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20 pages, 6436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Storage in Bottle on the Antioxidant Activities and Related Chemical Characteristics of Wine Spirits Aged with Chestnut Staves and Micro-Oxygenation

by Sheila Oliveira-Alves, Sílvia Lourenço, Ofélia Anjos, Tiago A. Fernandes, Ilda Caldeira, Sofia Catarino and Sara Canas

Molecules 2022, 27(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010106 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2744

Abstract

Different ageing technology of wine spirits (WSs) has been investigated, but little has been published on the chemical evolution of aged WS during storage in bottle. The purpose of this study was to examine how 12 months of storage in bottle affected the [...] Read more.

Different ageing technology of wine spirits (WSs) has been investigated, but little has been published on the chemical evolution of aged WS during storage in bottle. The purpose of this study was to examine how 12 months of storage in bottle affected the evolution of antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays), total phenolic index (TPI) and low molecular weight (LMW) compounds content of the WSs aged through alternative technology using three micro-oxygenation levels (MOX) and nitrogen control (N). Results revealed the ability of phenolic compounds from aged WSs to scavenge free radicals during storage in bottle. Among the in vitro antioxidant-activity methods, FRAP assay was the more effective to differentiate WSs according to the ageing technology. Concerning the overall influence of storage in bottle on antioxidant activity, and TPI and LMW compounds content, the higher results were obtained for the MOX modalities (O15, O30 and O60), which showed a similar evolution. In summary, this study provides innovative information, demonstrating that the differences between the aged WSs imparted throughout the ageing process (resulting from different MOX levels) were mostly retained, and only slight modifications during storage in bottle were found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 2908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of 2-Substituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones

by Janez Mravljak, Lara Slavec, Martina Hrast and Matej Sova

Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6585; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216585 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3457

Abstract

Quinazolinones represent an important scaffold in medicinal chemistry with diverse biological activities. Here, two series of 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant properties using three different methods, namely DPPH, ABTS and TEAC_CUPRAC, to obtain key information [...] Read more.

Quinazolinones represent an important scaffold in medicinal chemistry with diverse biological activities. Here, two series of 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant properties using three different methods, namely DPPH, ABTS and TEAC_CUPRAC, to obtain key information about the structure–antioxidant activity relationships of a diverse set of substituents at position 2 of the main quinazolinone scaffold. Regarding the antioxidant activity, ABTS and TEAC_CUPRAC assays were more sensitive and gave more reliable results than the DPPH assay. To obtain antioxidant activity of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, the presence of at least one hydroxyl group in addition to the methoxy substituent or the second hydroxyl on the phenyl ring in the ortho or para positions is required. An additional ethylene linker between quinazolinone ring and phenolic substituent, present in the second series (compounds 25a and 25b), leads to increased antioxidant activity. Furthermore, in addition to antioxidant activity, the derivatives with two hydroxyl groups in the ortho position on the phenyl ring exhibited metal-chelating properties. Our study represents a successful use of three different antioxidant activity evaluation methods to define 2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one 21e as a potent antioxidant with promising metal-chelating properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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28 pages, 44279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

X-ray Structure Determination, Antioxidant Voltammetry Studies of Butein and 2′,4′-Dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone. Computational Studies of 4 Structurally Related 2′,4′-diOH Chalcones to Examine Their Antimalarial Activity by Binding to Falcipain-2

by Ijeoma Okoye, Sandra Yu, Francesco Caruso and Miriam Rossi

Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6511; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216511 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

Malaria is a huge global health burden with resistance to currently available medicines resulting in the search for newer antimalarial compounds from traditional medicinal plants in malaria-endemic regions. Previous studies on two chalcones, homobutein and 5-prenylbutein, present in E. abyssinica, have shown [...] Read more.

Malaria is a huge global health burden with resistance to currently available medicines resulting in the search for newer antimalarial compounds from traditional medicinal plants in malaria-endemic regions. Previous studies on two chalcones, homobutein and 5-prenylbutein, present in E. abyssinica, have shown moderate antiplasmodial activity. Here, we describe results from experimental and computational investigations of four structurally related chalcones, butein, 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone (DHDM), homobutein and 5-prenylbutein to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms by which these compounds clear malaria parasites. The crystal structures of butein and DHDM show that butein engages in more hydrogen bonding and consequently, more intermolecular interactions than DHDM. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetry results show that butein has a higher antioxidant activity towards the superoxide radical anion compared to DHDM. Computational docking experiments were conducted to examine the inhibitory potential of all four compounds on falcipain-2, a cysteine protease that is involved in the degradation of hemoglobin in plasmodium-infected red blood cells of the host. Overall, this work suggests butein as a better antimalarial compound due to its structural features which allow it to have greater intermolecular interactions, higher antioxidant activity and to create a covalent complex at the active site of falcipain-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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17 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity of Deferasirox and Its Metal Complexes in Model Systems of Oxidative Damage: Comparison with Deferiprone

by Viktor A. Timoshnikov, Lilia A. Kichigina, Olga Yu. Selyutina, Nikolay E. Polyakov and George J. Kontoghiorghes

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 5064; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165064 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2541

Abstract

Deferasirox is an orally active, lipophilic iron chelating drug used on thousands of patients worldwide for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. The essential transition metals iron and copper are the primary catalysts of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. [...] Read more.

