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16 pages, 1817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-Modified Denture Base Resins

by Nikola Gligorijević, Tatjana Mihajlov-Krstev, Milena Kostić, Ljubiša Nikolić, Nemanja Stanković, Vesna Nikolić, Ana Dinić, Marko Igić and Nirit Bernstein

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142453 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1989

Abstract

The surface quality of denture base resins allows for easy colonization by microorganisms including Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which cause major diseases of the oral cavity such as denture stomatitis. The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields of [...] Read more.

The surface quality of denture base resins allows for easy colonization by microorganisms including Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which cause major diseases of the oral cavity such as denture stomatitis. The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields of medicine has led to research of their possible application in dentistry, mostly in the prevention of bacterial adhesion, proliferation, and biofilm formation. The aim of the study was to synthesize cold and heat-curing denture base resins modified with AgNPs and AgCl, and evaluate the potential of the modified resins to reduce the growth of C. albicans and S.aureus. The produced material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antimicrobial potential of the modified material was demonstrated by the disc-diffusion method, microdilution method, and a modified microdilution method (i.e., disk-diffusion method in broth with viable counting). Spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of biocidal materials into the structure of the denture base resins. The AgCl and AgNPs modified resins showed an antimicrobial effect. The significance of the study is in the potential therapeutic effects of the modified materials for prevention and threating staphylococci and candida in elderly patients, who are in most cases denture wearers and have a greater susceptibility to develop opportunistic infections. Modified denture base resins can significantly reduce the presence of infection at the point of contact between the denture and the mucous membrane of the prosthetic restoration. Biological tests of modified denture base resins will follow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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20 pages, 8047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Sr/F-Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles and Calcium Phosphate on Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, Surface Microhardness, Mass/Volume Changes, and Color Stability of Dual-Cured Dental Composites for Core Build-Up Materials

by Bharat Mirchandani, Chawal Padunglappisit, Arnit Toneluck, Parichart Naruphontjirakul and Piyaphong Panpisut

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111897 - 01 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2183

Abstract

This study prepared composites for core build-up containing Sr/F bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/F-BGNPs) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) to prevent dental caries. The effect of the additives on the physical/mechanical properties of the materials was examined. Dual-cured resin composites were prepared using dimethacrylate [...] Read more.

This study prepared composites for core build-up containing Sr/F bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/F-BGNPs) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) to prevent dental caries. The effect of the additives on the physical/mechanical properties of the materials was examined. Dual-cured resin composites were prepared using dimethacrylate monomers with added Sr/F-BGNPs (5 or 10 wt%) and MCPM (3 or 6 wt%). The additives reduced the light-activated monomer conversion by ~10%, but their effect on the conversion upon self-curing was negligible. The conversions of light-curing or self-curing polymerization of the experimental materials were greater than that of the commercial material. The additives reduced biaxial flexural strength (191 to 155 MPa), modulus (4.4 to 3.3), and surface microhardness (53 to 45 VHN). These values were comparable to that of the commercial material or within the acceptable range of the standard. The changes in the experimental composites’ mass and volume (~1%) were similar to that of the commercial comparison. The color change of the commercial material (1.0) was lower than that of the experimental composites (1.5–5.8). The addition of Sr/F-BGNPs and MCPM negatively affected the physical/mechanical properties of the composites, but the results were satisfactory except for color stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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16 pages, 3006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An In Vitro Evaluation of Selenium Nanoparticles on Osteoblastic Differentiation and Antimicrobial Properties against Porphyromonas gingivalis

by Jason Hou, Yukihiko Tamura, Hsin-Ying Lu, Yuta Takahashi, Shohei Kasugai, Hidemi Nakata and Shinji Kuroda

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111850 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2071

Abstract

Despite numerous treatment methods, there is no gold standard for the treatment of peri-implantitis—an infectious peri-implant disease. Here, we examined selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) at a wide range of concentrations to investigate their cytotoxicity, regulation of osteoblastic differentiation, and assessed the antibacterial effect against [...] Read more.

