All of these effects are of great importance when using our flower-like ZnO nanostructures in gas sensor devices for detecting oxidizing gases because surface contamination leads to an undesired barrier for toxic gas adsorption, and it can additionally be responsible for the uncontrolled sensor aging effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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10 pages, 3846 KiB  
Article
Organic/Inorganic-Based Flexible Membrane for a Room-Temperature Electronic Gas Sensor
by Husam H. D. AlTakroori, Ashraf Ali, Yaser E. Greish, Naser Qamhieh and Saleh T. Mahmoud
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122037 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1340
Abstract
A room temperature (RT) H2S gas sensor based on organic–inorganic nanocomposites has been developed by incorporating zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) into a conductivity-controlled organic polymer matrix. A homogeneous solution containing poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ionic liquid (IL) and further [...] Read more.
A room temperature (RT) H2S gas sensor based on organic–inorganic nanocomposites has been developed by incorporating zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) into a conductivity-controlled organic polymer matrix. A homogeneous solution containing poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ionic liquid (IL) and further doped with ZnO NPs was used for the fabrication of a flexible membrane (approx. 200 μm in thickness). The sensor was assessed for its performance against hazardous gases at RT (23 °C). The obtained sensor exhibited good sensitivity, with a detection limit of 15 ppm, and a fast time response (24 ± 3 s) toward H2S gas. The sensor also showed excellent repeatability, long-term stability and selectivity toward H2S gas among other test gases. Furthermore, the sensor depicted a high flexibility, low cost, easy fabrication and low power consumption, thus holding great promise for flexible electronic gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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21 pages, 4704 KiB  
Article
High Gas Sensitivity to Nitrogen Dioxide of Nanocomposite ZnO-SnO2 Films Activated by a Surface Electric Field
by Victor V. Petrov, Alexandra P. Ivanishcheva, Maria G. Volkova, Viktoriya Yu. Storozhenko, Irina A. Gulyaeva, Ilya V. Pankov, Vadim A. Volochaev, Soslan A. Khubezhov and Ekaterina M. Bayan
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122025 - 12 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1901
Abstract
Gas sensors based on the multi-sensor platform MSP 632, with thin nanocomposite films based on tin dioxide with a low content of zinc oxide (0.5–5 mol.%), were synthesized using a solid-phase low-temperature pyrolysis technique. The resulting gas-sensitive ZnO-SnO2 films were comprehensively studied [...] Read more.
Gas sensors based on the multi-sensor platform MSP 632, with thin nanocomposite films based on tin dioxide with a low content of zinc oxide (0.5–5 mol.%), were synthesized using a solid-phase low-temperature pyrolysis technique. The resulting gas-sensitive ZnO-SnO2 films were comprehensively studied by atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained films are up to 200 nm thick and consist of ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites, with ZnO and SnO2 crystallite sizes of 4–30 nm. Measurements of ZnO-SnO2 films containing 0.5 mol.% ZnO showed the existence of large values of surface potential, up to 1800 mV, leading to the formation of a strong surface electric field with a strength of up to 2 × 107 V/cm. The presence of a strong surface electric field leads to the best gas-sensitive properties: the sensor’s responsivity is between two and nine times higher than that of sensors based on ZnO-SnO2 films of other compositions. A study of characteristics sensitive to NO2 (0.1–50 ppm) showed that gas sensors based on the ZnO-SnO2 film demonstrated a high sensitivity to NO2 with a concentration of 0.1 ppm at an operating temperature of 200 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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17 pages, 4315 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional MoS2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets/Graphene Quantum Dots Hybrids for High-Performance Room-Temperature NO2 Gas Sensors
by Cheng Yang, Yanyan Wang, Zhekun Wu, Zhanbo Zhang, Nantao Hu and Changsi Peng
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060901 - 09 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2541
Abstract
This study presents three-dimensional (3D) MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/graphene quantum dots (GQDs) hybrids with improved gas sensing performance for NO2 sensors. GQDs were introduced to prevent the agglomeration of nanosheets during mixing of rGO and MoS2. The resultant [...] Read more.