Deferasirox is an orally active, lipophilic iron chelating drug used on thousands of patients worldwide for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. The essential transition metals iron and copper are the primary catalysts of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. The redox effects of deferasirox and its metal complexes with iron, copper and other metals are of pharmacological, toxicological, biological and physiological importance. Several molecular model systems of oxidative damage caused by iron and copper catalysis including the oxidation of ascorbic acid, the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles and the oxidation of dihydropyridine have been investigated in the presence of deferasirox using UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. Deferasirox has shown antioxidant activity in all three model systems, causing substantial reduction in the rate of oxidation and oxidative damage. Deferasirox showed the greatest antioxidant activity in the oxidation of ascorbic acid with the participation of iron ions and reduced the reaction rate by about a 100 times. Overall, deferasirox appears to have lower affinity for copper in comparison to iron. Comparative studies of the antioxidant activity of deferasirox and the hydrophilic oral iron chelating drug deferiprone in the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles showed lower efficiency of deferasirox in comparison to deferiprone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 Expression and Ameliorates Redox Status in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells

by Guglielmo Duranti, Mariateresa Maldini, Domenico Crognale, Katy Horner, Ivan Dimauro, Stefania Sabatini and Roberta Ceci

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 5041; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165041 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4916

Abstract

Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant with numerous health benefits. In skeletal muscle cells, Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) acts by increasing the oxidative metabolism through the SIRT1-PPARα pathway. SIRT1, besides being a critical energy sensor, is involved in the activation related [...] Read more.

Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant with numerous health benefits. In skeletal muscle cells, Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) acts by increasing the oxidative metabolism through the SIRT1-PPARα pathway. SIRT1, besides being a critical energy sensor, is involved in the activation related to redox homeostasis of transcription factors such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the capacity of MOLE to influence the redox status in C2C12 myotubes through the modulation of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione levels, Nrf2 and its target gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, as well as enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and transferase (GST). Moreover, the impact of MOLE supplementation on lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage (i.e., TBARS and protein carbonyls) was evaluated. Our results highlight for the first time that MOLE increased not only Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, but also improved glutathione redox homeostasis and the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, GPx and GST. Therefore, it is intriguing to speculate that MOLE supplementation could represent a valuable nutrition for the health of skeletal muscles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 2835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin E Can Ameliorate Oxidative Damage of Ovine Hepatocytes In Vitro by Regulating Genes Expression Associated with Apoptosis and Pyroptosis, but Not Ferroptosis

by Luyang Jian, Ying Xue, Yuefeng Gao, Bo Wang, Yanghua Qu, Shuanghong Li, Heqiong Li, Zhen Li, Bing Wang and Hailing Luo

Molecules 2021, 26(15), 4520; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154520 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

(1) Background: the current research was conducted to investigate the potential non-antioxidant roles of vitamin E in the protection of hepatocysts from oxidative damage. (2) Methods: primary sheep hepatocytes were cultured and exposed to 200, 400, 600, or 800 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide, while [...] Read more.

(1) Background: the current research was conducted to investigate the potential non-antioxidant roles of vitamin E in the protection of hepatocysts from oxidative damage. (2) Methods: primary sheep hepatocytes were cultured and exposed to 200, 400, 600, or 800 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide, while their viability was assessed using a CCK-8 kit. Then, cells were treated with 400 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide following a pretreatment with 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μmol/L vitamin E and their intracellular ROS levels were determined by means of the DCF-DA assay. RNA-seq, verified by qRT-PCR, was conducted thereafter: non-treated control (C1); cells treated with 400 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide (C2); and C2 plus a pretreatment with 100 μmol/L vitamin E (T1). (3) Results: the 200–800 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide caused significant cell death, while 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L vitamin E pretreatment significantly improved the survival rate of hepatocytes. ROS content in the cells pretreated with vitamin E was significantly lower than that in the control group and hydrogen-peroxide-treated group, especially in those pretreated with 100 μmol/L vitamin E. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) concerning cell death involved in apoptosis (RIPK1, TLR7, CASP8, and CASP8AP2), pyroptosis (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IRAK2), and ferroptosis (TFRC and PTGS2). The abundances of IL-1β, IRAK2, NLRP3, CASP8, CASP8AP2, RIPK1, and TLR7 were significantly increased in the C1 group and decreased in T1 group, while TFRC and PTGS2 were increased in T1 group. (4) Conclusions: oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide caused cellular damage and death in sheep hepatocytes. Pretreatment with vitamin E effectively reduced intracellular ROS levels and protected the hepatocytes from cell death by regulating gene expression associated with apoptosis (RIPK1, TLR7, CASP8, and CASP8AP2) and pyroptosis (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IRAK2), but not ferroptosis (TFRC and PTGS2). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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21 pages, 7453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactivities of Phenolic Compounds from Kiwifruit and Persimmon

by Young-Mo Kim, Faridah Abas, Yong-Seo Park, Yang-Kyun Park, Kyung-Sik Ham, Seong-Gook Kang, Martyna Lubinska-Szczygeł, Aviva Ezra and Shela Gorinstein

Molecules 2021, 26(15), 4405; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154405 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2741

Abstract

Fruit used in the common human diet in general, and kiwifruit and persimmon particularly, displays health properties in the prevention of heart disease. This study describes a combination of bioactivity, multivariate data analyses and fluorescence measurements for the differentiating of kiwifruit and persimmon, [...] Read more.