Despite numerous treatment methods, there is no gold standard for the treatment of peri-implantitis—an infectious peri-implant disease. Here, we examined selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) at a wide range of concentrations to investigate their cytotoxicity, regulation of osteoblastic differentiation, and assessed the antibacterial effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis. SeNPs (mean size: 70 nm; shape: near-spherical; concentration: 0–2048 ppm) were tested against the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast precursor cell line and P. gingivalis red complex pathogen. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis was used to evaluate the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) signaling pathway. SeNPs at concentrations of 2–16 ppm showed no obvious cytotoxicity and promoted good mineralization and calcification. SeNPs at concentrations 64 ppm and below influenced gene expression promoting osteoblastic differentiation, whereas at high concentrations inhibited the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). The growth of P. gingivalis was significantly inhibited at SeNP concentrations of more than 4 ppm. SeNPs at low concentrations promoted osteoblastic differentiation while strongly inhibiting peri-implantitis pathogen growth. This study represents one of the few in vitro assessments of SeNPs against a red complex pathogen and the regulatory effect on osteoblastic differentiation. The findings demonstrate SeNPs could potentially be used for future application on implant coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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25 pages, 10886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zinc-Containing Sol–Gel Glass Nanoparticles to Deliver Therapeutic Ions

by Prakan Thanasrisuebwong, Julian R. Jones, Salita Eiamboonsert, Nisarat Ruangsawasdi, Bundhit Jirajariyavej and Parichart Naruphontjirakul

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(10), 1691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101691 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2078

Abstract

Zn-containing dense monodispersed bioactive glass nanoparticles (Zn-BAGNPs) have been developed to deliver therapeutic inorganic trace elements, including Si, Ca, Sr, and Zn, to the cells through the degradation process, as delivery carriers for stimulating bone regeneration because of their capacity to induce osteogenic [...] Read more.

Zn-containing dense monodispersed bioactive glass nanoparticles (Zn-BAGNPs) have been developed to deliver therapeutic inorganic trace elements, including Si, Ca, Sr, and Zn, to the cells through the degradation process, as delivery carriers for stimulating bone regeneration because of their capacity to induce osteogenic differentiation. The sol–gel-derived dense silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) were first synthesized using the modified Stöber method, prior to incorporating therapeutic cations through the heat treatment process. The successfully synthesized monodispersed Zn-BAGNPs (diameter of 130 ± 20 nm) were homogeneous in size with spherical morphology. Ca, Sr and Zn were incorporated through the two-step post-functionalization process, with the nominal ZnO ratio between 0 and 2 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0). Zn-BAGNPs have the capacity for continuous degradation and simultaneous ion release in SBF and PBS solutions due to their amorphous structure. Zn-BAGNPs have no in vitro cytotoxicity on the murine pre-osteoblast cell (MC3T3-E1) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), up to a concentration of 250 µg/mL. Zn-BAGNPs also stimulated osteogenic differentiation on PDLSCs treated with particles, after 2 and 3 weeks in culture. Zn-BAGNPs were not toxic to the cells and have the potential to stimulate osteogenic differentiation on PDLSCs. Therefore, Zn-BAGNPs are potential vehicles for therapeutic cation delivery for applications in bone and dental regenerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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16 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New and Efficient Bioactive Glass Compositions for Controlling Endodontic Pathogens

by Bruna L. Correia, Ana T. P. C. Gomes, Rita Noites, José M. F. Ferreira and Ana S. Duarte

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091577 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2091

Abstract

Endodontic treatment aims to conserve teeth through removing infected tissue, disinfecting, and filling/sealing the root canal. One of the most important treatment steps is the removal of microorganisms to avoid reinfection and consequent tooth loss. Due to increased resistance to intracanal medications, new [...] Read more.

