Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy and Diagnosis

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 15767

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, The Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
Interests: Research in Vivero-Escoto’s group focuses on the design, synthesis and characterization of novel hybrid materials for biomedical applications. In particular, they are developing novel hybrid silica-based nanoplatforms for the treatment of cancer using chemo, photodynamic and/or immune therapy. Recently, they also started to explore the use of these systems for antimicrobial inactivation.
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has evolved over the last century and has become a widely used medical tool having gained regulatory approval for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer and macular degeneration. PDT is based on the activation of photosensitizers (PSs), which results in energy transfer cascades that ultimately yield cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that can render cell death. Although conventional organic PSs are still widely used in PDT, their disadvantages such as hydrophobicity, poor stability, and low cell/tissue specificity largely limit their clinical applications. Therefore, nanoparticles have emerged as an attractive alternative to overcome these drawbacks of traditional PSs. Hybrid nanoparticles designed with both inorganic and organic components have attracted significant attention in recent decades because they not only retain the beneficial features of both components but also gain additional synergistic performance. Hybrid nanomaterials containing gold, silver, silica, quantum dots, silicon, upconversion, or carbon-based nanoparticles as the core component can be modified in a modular fashion to render specific properties for the resultant nanoparticles such as target specificity or biodegradability that improve the outcome of PDT. This Special Issue will gather recent developments in the synthesis, characterization, and application of hybrid nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy and diagnosis.

Dr. Juan L. Vivero-Escoto
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Hybrid nanoparticles
  • Nanotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Drug delivery
  • Photodynamic therapy
  • Diagnosis
  • Photomedicine
  • Cancer treatment
  • Antimicrobial photoinactivation
  • Combination therapy

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2010 KiB  
Article
Light-Activated Protoporphyrin IX-Based Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptosis in Melanoma Cells
by Hemapriyadarshini Vadarevu, Ridhima Juneja, Zachary Lyles and Juan L. Vivero-Escoto
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(9), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092324 - 07 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3078
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-based materials to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat cancer has been a burgeoning field of research in recent years. Polysilsesquioxane (PSilQ) nanoparticles with remarkable features, such as high loading of photosensitizers, biodegradability, surface tunability, and biocompatibility, [...] Read more.
The use of nanoparticle-based materials to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat cancer has been a burgeoning field of research in recent years. Polysilsesquioxane (PSilQ) nanoparticles with remarkable features, such as high loading of photosensitizers, biodegradability, surface tunability, and biocompatibility, have been used for the treatment of cancer in vitro and in vivo using PDT. The PSilQ platform typically shows an enhanced PDT performance following a cell death mechanism similar to the parent photosensitizer. Ferroptosis is a new cell death mechanism recently associated with PDT that has not been investigated using PSilQ nanoparticles. Herein, we synthesized a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-based PSilQ platform (PpIX-PSilQ NPs) to study the cell death pathways, with special focus on ferroptosis, during PDT in vitro. Our data obtained from different assays that analyzed Annexin V binding, glutathione peroxidase activity, and lipid peroxidation demonstrate that the cell death in PDT using PpIX-PSilQ NPs is regulated by apoptosis and ferroptosis. These results can provide alternative approaches in designing PDT strategies to enhance therapeutic response in conditions stymied by apoptosis resistance. Full article
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14 pages, 1513 KiB  
Article
Co-Encapsulation of Methylene Blue and PARP-Inhibitor into Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles for Enhanced PDT of Cancer
by Jéssica A. Magalhães, Denise C. Arruda, Maurício S. Baptista and Dayane B. Tada
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061514 - 08 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2848
Abstract
The development of resistance against photodamage triggered by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is ascribed mainly to the cellular redox defenses and repair. If the tumor tissue is not promptly eliminated by the first few PDT sessions, PDT-resistance can be favored, challenging the efficacy of [...] Read more.
The development of resistance against photodamage triggered by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is ascribed mainly to the cellular redox defenses and repair. If the tumor tissue is not promptly eliminated by the first few PDT sessions, PDT-resistance can be favored, challenging the efficacy of the treatment. Although the mechanism of PDT resistance is still unclear, in vitro assays have evidenced that it can be developed through the PARP damage-repair signaling pathway. Therefore, inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has the potential to increase PDT efficacy. This work reports on the synthesis of a controlled release system of a photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB) and a PARP-inhibitor, the veliparib. MB and veliparib were co-encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (VMB-NPs). A colloidal stable aqueous suspension of nanoparticles was obtained. The average hydrodynamic diameter was 90 nm and a narrow size distribution was obtained, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.08. The release kinetics of MB and veliparib from VMB-NPs showed an initial burst of 8.7% and 58.3% release of the total amounts of MB and veliparib respectively, in the first 6 h, and a delayed release of up to 11.3% and 70%, in 19 days, for MB and veliparib, respectively. The VMB-NPs showed no cytotoxicity in the dark but the viability of B16F10-Nex2 cells decreased by 36% when the cells were irradiated (102 J/cm2, 660 nm) and treated with VMB-NPs containing 1.0 µM of MB and 8.3 µM of veliparib. Considering the increased photoactivity even at low MB and veliparib concentrations and the absence of cytotoxicity in dark, the co-encapsulation of MB and veliparib was shown to be a promising strategy to improve the PDT efficacy. Full article
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17 pages, 3422 KiB  
Article
Diamond Nanoparticles-Porphyrin mTHPP Conjugate as Photosensitizing Platform: Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity
by Carolina Ramos Hurtado, Gabriela Ramos Hurtado, Gabrielle Lupeti de Cena, Rafaela Campos Queiroz, Alexandre Vieira Silva, Milton Faria Diniz, Verônica Ribeiro dos Santos, Vladimir Trava-Airoldi, Maurício da Silva Baptista, Ncediwe Tsolekile, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi, Katia Conceição and Dayane Batista Tada
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061393 - 25 May 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2741
Abstract
Conjugation of photosensitizers (PS) with nanoparticles has been largely used as a strategy to stabilize PS in the biological medium resulting in photosensitizing nanoparticles of enhanced photoactivity. Herein, (Meso-5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (3-hydroxyphenyl) phorphyryn (mTHPP) was conjugated with diamond nanoparticles (ND) by covalent [...] Read more.
Conjugation of photosensitizers (PS) with nanoparticles has been largely used as a strategy to stabilize PS in the biological medium resulting in photosensitizing nanoparticles of enhanced photoactivity. Herein, (Meso-5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (3-hydroxyphenyl) phorphyryn (mTHPP) was conjugated with diamond nanoparticles (ND) by covalent bond. Nanoconjugate ND-mTHPP showed suitable stability in aqueous suspension with 58 nm of hydrodynamic diameter and Zeta potential of −23 mV. The antibacterial activity of ND-mTHPP was evaluated against Escherichia coli for different incubation times (0–24 h). The optimal activity was observed after 2 h of incubation and irradiation (660 nm; 51 J/cm2) performed right after the addition of ND-mTHPP (100 μg/mL) to the bacterial suspension. The inhibitory activity was 56% whereas ampicillin at the same conditions provided only 14% of bacterial growth inhibition. SEM images showed agglomerate of ND-mTHPP adsorbed on the bacterial cell wall, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of ND-mTHPP was afforded by inducing membrane damage. Cytotoxicity against murine embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF) was also evaluated and ND-mTHPP was shown to be noncytotoxic since viability of cells cultured for 24 h in the presence of the nanoconjugate (100 μg/mL) was 78%. Considering the enhanced antibacterial activity and the absence of cytotoxic effect, it is possible to consider the ND-mTHPP nanoconjugate as promising platform for application in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Full article
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Review