Fruit used in the common human diet in general, and kiwifruit and persimmon particularly, displays health properties in the prevention of heart disease. This study describes a combination of bioactivity, multivariate data analyses and fluorescence measurements for the differentiating of kiwifruit and persimmon, their quenching and antioxidant properties. The metabolic differences are shown, as well in the results of bioactivities and antioxidant capacities determined by ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC and DPPH assays. To complement the bioactivity of these fruits, the quenching properties between extracted polyphenols and human serum proteins were determined by 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy studies. These properties of the extracted polyphenols in interaction with the main serum proteins in the human metabolism (human serum albumin (HSA), α-β-globulin (α-β G) and fibrinogen (Fgn)), showed that kiwifruit was more reactive than persimmon. There was a direct correlation between the quenching properties of the polyphenols of the investigated fruits with serum human proteins, their relative quantification and bioactivity. The results of metabolites and fluorescence quenching show that these fruits possess multiple properties that have a great potential to be used in industry with emphasis on the formulation of functional foods and in the pharmaceutical industry. Based on the quenching properties of human serum proteins with polyphenols and recent reports in vivo on human studies, we hypothesize that HSA, α-β G and Fgn will be predictors of coronary artery disease (CAD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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13 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Citrus Fiber/Blackberry Juice Complexes

by Ivana Buljeta, Anita Pichler, Josip Šimunović and Mirela Kopjar

Molecules 2021, 26(15), 4400; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154400 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2774

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of citrus fiber as a carrier of blackberry juice polyphenols. For that purpose, freeze-dried complexes with blackberry juice and different amounts of citrus fiber (1%, 2% and 4%) were prepared. Complexes were evaluated [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of citrus fiber as a carrier of blackberry juice polyphenols. For that purpose, freeze-dried complexes with blackberry juice and different amounts of citrus fiber (1%, 2% and 4%) were prepared. Complexes were evaluated spectrophotometrically for total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins and antioxidant activity. Analyses of individual polyphenols were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. IR spectra were recorded to confirm encapsulation. All analyses were performed after preparation and after eight months of storage, in order to examine the stability of formed complexes. The obtained results indicated that increasing the amount of fiber led to a decrease in the concentration of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of complexes. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was the prevalent anthocyanin in complexes (138.32–246.45 mg/100 g), while cyanidin 3-dioxalylglucoside was present at lower concentrations (22.19–31.45 mg/100 g). The other identified and quantified polyphenols were hesperidin (from citrus fiber), ellagic acid and quercetin (1317.59–1571.65 mg/100 g, 31.94–50.11 mg/100 g and 20.11–33.77 mg/100 g, respectively). Degradation of polyphenols occurred during storage. Results obtained in this study confirmed that citrus fiber could be used for the formulation of novel bioactive additives. Such additives could enhance the antioxidant potential of products to which they are added, such as baked goods, dairy, or fruit products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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17 pages, 2386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stabilization Effects of Natural Compounds and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles on the Accelerated Degradation of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer

by Traian Zaharescu and Ignazio Blanco

Molecules 2021, 26(15), 4390; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154390 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1811

Abstract

In this work the analysis on the stabilization activities of some natural antioxidants (rosemary extract, capsaicin, quercetin or oleanolic acid) is presented. A similar contribution of an inorganic structure—polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles—is also evaluated. The stabilization effects on the oxidation protection were [...] Read more.

In this work the analysis on the stabilization activities of some natural antioxidants (rosemary extract, capsaicin, quercetin or oleanolic acid) is presented. A similar contribution of an inorganic structure—polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles—is also evaluated. The stabilization effects on the oxidation protection were investigated for several formulations based on ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer (EPDM). The samples were examined in pristine state or after γ-irradiation, when the accelerated degradation scission of polymer macromolecules followed by the mitigation of oxidation. Three evaluation procedures: chemiluminescence, FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis were applied for the characterization of stability efficiency. The delaying effect of oxidative aging in EPDM matrix is illustrated by the values of activation energy, which are correlated with the type and concentration of embedded compounds. The durability of studied EPDM formulations is discussed for the assessment of material life. The improved behavior of structured hybrids useful for the optimization application regimes is essentially based on the antioxidant properties of polyphenolic components in the cases of natural antioxidants or on the penetration of free radical intermediates into the free volumes of POSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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13 pages, 2098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic/Cytoprotective Activity of Non-Polar Extracts of Grape (Vitis labrusca cv. Bordeaux) and Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) Seeds

by Tufy Kabbas Junior, Cristiane de Moura, Mariana Araújo Vieira do Carmo, Luciana Azevedo, Luis Antônio Esmerino, Rosangela Capuano Tardivo, Petri Kilpeläinen and Daniel Granato

Molecules 2021, 26(13), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134057 - 02 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3056