Endodontic treatment aims to conserve teeth through removing infected tissue, disinfecting, and filling/sealing the root canal. One of the most important treatment steps is the removal of microorganisms to avoid reinfection and consequent tooth loss. Due to increased resistance to intracanal medications, new alternative procedures are needed. Thus, an intracanal medication is suggested using three bioactive glass (BG) compositions (BG1, BG2, and BG3) produced by the sol–gel method, with different molar contents of bactericidal oxides. The BGs were morphologically and physically characterized. Their ability to inhibit the growth of two oral pathogens responsible for the failure of endodontic treatments (E. faecalis and C. albicans) was also studied. The results suggest that BG2 and BG3 can inhibit the growth of E. faecalis after 48 h of incubation, and all BG samples have a significant effect on C. albicans survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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14 pages, 4003 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Novel Pastes Containing Polymeric Nanoparticles for Dentin Hypersensitivity Treatment: An In Vitro Study

by Manuel Toledano-Osorio, Raquel Osorio, Estrella Osorio, Antonio L. Medina-Castillo and Manuel Toledano

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 3150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113150 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

Tubule occlusion and remineralization are considered the two main goals of dentin hypersensitivity treatment. The objective is to assess the ability of dentifrices containing zinc-doped polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to enduringly occlude the dentinal tubules, reinforcing dentin’s mechanical properties. Fifteen dentin surfaces were acid-treated [...] Read more.

Tubule occlusion and remineralization are considered the two main goals of dentin hypersensitivity treatment. The objective is to assess the ability of dentifrices containing zinc-doped polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to enduringly occlude the dentinal tubules, reinforcing dentin’s mechanical properties. Fifteen dentin surfaces were acid-treated for dentinal tubule exposure and brushed with (1) distilled water, or with experimental pastes containing (2) 1% of zinc-doped NPs, (3) 5% of zinc-doped NPs, (4) 10% of zinc-doped NPs or (5) Sensodyne^®. Topographical and nanomechanical analyses were performed on treated dentin surfaces and after a citric acid challenge. ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls tests were used (p < 0.05). The main results indicate that all pastes produced tubule occlusion (100%) and reinforced mechanical properties of intertubular dentin (complex modulus was above 75 GPa). After the citric acid challenge, only those pastes containing zinc-doped NPs were able to maintain tubular occlusion, as specimens treated with Sensodyne^® have around 30% of tubules opened. Mechanical properties were maintained for dentin treated with Zn-doped NPs, but in the case of specimens treated with Sensodyne^®, complex modulus values were reduced below 50 GPa. It may be concluded that zinc-doped NPs at the lowest tested concentration produced acid-resistant tubular occlusion and increased the mechanical properties of dentin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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20 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raman and XANES Spectroscopic Study of the Influence of Coordination Atomic and Molecular Environments in Biomimetic Composite Materials Integrated with Dental Tissue

by Dmitry Goloshchapov, Nikita Buylov, Anna Emelyanova, Ivan Ippolitov, Yuri Ippolitov, Vladimir Kashkarov, Yuri Khudyakov, Kirill Nikitkov and Pavel Seredin

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 3099; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113099 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

In this work, for the first time, the influence of the coordination environment as well as Ca and P atomic states on biomimetic composites integrated with dental tissue was investigated. Bioinspired dental composites were synthesised based on nanocrystalline calcium carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite [...] Read more.

In this work, for the first time, the influence of the coordination environment as well as Ca and P atomic states on biomimetic composites integrated with dental tissue was investigated. Bioinspired dental composites were synthesised based on nanocrystalline calcium carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite

C a_{4}^{I} C a_{6}^{II} {(P O_{4})}_{6 - x} {(C O_{3})}_{x + y} {(O H)}_{2 - y}

(nano-cHAp) obtained from a biogenic source and a set of polar amino acids that modelled the organic matrix. Biomimetic composites, as well as natural dental tissue samples, were investigated using Raman spectromicroscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Molecular structure and energy structure studies revealed several important features related to the different calcium atomic environments. It was shown that biomimetic composites created in order to reproduce the physicochemical properties of dental tissue provide good imitation of molecular and electron energetic properties, including the carbonate anion CO₃²⁻ and the atomic Ca/P ratio in nanocrystals. The features of the molecular structure of biomimetic composites are inherited from the nano-cHAp (to a greater extent) and the amino acid cocktail used for their creation, and are caused by the ratio between the mineral and organic components, which is similar to the composition of natural enamel and dentine. In this case, violation of the nano-cHAp stoichiometry, which is the mineral basis of the natural and bioinspired composites, as well as the inclusion of different molecular groups in the nano-cHAp lattice, do not affect the coordination environment of phosphorus atoms. The differences observed in the molecular and electron energetic structures of the natural enamel and dentine and the imitation of their properties by biomimetic materials are caused by rearrangement in the local environment of the calcium atoms in the HAp crystal lattice. The surface of the nano-cHAp crystals in the natural enamel and dentine involved in the formation of bonds with the organic matrix is characterised by the coordination environment of the calcium atom, corresponding to its location in the Ca^I position—that is, bound through common oxygen atoms with PO₄ tetrahedrons. At the same time, on the surface of nano-cHAp crystals in bioinspired dental materials, the calcium atom is characteristically located in the Ca^II position, bound to the hydroxyl OH group. The features detected in the atomic and molecular coordination environment in nano-cHAp play a fundamental role in recreating a biomimetic dental composite of the natural organomineral interaction in mineralised tissue and will help to find an optimal way to integrate the dental biocomposite with natural tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short- and Long-Term Dentin Bond Strength of Bioactive Glass-Modified Dental Adhesives

by Ramona Oltramare, Matej Par, Dirk Mohn, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, Thomas Attin and Tobias T. Tauböck

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081894 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2236

Abstract

This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of dental adhesives doped with nano-sized bioactive glass 45S5 (BAG) on the resin–dentin interfacial bond strength. Two etch-and-rinse adhesives (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (ASB) and Solobond Plus (SB)) and one self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond (CF)) [...] Read more.

This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of dental adhesives doped with nano-sized bioactive glass 45S5 (BAG) on the resin–dentin interfacial bond strength. Two etch-and-rinse adhesives (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (ASB) and Solobond Plus (SB)) and one self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond (CF)) were doped with different concentrations of BAG (5, 10, and 20 wt%). The unmodified (0 wt% BAG) commercial adhesives served as control groups. Dentin of 120 molars (n = 10 per group) was treated with the different adhesives, followed by buildups with a conventional composite restorative material. From each tooth, 14 sticks were prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. The sticks were stored in simulated body fluid at 37 °C and tested after 24 h or six months for µTBS and failure mode. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis tests in combination with post-hoc Conover-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at a level of significance of α = 0.05. After 24 h and six months, both etch-and-rinse adhesives with a low BAG content (up to 10 wt% for ASB and 5 wt% for SB) showed similar µTBSs as their respective control groups (0 wt% BAG). CF showed a significant decrease in µTBS even after addition of 5 wt% BAG. At a high concentration of added BAG (20 wt%), all three adhesives showed a significant decrease in µTBS compared to the unmodified controls. The CF control group showed significantly lower µTBS after 6 months of storage than after 24 h. In contrast, the µTBS of all CF groups modified with BAG was unaffected by aging. In conclusion, the tested etch-and-rinse adhesives can be modified with up to 5 wt% (SB), or 10 wt% (ASB) of BAG without reducing their short- and long-term dentin bond strength. Moreover, the addition of nano-sized BAG may prevent long-term bond strength deterioration of a self-etch adhesive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 2022 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanomaterials in Dentistry: Current Applications and Future Scope

by Pavan Kumar Pavagada Sreenivasalu, Chander Parkash Dora, Rajan Swami, Veeriah Chowdary Jasthi, Predeepkumar Narayanappa Shiroorkar, Sreeharsha Nagaraja, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq and Md. Khalid Anwer

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(10), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101676 - 14 May 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6522

Abstract

Nanotechnology utilizes the mechanics to control the size and morphology of the particles in the required nano range for accomplishing the intended purposes. There was a time when it was predominantly applied only to the fields of matter physics or chemical engineering, but [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology utilizes the mechanics to control the size and morphology of the particles in the required nano range for accomplishing the intended purposes. There was a time when it was predominantly applied only to the fields of matter physics or chemical engineering, but with time, biological scientists recognized its vast benefits and explored the advantages in their respective fields. This extension of nanotechnology in the field of dentistry is termed ‘Nanodentistry.’ It is revolutionizing every aspect of dentistry. It consists of therapeutic and diagnostic tools and supportive aids to maintain oral hygiene with the help of nanomaterials. Research in nanodentistry is evolving holistically but slowly with the advanced finding of symbiotic use of novel polymers, natural polymers, metals, minerals, and drugs. These materials, in association with nanotechnology, further assist in exploring the usage of nano dental adducts in prosthodontic, regeneration, orthodontic, etc. Moreover, drug release cargo abilities of the nano dental adduct provide an extra edge to dentistry over their conventional counterparts. Nano dentistry has expanded to every single branch of dentistry. In the present review, we will present a holistic view of the recent advances in the field of nanodentistry. The later part of the review compiled the ethical and regulatory challenges in the commercialization of the nanodentistry. This review tracks the advancement in nano dentistry in different but important domains of dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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25 pages, 1824 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnetic Nanoparticles in Bone Tissue Engineering