This study presents three-dimensional (3D) MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/graphene quantum dots (GQDs) hybrids with improved gas sensing performance for NO2 sensors. GQDs were introduced to prevent the agglomeration of nanosheets during mixing of rGO and MoS2. The resultant MoS2/rGO/GQDs hybrids exhibit a well-defined 3D nanostructure, with a firm connection among components. The prepared MoS2/rGO/GQDs-based sensor exhibits a response of 23.2% toward 50 ppm NO2 at room temperature. Furthermore, when exposed to NO2 gas with a concentration as low as 5 ppm, the prepared sensor retains a response of 15.2%. Compared with the MoS2/rGO nanocomposites, the addition of GQDs improves the sensitivity to 21.1% and 23.2% when the sensor is exposed to 30 and 50 ppm NO2 gas, respectively. Additionally, the MoS2/rGO/GQDs-based sensor exhibits outstanding repeatability and gas selectivity. When exposed to certain typical interference gases, the MoS2/rGO/GQDs-based sensor has over 10 times higher sensitivity toward NO2 than the other gases. This study indicates that MoS2/rGO/GQDs hybrids are potential candidates for the development of NO2 sensors with excellent gas sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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Review

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17 pages, 5055 KiB  
Review
Microstructural Control of Soluble Acene Crystals for Field-Effect Transistor Gas Sensors
by Jung Hun Lee, Jeong Hwan Chun, Hyun-Jong Chung and Wi Hyoung Lee
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152564 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1748
Abstract
Microstructural control during the solution processing of small-molecule semiconductors (namely, soluble acene) is important for enhancing the performance of field-effect transistors (FET) and sensors. This focused review introduces strategies to enhance the gas-sensing properties (sensitivity, recovery, selectivity, and stability) of soluble acene FET [...] Read more.
Microstructural control during the solution processing of small-molecule semiconductors (namely, soluble acene) is important for enhancing the performance of field-effect transistors (FET) and sensors. This focused review introduces strategies to enhance the gas-sensing properties (sensitivity, recovery, selectivity, and stability) of soluble acene FET sensors by considering their sensing mechanism. Defects, such as grain boundaries and crystal edges, provide diffusion pathways for target gas molecules to reach the semiconductor-dielectric interface, thereby enhancing sensitivity and recovery. Representative studies on grain boundary engineering, patterning, and pore generation in the formation of soluble acene crystals are reviewed. The phase separation and microstructure of soluble acene/polymer blends for enhancing gas-sensing performance are also reviewed. Finally, flexible gas sensors using soluble acenes and soluble acene/polymer blends are introduced, and future research perspectives in this field are suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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27 pages, 3153 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress on Nanomaterials for NO2 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
by Livia Alexandra Dinu, Valentin Buiculescu and Angela Mihaela Baracu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 2120; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122120 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2253
Abstract
NO2 gas surface acoustic wave (SAW)sensors are under continuous development due to their high sensitivity, reliability, low cost and room temperature operation. Their integration ability with different receptor nanomaterials assures a boost in the performance of the sensors. Among the most exploited [...] Read more.
NO2 gas surface acoustic wave (SAW)sensors are under continuous development due to their high sensitivity, reliability, low cost and room temperature operation. Their integration ability with different receptor nanomaterials assures a boost in the performance of the sensors. Among the most exploited nano-materials for sensitive detection of NO2 gas molecules are carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxide semiconductors, quantum dots, and conducting polymers. All these nanomaterials aim to create pores for NO2 gas adsorption or to enlarge the specific surface area with ultra-small nanoparticles that increase the active sites where NO2 gas molecules can diffuse. This review provides a general overview of NO2 gas SAW sensors, with a focus on the different sensors’ configurations and their fabrication technology, on the nanomaterials used as sensitive NO2 layers and on the test methods for gas detection. The synthesis methods of sensing nanomaterials, their functionalization techniques, the mechanism of interaction between NO2 molecules and the sensing nanomaterials are presented and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Gas Sensors)
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