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of the extraction method, chemical composition, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity on human cells of the non-polar extracts of grape (Vitis labrusca) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) seeds. The [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of the extraction method, chemical composition, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity on human cells of the non-polar extracts of grape (Vitis labrusca) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) seeds. The Soxhlet (Sox), Bligh–Dyer (BD), and ultrasound (US) methods were used for extractions. For blackberry non-polar seed extract, extraction via the BD method showed the highest mean values of total phenolic content (TPC), expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 mL of non-polar seed extracts (102.37 mg GAE/100 mL), and higher antioxidant activity in relation to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 mL of non-polar seed extracts (11.50 mg AAE/100 mL), if compared with the Sox and US extractions. Similar results were obtained for the non-polar grape seed extracts, where BD extraction obtained the highest values for TPC (28.61 mg GAE/100 mL) and DPPH (35.36 mg AAE/100 mL). The type of extraction method had an impact on the composition of fatty acids. Only the non-polar blackberry and grape seed extracts obtained via the Sox method showed some in vitro inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli (IAL 2064) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13565). Regardless of the extraction method used, the non-polar blackberry and grape seed extracts did not decrease the cell viability (IC₅₀ >1000 µg/mL) of cancer and normal cell lines, thus indicating the relative safety of the extracts. All the seed extracts decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species in the cell lines. Blackberry and grape seed lipid fractions can be utilized as antioxidants, and the extraction methods used cause significant changes in relation to their bioactivity and chemical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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12 pages, 1843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

White Tea Intake Abrogates Markers of Streptozotocin-Induced Prediabetes Oxidative Stress in Rat Lungs’

by Ana C. Silveira, Luís Rato, Pedro Fontes Oliveira, Marco G. Alves and Branca M. Silva

Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133894 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

Prediabetes (PrDM) is a prodromal stage of diabetes mellitus (DM) with an increasing prevalence worldwide. During DM progression, individuals gradually develop complications in various organs. However, lungs are suggested to be affected later than other organs, such as the eyes, heart or brain. [...] Read more.

Prediabetes (PrDM) is a prodromal stage of diabetes mellitus (DM) with an increasing prevalence worldwide. During DM progression, individuals gradually develop complications in various organs. However, lungs are suggested to be affected later than other organs, such as the eyes, heart or brain. In this work, we studied the effects of PrDM on male Wistar rats’ lungs and whether the regular consumption of white tea (WTEA) for 2 months contributes to the improvement of the antioxidant profile of this tissue, namely through improved activity of the first line defense antioxidant enzymes, the total antioxidant capacity and the damages caused in proteins, lipids and histone H2A. Our data shows that PrDM induced a decrease in lung superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and histone H2A levels and an increase in protein nitration and lipid peroxidation. Remarkably, the regular WTEA intake improved lung antioxidant enzymes activity and total antioxidant capacity and re-established the values of protein nitration, lipid peroxidation and histone H2A. Overall, this is the first time that lung is reported as a major target for PrDM. Moreover, it is also the first report showing that WTEA possesses relevant chemical properties against PrDM-induced lung dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 2024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidants and Bioactive Compounds in Licorice Root Extract Potentially Contribute to Improving Growth, Bulb Quality and Yield of Onion (Allium cepa)

by Nabil A. Younes, Md. Mezanur Rahman, Ahmed A. Wardany, Mona F. A. Dawood, Mohammad Golam Mostofa, Sanjida Sultana Keya, Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef and Lam-Son Phan Tran

Molecules 2021, 26(9), 2633; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092633 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

The increasing culinary use of onion (Alium cepa) raises pressure on the current production rate, demanding sustainable approaches for increasing its productivity worldwide. Here, we aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract (LRE) in [...] Read more.

The increasing culinary use of onion (Alium cepa) raises pressure on the current production rate, demanding sustainable approaches for increasing its productivity worldwide. Here, we aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract (LRE) in improving growth, yield, nutritional status, and antioxidant properties of two high-yielding onion cultivars, Shandaweel and Giza 20, growing under field conditions in two consecutive years. Our results revealed that pretreatments of both onion cultivars with LRE exhibited improved growth indices (plant height and number of leaves) and yield-related features (bulb length, bulb diameter, and bulb weight) in comparison with the corresponding LRE-devoid control plants. Pretreatments with LRE also improved the nutritional and antioxidant properties of bulbs of both cultivars, which was linked to improved mineral (e.g., K⁺ and Ca²⁺) acquisition, and heightened activities of enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase) and increased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids). LRE also elevated the contents of proline, total free amino acids, total soluble carbohydrates, and water-soluble proteins in both onion bulbs. In general, both cultivars displayed positive responses to LRE pretreatments; however, the Shandaweel cultivar performed better than the Giza 20 cultivar in terms of yield and, to some extent, bulb quality. Collectively, our findings suggest that the application of LRE as biostimulant might be an effective strategy to enhance bulb quality and ultimately the productivity of onion cultivars under field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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8 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paraoxonase 1 and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis

by Kazuhiko Kotani, Jun Watanabe, Kouichi Miura and Alejandro Gugliucci

Molecules 2021, 26(8), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082323 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, reliable biomarkers of NAFLD in relation to oxidative stress are not available. While paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant biomarker, there appears to be mixed data on PON-1 in [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, reliable biomarkers of NAFLD in relation to oxidative stress are not available. While paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant biomarker, there appears to be mixed data on PON-1 in patients with NAFLD. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the current data on PON1 activity (i.e., paraoxonase and arylesterase) in patients with NAFLD. A PubMed, CENTRAL, and Embase search identified 12 eligible articles. In the meta-analysis, the paraoxonase activity was low in patients with NAFLD (mean difference (MD) −27.17 U/L; 95% confidence interval (CI) −37.31 to −17.03). No difference was noted in the arylesterase activity (MD 2.45 U/L; 95% CI −39.83 to 44.74). In a subgroup analysis, the paraoxonase activity was low in biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (MD −92.11 U/L; 95% CI −115.11 to −69.11), while the activity in NAFLD as diagnosed by ultrasonography or laboratory data was similar (MD −2.91 U/L; 95% CI −11.63 to 5.80) to that of non-NAFLD. In summary, the PON1, especially paraoxonase, activity could be a useful biomarker of NAFLD. Further studies are warranted to ascertain the relevance of PON1 measurements in patients with NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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14 pages, 625 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Potentially Bioaccessible Phenolic and Antioxidant Potential of Fresh and Stored Lentil Sprouts—Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Enrichment

by Urszula Gawlik-Dziki, Barbara Baraniak, Małgorzata Sikora, Anna Jakubczyk, Ireneusz Kapusta and Michał Świeca

Molecules 2021, 26(8), 2109; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082109 - 07 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

The phenolic and antioxidant potential of potentially bioaccessible fractions of lentil sprouts was studied. Sprouts were cocultivated with a probiotic to obtain a new functional product and further stored in cool conditions. The fraction obtained after buffer extraction and gastric digestion had higher [...] Read more.

The phenolic and antioxidant potential of potentially bioaccessible fractions of lentil sprouts was studied. Sprouts were cocultivated with a probiotic to obtain a new functional product and further stored in cool conditions. The fraction obtained after buffer extraction and gastric digestion had higher content of phenolics compared to the control (by 20% and 46%, respectively); however, a 9% decrease was observed in samples obtained after gastrointestinal digestion. After gastrointestinal digestion, the highest content of phenolics (278 µg/g d.w.) was determined in the fresh control sprouts. Compounds neutralizing ABTS and hydroxyl radicals, chelating metal ions, and exhibiting strong reducing power were effectively released after gastrointestinal digestion (e.g., the values of the gastrointestinal digestibility index for chelating power and ability to quench hydroxyl radicals significantly exceeded 1 in all studied samples). It was proved that the enrichment of sprouts with a probiotic and further storage significantly improved the antioxidant potential; compared to the fresh control sprouts, an increase by 45% and 10% was determined after the gastric and gastrointestinal digestion, respectively. Lentil sprouts enriched with L. plantarum 299v may be a new functional product characterized by the high antioxidant capacity of the potentially bioaccessible fraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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15 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Antioxidant Potential of Chokeberry Juice in Creating Pro-Healthy Dried Apples by Hybrid (Convection-Microwave-Vacuum) Method

by Jolanta Kowalska, Agata Marzec, Ewa Domian, Sabina Galus, Agnieszka Ciurzyńska, Andrzej Lenart and Hanna Kowalska

Molecules 2020, 25(23), 5680; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235680 - 02 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2342

Abstract

The visible trend in the development of the snack market focuses on the use of innovative technologies such as low-temperature or hybrid processes that allow the preservation of native ingredients of raw plant materials. In addition, the high antioxidant potential of, for example, [...] Read more.

The visible trend in the development of the snack market focuses on the use of innovative technologies such as low-temperature or hybrid processes that allow the preservation of native ingredients of raw plant materials. In addition, the high antioxidant potential of, for example, chokeberry fruit can be used to support technological processes and create new products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using chokeberry juice concentrate as a component of an osmotic solution to enrich apple samples with natural bio-ingredients and obtain dried apples with increased content of ingredients with antioxidant properties; pro-healthy apple chips. The research material consisted of apples that underwent osmotic dehydration in solutions of sucrose or sucrose and chokeberry juice concentrate and then were dried by the freeze-drying or the hybrid method. The freeze-drying was more beneficial for maintaining the vitamin C content, while the use of the hybrid method resulted in the preservation of more polyphenolic compounds. The sensory evaluation indicated the need to modify the composition of the osmoactive solution. Due to the use of chokeberry juice concentrate, the content of vitamin C, polyphenols, and the antioxidant activity of dried apples was increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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17 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bioactive Properties and Phenolic Compound Profiles of Turnip-Rooted, Plain-Leafed and Curly-Leafed Parsley Cultivars

by Ângela Liberal, Ângela Fernandes, Nikolaos Polyzos, Spyridon A. Petropoulos, Maria Inês Dias, José Pinela, Jovana Petrović, Marina Soković, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira and Lillian Barros

Molecules 2020, 25(23), 5606; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235606 - 28 Nov 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3361

Abstract

Petroselinum crispum Mill., Fuss., is a culinary vegetable used as an aromatic herb that garnishes and flavours a great variety of dishes. In the present study, the chemical profiles and bioactivities of leaf samples from 25 cultivars (three types: plain- and curly-leafed and [...] Read more.