by Akshith Dasari, Jingyi Xue and Sanjukta Deb

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(5), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050757 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6494

Abstract

Large bone defects with limited intrinsic regenerative potential represent a major surgical challenge and are associated with a high socio-economic burden and severe reduction in the quality of life. Tissue engineering approaches offer the possibility to induce new functional bone regeneration, with the [...] Read more.

Large bone defects with limited intrinsic regenerative potential represent a major surgical challenge and are associated with a high socio-economic burden and severe reduction in the quality of life. Tissue engineering approaches offer the possibility to induce new functional bone regeneration, with the biomimetic scaffold serving as a bridge to create a microenvironment that enables a regenerative niche at the site of damage. Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a potential tool in bone tissue engineering that leverages the inherent magnetism of magnetic nano particles in cellular microenvironments providing direction in enhancing the osteoinductive, osteoconductive and angiogenic properties in the design of scaffolds. There are conflicting opinions and reports on the role of MNPs on these scaffolds, such as the true role of magnetism, the application of external magnetic fields in combination with MNPs, remote delivery of biomechanical stimuli in-vivo and magnetically controlled cell retention or bioactive agent delivery in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of magnetic nanoparticles for bone-tissue-engineering applications in both disease modelling and treatment of injuries and disease. We highlight the materials-design pathway from implementation strategy through the selection of materials and fabrication methods to evaluation. We discuss the advances in this field and unmet needs, current challenges in the development of ideal materials for bone-tissue regeneration and emerging strategies in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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22 pages, 5806 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploiting Nanomaterials for Optical Coherence Tomography and Photoacoustic Imaging in Nanodentistry

by Avishek Das, Gisele Cruz Camboim Raposo, Daniela Siqueira Lopes, Evair Josino da Silva, Vanda Sanderana Macêdo Carneiro, Cláudia Cristina Brainer de Oliveira Mota, Marcello Magri Amaral, Denise Maria Zezell, Renato Barbosa-Silva and Anderson Stevens Leonidas Gomes

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030506 - 01 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3589

Abstract

There is already a societal awareness of the growing impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with nanomaterials (with at least one dimension less than 100 nm) now incorporated in items as diverse as mobile phones, clothes or dentifrices. In the healthcare area, nanoparticles of [...] Read more.

There is already a societal awareness of the growing impact of nanoscience and nanotechnology, with nanomaterials (with at least one dimension less than 100 nm) now incorporated in items as diverse as mobile phones, clothes or dentifrices. In the healthcare area, nanoparticles of biocompatible materials have already been used for cancer treatment or bioimaging enhancement. Nanotechnology in dentistry, or nanodentistry, has already found some developments in dental nanomaterials for caries management, restorative dentistry and orthodontic adhesives. In this review, we present state-of-the-art scientific development in nanodentistry with an emphasis on two imaging techniques exploiting nanomaterials: optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Examples will be given using OCT with nanomaterials to enhance the acquired imaging, acting as optical clearing agents for OCT. A novel application of gold nanoparticles and nanorods for imaging enhancement of incipient occlusal caries using OCT will be described. Additionally, we will highlight how the OCT technique can be properly managed to provide imaging with spatial resolution down to 10′s–100′s nm resolution. For PAI, we will describe how new nanoparticles, namely TiN, prepared by femtosecond laser ablation, can be used in nanodentistry and will show photoacoustic microscopy and tomography images for such exogenous agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Dentistry)

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