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59 pages, 3492 KiB  
Review
Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi
by Daniel Ziental, Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk, Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska, Konrad Lewandowski and Lukasz Sobotta
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(11), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112883 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2985
Abstract
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the [...] Read more.
Superficial and systemic fungal infections are essential problems for the modern health care system. One of the challenges is the growing resistance of fungi to classic antifungals and the constantly increasing cost of therapy. These factors force the scientific world to intensify the search for alternative and more effective methods of treatment. This paper presents an overview of new fungal inactivation methods using Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). The results of research on compounds from the groups of phenothiazines, xanthanes, porphyrins, chlorins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines are presented. An intensive search for a photosensitizer with excellent properties is currently underway. The formulation based on the existing ones is also developed by combining them with nanoparticles and common antifungal therapy. Numerous studies indicate that fungi do not form any specific defense mechanism against PACT, which deems it a promising therapeutic alternative. Full article
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17 pages, 2204 KiB  
Review
Single-Atom Catalysts for Biotherapy Applications: A Systematic Review
by Shan Jiang, Chengfei Zhang and Ting Zou
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(12), 2518; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122518 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs), as atomically dispersed metal active sites anchored or coordinated on suitable supports, demonstrate large potential for use in therapeutic applications. SACs have structural features similar to those of natural enzyme, while exhibiting remarkable catalytic activity, desirable stability, and excellent selectivity. [...] Read more.
Single-atom catalysts (SACs), as atomically dispersed metal active sites anchored or coordinated on suitable supports, demonstrate large potential for use in therapeutic applications. SACs have structural features similar to those of natural enzyme, while exhibiting remarkable catalytic activity, desirable stability, and excellent selectivity. This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on SACs’ biotherapy applications. Three databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were searched to identify the studies that investigated the therapeutic efficacy of SACs. A total of 12 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included and reviewed, and the key findings were qualitatively synthesized. Overall, various SACs were investigated for biotherapy applications, including anticancer, anti-infection (antibacterial), and anti-inflammatory applications; brain trauma therapies, and oxidative-stress cytoprotection applications. All of the included studies showed that the synthesized SACs demonstrated superior therapeutic effects compared with their respective controls. Among the 12 studies reviewed, 11 studies showed satisfied biocompatibility of the applied SACs, whereas minimal cytotoxicity was reported in 1 study. Collectively, the reviewed studies indicated that SACs exhibited considerable promise in the field of biotherapy. Additional studies are needed for a better understanding of the effect of SACs in the treatment of various diseases. Full article
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