Petroselinum crispum Mill., Fuss., is a culinary vegetable used as an aromatic herb that garnishes and flavours a great variety of dishes. In the present study, the chemical profiles and bioactivities of leaf samples from 25 cultivars (three types: plain- and curly-leafed and turnip-rooted) from this species were assessed. Seven phenolic compounds were identified in all the varieties, including apigenin and kaempherol derivates. Apigenin-O-pentoside-O-hexoside was the major compound in all the tested parsley types (20, 22 and 13 mg/g of extract, respectively) and responsible for its excellent antioxidant activity, also investigated in this study. Antimicrobial activities were also explored, and the results revealed a good bioactivity against specific tested pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi. In conclusion, the leaves of all the types of P. crispum are a good source of natural bioactive compounds that confer health benefits, and thus, they should be part of a balanced and diversified diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

15 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value, and Biological Evaluation of Tunisian Okra Pods (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

by Mariem Haj Romdhane, Hassiba Chahdoura, Lillian Barros, Maria Inês Dias, Rúbia Carvalho Gomes Corrêa, Patricia Morales, Maria Ciudad-Mulero, Guido Flamini, Hatem Majdoub and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira

Molecules 2020, 25(20), 4739; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204739 - 15 Oct 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4443

Abstract

The aim of this work was to perform an unprecedented in-depth study on the bioactive phytochemicals of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench Tunisian landrace (Marsaouia). For this purpose, its nutritional, aroma volatile, and phenolic profiles were characterized, and sundry biological activities were assessed in [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to perform an unprecedented in-depth study on the bioactive phytochemicals of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench Tunisian landrace (Marsaouia). For this purpose, its nutritional, aroma volatile, and phenolic profiles were characterized, and sundry biological activities were assessed in vitro. The approximate composition revealed that total dietary fiber as the most abundant macronutrient, mainly insoluble dietary fiber, followed by total carbohydrates and proteins. In addition, okra pods were rich in K, Ca, Mg, organic acids, tocopherols, and chlorophylls. Gas Chromatography-Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry (GC-EIMS) analysis showed that oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and phenylpropanoids were the predominant essential volatile components in A. esculentus pods. A total of eight flavonols were detected by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a DAD detector and mass spectrometry by electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-MS/ESI); with quercetin-3-O-glucoside being the majority phenolic component, followed by quercetin-O-pentosyl-hexoside and quercetin-dihexoside. This pioneering study, evidences that Tunisian okra display promising antioxidant and cytotoxic actions, in addition to relevant inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and interesting analgesic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

10 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maillard Reaction Intermediates and Related Phytochemicals in Black Garlic Determined by EPR and HPLC Analyses

by Kouichi Nakagawa, Hayato Maeda, Yoshifumi Yamaya and Yudai Tonosaki

Molecules 2020, 25(19), 4578; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194578 - 07 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3878

Abstract

The Maillard reaction intermediates and related phytochemicals in garlic (Allium sativum L.), which was heated for various lengths of time, using X-band (9 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were investigated. Non-spin-trap and non-destructive EPR detected the [...] Read more.

The Maillard reaction intermediates and related phytochemicals in garlic (Allium sativum L.), which was heated for various lengths of time, using X-band (9 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were investigated. Non-spin-trap and non-destructive EPR detected the total reaction intermediates (radicals). The g-value of the signal was 2.004. The signal with a peak-to-peak linewidth (ΔHpp) was approximately 0.67 milli Tesla (mT). The values of the intermediates are suggestive of organic compounds. The garlic darkened in color with the increasing number of heating days. Melanoidin, responsible for darkening of the garlic, was detected at an absorbance of 400 nm. Analysis of the correlation between the EPR intensity and melanoidin absorbance showed a good correlation coefficient (0.98). In addition, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) and total phenolic compounds increased with the increasing number of heating days. Moreover, trace amount of Fe³⁺ was observed in the black garlic by EPR. Non-destructive EPR is a useful method for evaluating not only Maillard reaction intermediates, but also the pigment associated with the reaction processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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14 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Extracts of Three Russula Genus Species Express Diverse Biological Activity

by Marina Kostić, Marija Ivanov, Ângela Fernandes, José Pinela, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Jasmina Glamočlija, Lillian Barros, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Marina Soković and Ana Ćirić

Molecules 2020, 25(18), 4336; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184336 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3928

Abstract

This study explored the biological properties of three wild growing Russula species (R. integra, R. rosea, R. nigricans) from Serbia. Compositional features and antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities were analyzed. The studied mushroom species were identified as being [...] Read more.

This study explored the biological properties of three wild growing Russula species (R. integra, R. rosea, R. nigricans) from Serbia. Compositional features and antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities were analyzed. The studied mushroom species were identified as being rich sources of carbohydrates and of low caloric value. Mannitol was the most abundant free sugar and quinic and malic acids the major organic acids detected. The four tocopherol isoforms were found, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fat constituents. Regarding phenolic compounds, P-hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids were identified in the prepared methanolic and ethanolic extracts, which displayed antioxidant activity through the inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation and oxidative hemolysis; the highest activity was attributed to the R. nigricans ethanolic extract. This is the first report on the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of the studied species, with the most promising activity observed towards Streptococcus spp. (0.20–0.78 mg/mL as the minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC). The most promising cytotoxic effect was caused by the R. integra methanolic extract on non-small cell lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). Therefore, due to the observed in vitro bioactive properties, the studied mushrooms arise as a source of functional ingredients with potential to be used in novel nutraceutical and drug formulations, which can be used in the treatment of various diseases and health conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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13 pages, 1769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enzymatic Modification of Porphyra dioica-Derived Proteins to Improve their Antioxidant Potential

by Filipa B. Pimentel, Maria Cermeño, Thanyaporn Kleekayai, Pádraigín A. Harnedy-Rothwell, Eduarda Fernandes, Rita C. Alves, M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveira and Richard J. FitzGerald

Molecules 2020, 25(12), 2838; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122838 - 19 Jun 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2820

Abstract

Enzymatic hydrolysis has been employed to modify protein functional properties and discover new sources of antioxidants. In this study, the effect of different enzymatic treatments on antioxidant activity of Porphyra dioica (blades and protein isolate (PI)) was investigated. Protein nitrogen content of P. [...] Read more.

Enzymatic hydrolysis has been employed to modify protein functional properties and discover new sources of antioxidants. In this study, the effect of different enzymatic treatments on antioxidant activity of Porphyra dioica (blades and protein isolate (PI)) was investigated. Protein nitrogen content of P. dioica blades and PI were 23 and 50% (dry weight), respectively. Blades and PI were hydrolyzed with Prolyve® and Prolyve® plus Flavourzyme®. Peptide profiles and molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates were investigated. The hydrolysis promoted generation of peptides and low molecular mass components <1 kDa. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) scavenging, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS·+) inhibition, and reactive oxygen species scavenging ability, i.e., oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) scavenging assays. In general, enzymatic hydrolysis of P. dioica blades and PI enhanced the in vitro antioxidant activity. Direct hydrolysis of blades improved ORAC values up to 5-fold (from 610 to 3054 μmol Trolox eq./g freeze dried sample (FDS). The simultaneous release of phenolic compounds suggested a potential synergistic activity (ORAC and ABTS·+ assays). Such hydrolysates may be of value as functional food ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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Review

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13 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cell Culture-Based Assessment of Toxicity and Therapeutics of Phytochemical Antioxidants

by Peace C. Asuzu, Nicholas S. Trompeter, Carlton R. Cooper, Samuel A. Besong and Alberta N. A. Aryee

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031087 - 06 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3186

Abstract

Plant-derived natural products are significant resources for drug discovery and development including appreciable potentials in preventing and managing oxidative stress, making them promising candidates in cancer and other disease therapeutics. Their effects have been linked to phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds and their [...] Read more.

Plant-derived natural products are significant resources for drug discovery and development including appreciable potentials in preventing and managing oxidative stress, making them promising candidates in cancer and other disease therapeutics. Their effects have been linked to phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities. The abundance and complexity of these bio-constituents highlight the need for well-defined in vitro characterization and quantification of the plant extracts/preparations that can translate to in vivo effects and hopefully to clinical use. This review article seeks to provide relevant information about the applicability of cell-based assays in assessing anti-cytotoxicity of phytochemicals considering several traditional and current methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 1809 KiB

Open AccessReview

Short Overview of Some Assays for the Measurement of Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products and Their Relevance in Dermatology

by Morana Jaganjac, Vesna Sredoja Tisma and Neven Zarkovic

Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5301; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175301 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

Impaired systemic redox homeostasis is implicated in the onset and development of various diseases, including skin diseases. Therefore, continuous search for natural products with antioxidant bioactivities applicable in biomedicine is attractive topic of general interest. Research efforts aiming to validate antioxidant potentials of [...] Read more.

Impaired systemic redox homeostasis is implicated in the onset and development of various diseases, including skin diseases. Therefore, continuous search for natural products with antioxidant bioactivities applicable in biomedicine is attractive topic of general interest. Research efforts aiming to validate antioxidant potentials of natural products has led to the development of several assays based on various test principles. Hence, understanding the advantages and limitations of various assays is important for selection of assays useful to study antioxidant and related bioactivities of natural products of biomedical interest. This review paper gives a short overview on some chemical and cellular bioassays used to estimate the antioxidant activity of chosen natural products together with a brief overview on the use of natural products with antioxidant activities as adjuvant medicinal remedies in dermatology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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19 pages, 1943 KiB

Open AccessReview

Valorization of Tomato Waste as a Source of Carotenoids

by Sonia Trombino, Roberta Cassano, Debora Procopio, Maria Luisa Di Gioia and Eugenio Barone

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 5062; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165062 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4915

Abstract

Fast-accumulating scientific evidence from many studies has revealed that fruits and vegetables are the main source of bioactive compounds; in most cases, wastes and byproducts generated by the food processing industry present similar or a higher content of antioxidant compounds. In recent years, [...] Read more.

Fast-accumulating scientific evidence from many studies has revealed that fruits and vegetables are the main source of bioactive compounds; in most cases, wastes and byproducts generated by the food processing industry present similar or a higher content of antioxidant compounds. In recent years, the ever-growing amount of agricultural and food wastes has raised serious concerns from an environmental point of view. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in finding new ways for their processing toward safely upgrading these wastes for recovering high-value-added products with a sustainable approach. Among food waste, the abundance of bioactive compounds in byproducts derived from tomato suggests possibility of utilizing them as a low-cost source of antioxidants as functional ingredients. This contribution gives an overview of latest studies on the extraction methods of carotenoids from tomato waste, along with an evaluation of their antioxidant activity, as well as their industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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18 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Concise Review of Current In Vitro Chemical and Cell-Based Antioxidant Assay Methods

by Ifeanyi D. Nwachukwu, Roghayeh Amini Sarteshnizi, Chibuike C. Udenigwe and Rotimi E. Aluko

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4865; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164865 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4333

Abstract

Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human [...] Read more.

Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human health, there is an intensive effort within the research community to develop natural alternatives with similar antioxidant efficacy but without the negative side effects of synthetic molecules. Still, the successful development of new molecules depends on the use of reliable chemical or cell culture assays to screen antioxidant properties. Chemical antioxidant assays include the determination of scavenging ability against free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Other antioxidant tests include the ability of compounds to bind and sequester prooxidant metal cations, reduce ferric iron, and attenuate the rate of lipid oxidation. Ex vivo tests utilize cell cultures to confirm entry of the molecules into cells and the ability to quench synthetic intracellular free radicals or to stimulate the increased biosynthesis of endogenous antioxidants. In order to assist researchers in their choice of antioxidant evaluation methods, this review presents background scientific information on some of the most commonly used antioxidant assays with a comparative discussion of the relevance of published literature data to food science and human nutrition applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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21 pages, 1890 KiB

Open AccessReview

Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity of Meat and Meat Products: Methods and Applications

by Noemí Echegaray, Mirian Pateiro, Paulo E. S. Munekata, José M. Lorenzo, Zakariya Chabani, Mohamed A. Farag and Rubén Domínguez

Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3880; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133880 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4133

Abstract

At present, a wide variety of analytical methods is available to measure antioxidant capacity. However, this great diversity is not reflected in the analysis of meat and meat products, as there are a limited number of studies on determining this parameter in this [...] Read more.

At present, a wide variety of analytical methods is available to measure antioxidant capacity. However, this great diversity is not reflected in the analysis of meat and meat products, as there are a limited number of studies on determining this parameter in this complex food matrix. Despite this, and due to the interest in antioxidants that prevent oxidation reactions, the identification of antioxidants in meat and meat products is of special importance to the meat industry. For this reason, this review compiled the main antioxidant capacity assays employed in meat and meat products, to date, describing their foundations, and showing both their advantages and limitations. This review also looked at the different applications of antioxidant properties in meat and meat products. In this sense, the suitability of using these methodologies has been demonstrated in different investigations related to these foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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23 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessReview

Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Organism to Evaluate the Antioxidant Effects of Phytochemicals

by Begoña Ayuda-Durán, Susana González-Manzano, Ana M. González-Paramás and Celestino Santos-Buelga

Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143194 - 13 Jul 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5670

Abstract

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was introduced as a model organism in biological research by Sydney Brenner in the 1970s. Since then, it has been increasingly used for investigating processes such as ageing, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, or inflammation, for which there is a high [...] Read more.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was introduced as a model organism in biological research by Sydney Brenner in the 1970s. Since then, it has been increasingly used for investigating processes such as ageing, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, or inflammation, for which there is a high degree of homology between C. elegans and human pathways, so that the worm offers promising possibilities to study mechanisms of action and effects of phytochemicals of foods and plants. In this paper, the genes and pathways regulating oxidative stress in C. elegans are discussed, as well as the methodological approaches used for their evaluation in the worm. In particular, the following aspects are reviewed: the use of stress assays, determination of chemical and biochemical markers (e.g., ROS, carbonylated proteins, lipid peroxides or altered DNA), influence on gene expression and the employment of mutant worm strains, either carrying loss-of-function mutations or fluorescent reporters, such as the GFP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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25 pages, 2876 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Brief Overview on Antioxidant Activity Determination of Silver Nanoparticles

by Zdenka Bedlovičová, Imrich Strapáč, Matej Baláž and Aneta Salayová

Molecules 2020, 25(14), 3191; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143191 - 13 Jul 2020

Cited by 140 | Viewed by 11191

Abstract

Our objective in this review article is to find out relevant information about methods of determination of antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles. There are many studies dealing with mentioned problem and herein we summarize the knowledge about methods evaluating the antioxidant activity of [...] Read more.

Our objective in this review article is to find out relevant information about methods of determination of antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles. There are many studies dealing with mentioned problem and herein we summarize the knowledge about methods evaluating the antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles reported so far. Many authors declare better antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles compared to the extract used for synthesis of them. In this review, we focused on methods of antioxidant activity determination in detail to find out novel and perspective techniques to solve the general problems associated with the determination of antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement of Antioxidant Activity: Advances and Perspectives)

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